LAVISHA

PAL
MATHS HOLIDAY HOMEWORK
POLYNOMIALS
________________________________
CLASS
10TH
 INTRODUCTION

POLYNOMIALS:-
An algebraic expression can have exponents
that are rational numbers. However, a
polynomial is an algebraic expression in which
the exponent on any variable is a whole
number.
 Degree of a
Polynomial:-
For a polynomial in one variable – the highest exponent on
the variable in a polynomial is the degree of the polynomial.
Example: The degree of the polynomial x2+2x+3 is 2, as the
highest power of x in the given expression is x2.
Consider another example, the degree of the polynomial x8
+ 2x6 – 3x + 9 is 8 since the greatest power in the given
expression is 8.
 Types of
Types of
TYPES Polynomials
Polynomials
OF Based on the
Number of Terms based on Degree
POLINOMINAL
Linear Polynomial
a) Monomial – A A polynomial whose
Polynomials can be
degree is one is called a
classified based on the polynomial with just one
linear polynomial.
term. Example: 2x, 6x2,
following. For example, 2x+1 is a
9xy linear polynomial.
b) Binomial – A polynomial Quadratic Polynomial
a) Number of termS with two unlike terms. A polynomial of degree
two is called a quadratic
Example: 4x2+x, 5x+4
polynomial.
b) Degree of the a) Trinomial – A
For example, 3x2+8x+5
polynomial. polynomial with three is a quadratic
unlike terms. Example: polynomial.
x2+3x+4 Cubic Polynomial
A polynomial of degree
three is called a cubic
polynomial.
 Representing Equations on a Graph
Any equation can be represented as a graph on the
Cartesian plane, where each point on the graph
represents the x and y coordinates of the point that
satisfies the equation. An equation can be seen as a
constraint placed on the x and y coordinates of a
point, and any point that satisfies that constraint will
lie on the curve.
For example, the equation y = x, on a graph, will be a
straight line that joins all the points which have their x
coordinate equal to their y coordinate. Example –
(1,1), (2,2) and so on.
Geometrical Representation of a Linear Polynomial

The graph of a linear polynomial is a straight line. It

cuts the X-axis at exactly one point.
 Geometrical Representation of a Quadratic Polynomial

• The graph of a quadratic polynomial is a parabola

• It looks like a U, which either opens upwards or
opens downwards depending on the value of ‘a’ in
ax2+bx+c
• If ‘a’ is positive, then parabola opens upwards and
if ‘a’ is negative then it opens downwards
• It can cut the x-axis at 0, 1 or two points
Graph of a polynomial which cuts the x-axis in two
distinct points (a>0)
Graph of a Quadratic polynomial which touches the x-axis at one
point (a>0)
 Graph of the Polynomial
For a polynomial of the x^n
form y=xn where n is a whole
number:
• as n increases, the graph becomes steeper or
draws closer to the Y-axis
• If n is odd, the graph lies in the first and third
quadrants
• If n is even, the graph lies in the first and second
quadrants
• The graph of y=−xn is the reflection of the graph
of y=xn on the x-axis
 Zeroes of a
Polynomial
A zero of a polynomial p(x) is the value of x for which
the value of p(x) is 0. If k is a zero of p(x), then p(k)=0.
For example, consider a polynomial p(x)=x2−3x+2.
When x=1, the value of p(x) will be equal to
p(1)=12−3×1+2
=1−3+2
=0
Since p(x)=0 at x=1, we say that 1 is a zero of the
polynomial x2−3x+2
Geometrical Meaning of Zeros of a Polynomial
Geometrically, zeros of a polynomial are the
points where its graph cuts the x-axis.

(i) One zero (Linear Polynomial) (ii) Two zeros

(Quadratic Polynomial) (iii) Three zeros (Cubic
Polynomial)
Here A, B and C correspond to the zeros of the
polynomial represented by the graphs.
 Number of
Zeros
In general, a polynomial of degree n has at most n
zeros.
1.A linear polynomial has one zero,
2.A quadratic polynomial has at most two zeros.
3.A cubic polynomial has at most 3 zeros.
 Factorisation of Polynomials
Quadratic polynomials can be factorized by splitting the middle term.
For example, consider the polynomial 2x2−5x+3
Splitting the middle term:
The middle term in the polynomial 2x2−5x+3 is -5x. This must be expressed as a
sum of two terms such that the product of their coefficients is equal to the
product of 2 and 3 (coefficient of x2 and the constant term)
−5 can be expressed as (−2)+(−3), as −2×−3=6=2×3
Thus, 2x2−5x+3=2x2−2x−3x+3
Now, identify the common factors in individual groups
2x2−2x−3x+3=2x(x−1)−3(x−1)
Taking (x−1) as the common factor, this can be expressed as:
2x(x−1)−3(x−1)=(x−1)(2x−3)
Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial
For Quadratic Polynomial:
If α and β are the roots of a quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c, then,
α + β = -b/a
Sum of zeroes = -coefficient of x /coefficient of x2
αβ = c/a
Product of zeroes = constant term / coefficient of x2
For Cubic Polynomial
If α,β and γ are the roots of a cubic polynomial ax3+bx2+cx+d, then
α+β+γ = -b/a
αβ +βγ +γα = c/a
αβγ = -d/a
Example
Calculate the sum of the zeroes and the product of the zeroes of the polynomial 9x2 – 16x + 20.
Solution:
Given polynomial: 9x2 – 16x + 20
The given polynomial is a quadratic polynomial, as the degree of the polynomial is 2.
We know that the standard form of a quadratic polynomial is ax2 + bx + c.
By comparing the given polynomial and the standard form, we can write.
a=9
b = -16
c = 20
By using the relationship between zeroes and the coefficients of the polynomial, we can get the following:
For a quadratic polynomial,
The sum of zeroes = -coefficient of x /coefficient of x2
Now, substitute the values in the formula, we get
Sum of zeroes = -(-16)/9 = 16/9.
Similarly, Product of zeroes = constant term / coefficient of x2
Plugging the values in the above formula, we get
Product of zeroes = 20/9
Hence, 16/9 and 20/9 are the sum and the product of the zeroes of the polynomial 9x2 – 16x + 20.
 Division
Let us assume that P(x) and G(x) are the two polynomials, such that G(x)≠ 0, then

Algorithm
the division algorithm states the formula to find Q(x) and R(x) of the polynomial.
Here, P(x) denotes dividend polynomial
G(x) denotes divisor polynomial
Q(x) denotes quotient polynomial
R(x) denotes the remainder polynomial.
Thus, the formula stated by division algorithm is:
P(x) = G(x) × Q(x) + R(x)
To divide one polynomial by another, follow the steps given below.
Step 1: Arrange the terms of the dividend and the divisor in the decreasing order of
their degrees.
Step 2: To obtain the first term of the quotient, divide the highest degree term of
the dividend by the highest degree term of the divisor Then carry out the division
process.
Step 3: The remainder from the previous division becomes the dividend for the next
step. Repeat this process until the degree of the remainder is less than the degree
 Algebraic
Identities
1. (a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
2. (a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2
3. (x+a)(x+b)=x2+(a+b)x+ab
4. a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)
5. a3−b3=(a−b)(a2+ab+b2)
6. a3+b3=(a+b)(a2−ab+b2)
7. (a+b)3=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3
8. (a−b)3=a3−3a2b+3ab2−b3
THANK YOU!!