MODULE 9:

HEAT TRANSFER

9-1 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

- The science of thermodynamics deals with the amount of heat transfer as
a system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another, and
makes no reference to how long the process will take. But in engineering,
we are often interested in the rate of heat transfer, which is the topic of the
science of heat transfer.
- The basic requirement for heat transfer is the presence of a temperature
difference. There can be no net heat transfer between two mediums that
are at the same temperature.
9-2 TEMPERATURE
Temperature – measure of the hotness or coldness of a body. It is also defined
as the measure of the internal energy of a body.

Conversion of temperature reading to another temperature scale:

TF = 1.8(Tc) + 32
𝐓𝐅 − 𝟑𝟐
𝐓𝐂 =
𝟏. 𝟖
TK =TC + 273
TR = TF + 46O
WHERE:
TF = Temperature expressed in degree Fahrenheit (oF)
TC = Temperature expressed in degree Celsius (oC)
TK = Temperature expressed in Kelvin (K)
TR = Temperature expressed in Rankine (R)
NOTE: Tk and TR are called the absolute temperatures
Example:
1. A fluid system has a temperature of 26 oC. What is its temperature
expressed in Rankine.?

Solution:
TF = 1.8(Tc) + 32
TF = 1.8 (26) +32 = 78.8 oF
TR = TF + 46O
TR = 78.8 + 460 = 538.8 R
 2. A Celsius and Fahrenheit thermometer are used to measure the
temperature of a certain substance. If the temperature readings from
both thermometers are numerically equal, What is the temperature of
the substance.
Solution:
TF = 1.8(Tc) + 32
Since temperatures are numerically equal: TF =TC =T
T = 1.8T + 32
T = - 40
This means that – 40 oC = - 40 oF

9-3 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

1. Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a

substance to the adjacent, less energetic ones as a result of interactions
between the particles.

- The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the

geometry of the medium, its thickness, and the material of the medium,
as well as the temperature difference across the medium.
- Experiments have shown that the rate of heat transfer 𝑸̇ through the wall is
doubled when the temperature difference ΔT across the wall or the area A
normal to the direction of heat transfer is doubled, but is halved when the
wall thickness L is doubled.

- Thus we conclude that the rate of heat conduction through a plane layer
is proportional to the temperature difference across the layer and the heat
transfer area, but is inversely proportional to the thickness of the layer.

In the limiting case of thickness →0, the relation above reduces to the
differential form, which is called Fourier’s law of heat conduction.
 Where: the constant of proportionality k is the thermal conductivity of the
material, which is a measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat
expressed in (W/m-oC or BTU/hr-ft-oF).

CONDUCTION IN PLANE WALLS

Consider steady heat conduction through a large plane wall of thickness Δx
and area A, as shown in Fig. 1–21. The temperature difference across the wall
is ΔT = T2 - T1.
CONDUCTION CYLINDERS OF LENGTH L

Example.

A temperature difference of 85◦C is impressed across a fiberglass layer of 13 cm

thickness. The thermal conductivity of the fiberglass is 0.035 W/m·◦C. Compute the
heat transferred through the material for a heat transfer surface area of 1 m2.

T1 − T2
Q = kA
Δx
Q = (0.035 W/m-oC)(1m2)(85 oC)/(0.13m) = 0.387 W or watts

Steam at flows in a stainless steel pipe (k = 15 W/m · °C) whose inner and outer
diameters are 5 cm and 5.5 cm, respectively. Determine the rate of heat loss from
the steam for 1 m length of the pipe if the temperature drop across the thickness
of the pipe is 10 oC.
T1 − T2
Q = 2πLk 𝑟
ln(𝑟2 )
1
Q = 2π(1m)(15 W/m- C)(10 C) / ln(2.75cm/2.5cm)
o o

Q = 9888.532 W or watt
 2. Convection is the mode of heat transfer between a solid surface and the
adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects
of conduction and fluid motion.
The rate of convection heat transfer is observed to be proportional to the
temperature difference, and is conveniently expressed by Newton’s law of
cooling as:

Where:
h - the convection heat transfer coefficient in W/m2 · °C or Btu/h · ft2 · °F
As - the surface area through which convection heat transfer takes place
Ts is the surface temperature
T∞ - the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface.
Note that at the surface, the fluid temperature equals the surface
temperature of the solid.

Example:
A 5-cm-external-diameter, 10-m-long hot water pipe at 80°C is losing heat to the
surrounding air at 5°C by natural convection with a heat transfer coefficient of
25 W/m2 · °C. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by natural
convection, in Watts
Q = hAs(Ts - T∞)
Q = (25 W/m2-oC)[ π(0.05m)(10m)] [(80 -5)oC] = 2945.24 W or watts

Note that the heat transfer surface area of a cylinder with length L is:
As = π(diameter)(length)
 3. Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic
waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic
configurations of the atoms or molecules.
The rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface is given by the
Stefan-Boltzmann law as:

When a surface of emissivity Ɛ and surface area As at an absolute temperature

Ts is completely enclosed by a much larger surface at absolute temperature
Tsurr separated by a gas (such as air) that does not intervene with radiation, the
net rate of radiation heat transfer between these two surfaces is given by:

Where:
Ɛ – Emissivity of the surface ( a measure of how close a surface approximates a
black body) 0 ≤ Ɛ ≤ 1
Ơ - Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10 -8 W/m2-K4 and 0.1714 x 10-8 BTU/hr-ft2 –
R4)
As – surface area of radiating body
Ts and Tsurr – Absolute temperature of radiating body (Temperatures in K or R)
Example:
Consider a person whose exposed surface area is 1.7 m2, emissivity is 0.7, and
surface temperature is 32°C. Determine the rate of heat loss from that person by
radiation in a large room having walls at a temperature of (a) 300 K and (b) 280
K.
Solution:
Ts = 32 oC + 273 = 305 K
a) Q = ЄσAs(Ts4 –Tsurr4)
Q = 0.7 (5.67 x 10 -8 W/m2-K4)(1.7 m2)[(3054 - 3004)K4]
Q = 37.4 W

b) Q = 0.7 (5.67 x 10 -8 W/m2-K4)(1.7 m2)[(3054 - 2804)K4]

Q = 169.2 W

Assignment #9: due July 16, 2020

1. The inner and outer surfaces of a 5-m by 6-m brick wall of thickness 30 cm
and thermal conductivity 0.69 W/m ·°C are maintained at temperatures
of 20°C and 5°C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer through
the wall, in Watts.

2. The inner and outer surfaces of a 0.5-cm-thick 2-m by 2-m window glass in
winter are 10°C and 3°C, respectively. If the thermal conductivity of the
glass is 0.78 W/m · °C, determine the rate of heat loss, in Watt, through the
glass. What would your answer be if the glass were 1cm thick?
3. Consider a person standing in a room maintained at 20°C at all times. The
inner surfaces of the walls, floors, and ceiling of the house are observed to
be at an average temperature of 12°C in winter and 23°C in summer.
Determine the rates of radiation heat transfer between this person and
the surrounding surfaces in both summer and winter if the exposed surface
area, emissivity, and the average outer surface temperature of the person
are 1.6 m2, 0.95, and 32°C, respectively.

4. Hot air at 80°C is blown over a 2-m by 4-m flat surface at 30°C. If the
average convection heat transfer coefficient is 55 W/m2 · °C, determine
the rate of heat transfer from the air to the plate, in kW.

5. Two surfaces of a 2-cm-thick plate are maintained at 0°C and 80°C,

respectively. If it is determined that heat is transferred through the plate at
a rate of 500 W/m2, determine its thermal conductivity.

6. For heat transfer purposes, a standing man can be modeled as a 30-cm-

diameter, 170-cm-long vertical cylinder with both the top and bottom
surfaces insulated and with the side surface at an average temperature
of 34°C. For a convection heat transfer coefficient of 15 W/m2 · °C,
determine the rate of heat loss from this man by convection in an
environment at 0°C.

7. Hot air at 80°C is blown over a 2-m by 4-m flat surface at 30°C. If the
average convection heat transfer coefficient is 55 W/m2 · °C, determine
the rate of heat transfer from the air to the plate, in kW.

8. Convert 125 oC to a) oF, b) K, c) R

9. The increase in temperature of water as it is being heated is 80 oC.

Determine this change in temperature expressed in a) oF and b) oR