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Introduction To Solid State Physics: Crystal Structures

This document introduces crystal structures and lattice types. It discusses how crystals are composed of a periodic array of atoms arranged in a lattice with a basis. There are five main lattice types in two dimensions: oblique, simple rectangular, centered rectangular, hexagonal and square. In three dimensions, the main cubic lattices are simple cubic, body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic. The document also covers crystal planes and Miller indices for describing plane orientations.

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Satyam Agrahari
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87 views23 pages

Introduction To Solid State Physics: Crystal Structures

This document introduces crystal structures and lattice types. It discusses how crystals are composed of a periodic array of atoms arranged in a lattice with a basis. There are five main lattice types in two dimensions: oblique, simple rectangular, centered rectangular, hexagonal and square. In three dimensions, the main cubic lattices are simple cubic, body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic. The document also covers crystal planes and Miller indices for describing plane orientations.

Uploaded by

Satyam Agrahari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Solid state physics

Chapter 1

Crystal Structures
晶體結構
Introduction
In 1912 Laue developed an elementary theory of the diffraction of x-rays by a
periodic array. In the second part, Friedrich and Knipping reported the first
experimental observations of x-ray diffraction by crystals. 2
The work proved decisively that crystals are composed of a periodic array of
atoms. The studies have been extended to include amorphous or noncrystalline
solids, glasses, and liquids. The wider field is known as condensed matter physics.

Periodic Arrays of Atoms


An ideal crystal is constructed by the infinite repetition of identical structural
units in space. The structural unit is a single atom, comprise many atoms or
molecules.
晶格
The structure of all crystals can be described in terms of a lattice, with a group
of atoms attached to every lattice point. The group of atoms is called the basis.
The concepts of Lattice & Basis 基底
晶格 + 基底 = 晶體結構

With this definition of the primitive translation vectors, there is no cell of


smaller volume that can serve as a building block for the crystal structure.
The crystal axes a1, a2, a3 form three adjacent edges of a parallelepiped. If there
are lattice points only at the corners, then it is a primitive parallelepiped.
Primitive Lattice Cell

The parallelepiped defined by primitive axes a1, a2, a3 is called a primitive cell
(Fig. 5b). A primitive cell is a type of cell or unit cell.
A primitive cell is a minimum-volume cell.
There are many ways of choosing the primitive axes and primitive cell for a
given lattice. The number of atoms in a primitive cell or primitive basis is always
the same for a given crystal structure.
Fundamental Types of Lattices

Five fold symmetry ?


Quasi-crystal !
Al0.86Mn0.14
在幾何學中，二十面體（icosahedron）是指具有二十
個面的多面體。
Penrose tiling
Two-Dimensional Lattice Types
There is an unlimited number of possible lattices because there is no natural
restriction on the lengths of the lattice translation vectors or on the angle 𝜑 between
them. The lattice in Fig. 5a.
General lattice such as this is known as an oblique lattice and is invariant only
under rotation of 𝜋 and 2𝜋 about any lattice point.
There are four distinct types of restriction, and each leads to what we may call a
special lattice type. Thus there are five distinct lattice types in two dimensions, the
oblique lattice and the four special lattices shown in Fig. 9. Bravais lattice is the
common phrase for a distinct lattice type; we say that there are five Bravais lattices
or nets in two dimensions.
布拉伐晶格
Two - Dimensional lattices ( 1 oblique + 4 special )

Primitive cell; conventional rectangular cell

Four special lattices in two dimension


三斜晶系
單斜晶系
斜方晶系
立方晶系

四方晶系

菱形晶系 (rhombohedral)
六方晶系
Cubic Lattices

簡單立方 體心立方 面心立方

There are three lattices in the cubic system: the simple cubic (sc) lattice, the
body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice, and the face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice.
A primitive cell of the bcc lattice is shown in Fig. 11, and the primitive
translation vectors are shown in Fig. 12.

BCC

Use the Wigner Seitz cell method


The primitive translation vectors of the fcc lattice are shown in Fig. 13. Primitive
cells by definition contain only one lattice point, but the conventional bcc cell
contains 2 lattice points, and the conventional fcc cell contains 4 lattice points.
In the hexagonal system the primitive cell is a right prism based on a rhombus
with an included angle of 120°. 稜鏡 菱形

FCC HCP

Use the Wigner Seitz cell method


Index system for crystal planes
To specify the orientation of a plane by the indices determined by the following
rules--

3a1, 2a2, 2a3


1/3, 1/2, 1/3
2, 3, 3
(2,3,3)
The indices of some important planes in a cubic crystal are illustrated by Fig. 16.

The set of cube faces is {100}.

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