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Lecture note on crystal structures Solid State Physics

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 Lecture Note on Crystal structures
Masatsugu Sei Suzuki and Itsuko S. Suzuki
Department of Physics, SUNY at Binghamton
(Date: February 03, 2012)

This is a part of lecture note on solid state physics (Phys.472/572) at the SUNY at
Binghamton (see the detail at the following URL).
http://bingweb.binghamton.edu/~suzuki/

Auguste Bravais; 23 August 1811, Annonay, Ardèche – 30 March 1863, Le Chesnay,

France) was a French physicist, well known for his work in crystallography (the Bravais
lattices, and the Bravais laws). Bravais also studied magnetism, the northern lights,
meteorology, geobotany or phyllotaxis, astronomy, and hydrography.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Bravais

Dan Shechtman (Hebrew: ‫( )דן שכטמן‬born January 24, 1941 in Tel Aviv) is the Philip
Tobias Professor of Materials Science at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, an
Associate of the US Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory, and Professor of Materials
Science at Iowa State University. On April 8, 1982, while on sabbatical at the U.S. National
Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., Shechtman discovered the icosahedral phase,
which opened the new field of quasiperiodic crystals. He was awarded the 2011 Nobel
Prize in Chemistry for "the discovery of quasicrystals".

1 
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Shechtman

2 
 
Graphene lattice

3 
 
 4 
 
Fig. Formulatio
on of graphitte intercalatiion compounnds.

_____
___________
__________
___________
___________________________________________

5 
 
((Note)) Avogadro number , cm, and lattice constant

A volume of typical sample is V = 1 cm3. Suppose that the system has a simple cubic
lattice with a lattice constant a. Each unit cell has a volume of a3. The system consists of
the Avogadro number of unit cells. So we get

V  N Aa 3  L3

where L is side of the typical sample. L is evaluated as

1/ 3
L  NA a

Noting that

1/ 3
NA = 8.44469 x 107 = 0.844469 x 108.

we have

L(cm)  0.844469a (Å)

In other words, when L = 1 cm, a is evaluated as

a = 1.18418 Å.

1. Introduction
An ideal crystal is constructed by the infinite repetition of identical structural units in space.

6 
 
 B

The structures of all crystals can be described in terms of a lattice (A), with a group of
atoms (B) attached to every lattice point (basis).

2. Lattice point
There are many choices of lattice points. We show two examples.

r r'

Fig. 2D square lattice. r and r' are lattice points.

or

7 
 
 r r'

Fig. 2D square lattice. Another choice of lattice points. r and r' are lattice points.

The atomic arrangement in the crystal looks exactly the same to an observer at r' as to an
observer at r.

2. Basis
The group of atoms is called the basis; when repeated in space it forms the crystal
structure. A basis of atoms is attached to every lattice point.

Fig. Crystal structure with lattice point (A) and basis (A-B).

8 
 
The crystal structures are formed when a basis of atoms is attached identically to every
lattice point.

Lattice + basis = crystal structure

3. The three dimensional (3D) structures

a3 T
a2

a1
a1

Fig. 3D lattice. a1, a2, and a3 are primitive lattice vectors. Lattice points (red circles). T
is the translation vector; T = 2a1+a2+a3.

The lattice is defined by three primitive translation vectors, a1, a2, and a3,

T  u1a1  u2a 2  u3a3 , (lattice point)

where u1, u2, u3 are integers. The lattice is defined by three primitive translation vectors, a1,
a2, and a3. A lattice translation operation is defined as the displacement of a crystal by a
crystal translation vector.
The number of atoms in the basis may be one or it may be more than one.

9 
 
 r j  x j a1  y j a 2  z j a3 (basis)

where 0  xj , y j , z j  1.

a3

basis
a2

a1
a1

Fig. 3D lattice. Lattice point + basis.

4. Primitive lattice cell

The parallelpiped defined by primitive axes a1, a2, a3 is called a primitive cell. A
primitive cell is a minimum-volume cell.

10 
 
 a3

a2

a1

There is always one lattice point per primitive cell (definition). If the primitive cell is a
parallelpiped with lattice points at each of eight corners, each lattice point is shared among
eight corners, so that the total number of lattice points in the cell is one,

1
8  1.
8

The volume of a parallelpiped with primitive axes a1, a2, a3 is

Vc  a1  (a 2  a3 )  a 2  (a3  a1 )  a3  (a1  a 2 ) .

The basis associated with a primitive lattice cell is called a primitive basis.

5. Example
(1) 1D system (linear chain)

11 
 
The primitive cell: a. Basis: the position of the blue point is denoted by a/2, as well as the
red atom at the origin.

The primitive cell: a. Basis: red atoms at u1a and u2a, as well as blue atom at the origin.
The primitive basis consists of two identical atoms, one at u1a and the other at u2a.

The primitive cell: a. Basis: red atoms at u1a, green atom at u2a, as well as blue atom at the
origin.

(2) 2D systems
(a) Graphene

12 
 
The peentagon do not
n fit togeth
her to fill alll space, show
wing that we cannot com
mbine fivefoold
point symmetry
s with
w the requiired translatiional periodiicity

13 
 
 a2

a1
O

Fig. Graphite. Primitive

P un
nit cell. Basiss (two identiical C atoms). hexagonall lattice.

(b) Example

1, 2, 3: Primitive cell (there

( is one lattice pointt)
4: Conventional cell
c (there are2 lattice pooints)

(c) Example

14 
 
a1 and
d a2 are prim
mitive translattion vector.
a1 and
d a2 are primitive axes.

(d) Example

basis
a2

a1

Fig. Conventional cell (a1 x a2). There are two lattiice points in this cell.

15 
 
 a2 a1

Fig. Primitive cell (a1 x a2). There is one lattice point per this cell. a1 and a2 are the
primitive translation vectors

((Summary))
1. Crystal has a primitive cell.
2. Latticed point is defined in association with primitive cell.
3. There is one lattice point per primitive cell.
4. Conventional cell (or nonprimitive cell) contains more than one lattice points.

________________________________________________________________________
6. Wigner-Seitz cell
A Wigner–Seitz cell  is an example of another kind of primitive cell which has only one
lattice point. This Wigne-Seitz cell can be constructed as follows.
(i) Draw lines to connect a given lattice point to all nearby lattice points.
(ii) At the midpoint and normal to these lines, draw new lines or planes.

16 
 
Fig. Typical example of the Wigner-Seitz cell (one of the primitive cells). The dotted
line denote the perpendicular bisector.

7. Two dimensional lattice type

Bravais lattice (common phrase for a distinct lattice type)

(a) Square lattice (4mm)

The square lattice is invariant under rotation of 2/4 about any lattice point (point
operation 4)

17 
 
_____
___________ __________ ___________ ____________________________________________
(b) Hexagona al lattice (6m
mm)
The hexag gonal lattice is invariantt under rotattion of 2/66 about latticce point (point
rotation 3 and
a 6).

_____
___________ __________ ___________ ____________________________________________
(c) Rectangullar lattice (22mm)
The rectan
ngular latticee has mirror-symmetry liine.

_____
_____________________ ___________ ________________________________________
(d) Oblique la
attice
ue lattice is invariant onlly under rotaation of  and 2 about aany lattice
The obliqu
point.

18 
 
_____
___________ __________ ___________ ____________________________________________
(e) Centered rectangular
r laattice (2mm))
Conventional lattice: there are two lattice poinnts per the ccell.
Primitive lattice:
l there is one lattice pointt. (a1 x a2)

________________ __________
___________ ____________________________________________
8. Mirror reflelction
Suuppose that mirror refleection m is present
p for tthe system. The primitiive translatiion
vectorrs are given by
b

a  a xe x  a y e y , b  bxe x  bye y

19 
 
 y

O x
Mirror

a'

b'

If the lattice is invariant under the reflection, a' and b' must be lattice vectors,

a'  a xe x  a y e y , b'  bxe x  by e y

a + a', a - a', b + b', b - b' must be also lattice vectors.

a  a'  2a x e x , b  b'  2bxe x

a  a '  2a y e y , b  b'  2bye y

Here we choose the two cases

(1) ay = 0, and bx = 0 (rectangular lattice),

a  a x ex , b  by ey

a'  a x e x  a , b'  bye y  b

20 
 
 y

a
O x
a'
Mirror

b'

1
(2) ay = 0 and bx = ax (centered rectangular lattice)
2

ax
a  axe x , b e x  by e y
2

b  b'  a xe x , a  a'  0 ,

21 
 
 y

a
O x
Mirror a'

b'

9. Three dimensional (3D) Bravais lattice

The point symmetry groups in 3D requires the 14 different lattice types.

22 
 
Fig. a1), b (a2), c (a3), and anngles , , annd .
Definition of sides a (a

________________ __________
___________
_______________________________________
Triclinic
a1 ≠ a2 ≠ a3
 ≠  ≠ 

23 
 
 1. Triclinic, simple

______________________________________________________________________
Monoclinic
a1 ≠ a2 ≠ a3
 =  =90 ≠ 

2. Monoclinic, simple
3. Monoclinic, base centered

_________________________________________________________________________
Orthorhombic
a1 ≠ a2 ≠ a3
 =  =  = 90.

24 
 
 4. Orth
horhombic, ssimple
5. Orth
horhombic, bbase centeredd
6. Orth
horhombic, bbody-centereed (b.c.)
7. Orth
horhombic, fface-centeredd (f.c.)

Hexag
gonal

a1 = a2 ≠ a3
 =  = 900. = 120.

8. Hexagonaal

___________
_____ __________ ___________
________________________________________
Trigonal
a1 = a2 = a3
 =  =  < 120, ≠ 90.

25 
 
 9. Trigonall

_____
___________ __________
___________
____________________________________________
Tetragonal
a1 = a2 ≠ a3
 =  =  = 90.

10. Tetraagonal , sim

mple
11. Tetraagonal, bodyy-centered (bb.c.)

___________
_____ __________
___________
________________________________________
Cubicc
a1 = a2 = a3
 =  =  = 90.

26 
 
 12. simp
ple cubic (scc)
13. bodyy-centered cuubic (bcc)
14. face--centered cuubic (fcc)
________________ __________ ___________ ____________________________________________
10. Simple cubic (sc)
Th
he primitive cell is defin
ned by the prrimitive transslation vectoors, ax, ay, annd az. Theree is
only one
o lattice pooint.

az

O
ay

ax

Fig. Structure of
o simple cub
bic (sc) latticce.

27 
 
Fig. Building up of the 3D structure with sc lattice.

11. Face centered cubic (fcc) lattice

The crystal structure of the fcc is given below.

28 
 
 az

a3 a2

ax a1 ay

Fig. Primitive cell (a1, a 2, a 3) and conventional cell (ax, ay az) for the fcc lattice.

Conventional cell
There are four lattice points in this cell,

1 1
8  6 1 3  4 .
8 2

ax, ay, and az are the translation vectors of this cell.

Primitive cell:
There is only one lattice point of this cell. a1, a2, and a3 are the primitive translation
vectors.

a a a
a1  (1,1,0) , a2  (0,1,1) , a3  (1,0,1)
2 2 2

29 
 
 z

a2
a3

y
a1
x

Fig. Building up of 3D structure with the bcc lattice.

12. Body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice

az

ay

ax

Fig. bcc lattice. Conventional cell. There are two lattice points. ax, ay and az are the
translation vectors.

30 
 
This is a conventional cell since there are two lattice points in the cell,

1
8 1  2 .
8

The conventional cell consists of a lattice point plus a basis. The vector ax, ay and az are the
translation vectors of the conventional cell.
The primitive cell consists of the primitive translation vectors a1, a2, and a3. There is
only one lattice point in this cell.

a a a
a1  (1,1,1) , a2  (1,1,1) , a3  (1,1,1) .
2 2 2

az

a2
a3

ay
ax

a1

Fig. Primitive cell. There is only one lattice point at the body center. a1, a2, and a3 are
the primitive translation vectors.

13. Hexagonal lattice

31 
 
 A hexagonal lattice is shown below. This structure does not occur among the elements,
except as the starting point of the hexagonal close-packed structure. Its primitive vectors
are a1, a2, and a3.

a3

a2

a1

Fig. Hexagonal lattice. a1 = a2 = a. a1 , a 2  120 . a3 = c.

32 
 
Fig. Building up of the 3D structure with the hexagonal latrtice.

14. Fundamental types of lattices

The symmetry operations of a crystal carry the crystal structure into itself.
Lattice translation operator
Rotationm reflection = point operation

((Rotation))
A typical symmetry rotation is that of rotation about an axis that passes through a lattice
point.

33 
 
1 one   2
2 (diad axis)) two fold rottation   2 / 2  
3 (triad axis)) three fold rootation   2 / 3
4 (tetrad axiss) four fold rottation   2 / 4   / 2
6 (hexad axis) six fold rotaation   2 / 6

We caan not find a lattice thatt goes into ittself under oother rotation such as byy   2 / 7 or
  2 / 5 .

((Exam
mple))

34 
 
((Qua
asi crystal)) Five-fold symmetry
y?

Fig. A five-fold d axis of sym

mmetry cann not exist in a lattice becaause it is nott impossible to
fill all spacce with a co
onnected arraay of pentaggons. As shoown in this ffigure we giive
an examplle of regularr pentagonaal packing w which does nnot have thhe translationnal
invariance of a lattice. (C. Kittel, ISSP
I 4th edittion, Chapteer 1, p.13, Fig.9a)

35 
 
((Notee))
Onn April 8, 1982,
1 while on sabbaticcal at the U
U.S. Nationaal Bureau off Standards in
Washiington, D.C., Shechtmaan discovereed the icosahhedral phasee, which oppened the neew
field of
o quasiperioodic crystals. He was aw
warded the 20011 Nobel P Prize in Chem
mistry for "tthe
discovvery of quasiicrystals"

(i) Mirror sy
ymmetry
We
W can have mirror
m reflecction (m) abo
out a plane thhrough a latttice point (reeflection plaane.

36 
 
(ii) Inversion
Thhe Inversion operation iss composed of o a rotationn of p follow
wed by reflecction in a plaane
normaal to the rotattion axis. Th
he total effecct is to replacce

r → - r.

(iii) Point grouup

(a) o 2 
1-fold axiss: rotation of 

37 
 
(b) Mirror plane "1m"

(c) Two fold axis; rotation of   "2"

(d) A two-fold axis. One mirror plane "2mm"

38 
 
There is automatically a second mirror plane normal to the first mirror plane.

15. Fundamental types of lattices

((Mathematical interest))
We can find a lattice that goes into itself under the rotation of 2/n with only n = 1, 2, 3,
4, and 6.

((Proof))
Suppose that the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the primitive translation vector T.
We will prove later that the axis of the rotation should be the primitive translation vector.

39 
 
 Cn T T

2pn
2pn
Cn -1 T
O

Fig. T: primitive translation vector. O is the axis of rotation. The axis of rotation is also
assumed to be one of the primitive translation vector (this will be proved later).The
direction of the axis of rotation is out of the page.

Cn is the rotation of 2/n around the axis and Cn-1 is the rotation of -2/n around the axis,
respectively. A lattice goes into itself under the rotation of 2/n with only n. This means
that CnT and Cn-1T are also primitive translation vectors. Then the vector sum given by

1 2 2
Cn T  Cn T  2T cos( )n  2T cos( ) ,
n n

must be a translation vector and be integer times T. So the value of n can be obtained as

n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.

2 2 2
since 2 cos( )  2 for n = 1, 2 cos( )  0 for n = 2, 2 cos( )  1 for n = 3,
n n n
2 2
2 cos( )  0 for n = 4, and 2 cos( )  2 .
n n

40 
 
 We now assume that the primitive translation vector T1 is not perpendicular to the axis
of rotation. Suppose that this vector T1 is rotated around the axis of rotation by the angle
2/n (Cn is the rotation of 2/n around the axis). After the repetition of this process by n
times, we get new primitive translation vectors, T2, T3, ..., Tn = T1, in order, where n is an
integer. The figure shows the case for n = 6.

Axis of rotation

T5 T4
T3
T6
T2
T1

Fig. Rotation of the primitive translation vector around the axis of rotation (Cn=6). T1,
T2, ..., and T6 are the primitive translation vectors. The vector (Tn - Tn+1) (n = 1,
2, ...6) are also the primitive translation vector.

T1  T2  T3  ...  Tn .

41 
 
Note that T1 + T2 + T3 ..... + Tn is also translation vectors and is parallel to the axis of
rotation. T12 = T1 - T2, T23 = T2 - T3, T34 =T3 - T4, ..., are the primitive translation vectors
and are perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Then the axis of the rotation is the primitive
translation vector. There always exists the primitive translation vectors which is
perpendicular to the axis of roptation (which is also the primitive translation vector).
In conclusion, the rotation of 2/n with only n = 5 does not exist in the crystals.

((Note)) In spite of the above theorem, a quasi-crystal show the n = 5 symmetry.

16. NaCl sturucture

The space lattice is fcc. Na+ and Cl- ions are al;ternately arranged at the lottice points
of a sc lattice. Each ion is surrounded by 6 nearest neighbors of the opposite charge.

Conventional cell:
1
Cl-: 1 6 4
2
1
Na+: 12  1  4
4

There are four units of NaCl in each unit cube, with atoms in the positions,

Cl-:
(0,0,0), (1/2,1/2,0), (1/2,0, 1/2), (0, 1/2, 1/2)

Na+:
(1/2,1/2,1/2), (0,0,1/2) (0,1/2,0), (1/2,0,0)

The basis has one Cl- ion at (0,0,0) and one Na+ ion at (1/2, 1/2, 1/2).

42 
 
Fig. NaCl structure. Cl- (red circles) and Na+ (blue circles). a = 3.63 Å.

17. CsCl structure

43 
 
Fig. CsCl structure. simple cubic (primitive cell). a = 4.11 Å.

Each atom may be viewed as at the center of a cube of atoms of the opposite kind. The
number of the nearest neighbor (n. n.) 0r co-ordination number is z = 8. The space lattice is
simple cubic (primitive cell). The basis has one Cs+ ion at (0,0,0) and one Cl- ion at (1/2,
1/2, 1/2).

44 
 
18. Hexagonal close-packed structure
The in-plane structure is hexagonal symmetry. There are several types of stacking
sequences along the plane.
(1) AAAAA... stacking
(2) ABABAB... stacking
(3) ABCABC stacking fcc (111) plane.

The hcp structure has the primitive cell of the hexagonal lattice, but with a basis of two
atoms.

a1 = a2 = a. a1 , a 2  120

A basis of two atoms at

2a1  a 2 a3
r =0, r 
3 2

45 
 
Fig. Hcp structure with c/a = 1.633.

The ratio c/a for the hcp of spheres has the value

c 8
  1.633 .
a 3

It is usual to refer to crystals as hcp even if the actual c/a ratio departs somewaht from this
theoretical value. The number of the nearest-neighbor atoms is 12 for both hcp and fcc.

46 
 
 Q

c
a2
2

a 1 +a 2 
O
P

a1 2a 1 +a 2 

Fig. Hexagonal close-packed lattice. Primitive cell has a1 = a2 = a, with an

included angle 120º. The c-axis (a3) is normal to a1 and a2. The ideal hcp
2a  a 2 2a  a a
structure has c = 1.633 a. OP  1 . OQ  1 2  3
3 3 2

Fig. Top view of an hcp lattice.

((Structure of graphite))
The graphite has a AB stacking sequence along the c axis. The lattice constant of graphite
are given by a1 = a2 = a = 2.46 Å, c = 6.70 Å.

47 
 
 a2 a 1 +a 2 Q 2a 1 +a 2 

P
a1
O

Fig. The in-plane structure of the A and B layers in the AB stacking sequence for the
graphite. The lattice point of the B layer is at the point P, while the lattice point of
2a  a 2
the A layer is at the point O. OP  1
3

48 
 
Fig. Graaphite latticee, which has ABAB staccking sequennce along thee c axis.
________________
__________ ___________ ___________________________________________

Fig. (111) plane of the fcc structure.

s

49 
 
Fig. Top
p view of the fcc lattice viewed from
m (111) direcction.

19. Diamond structure

50 
 
Fig. Crystal structure of diamond showing the tetrahedral bond arrangement.

51 
 
Fig. Diamond structutre

52 
 
20. ZnS structure

53 
 
Fig. Crystal structure of ZnS. Zn (red circles). S (blue circles).

The conventional cell a cubic.

Zn: (0, 0, 0), (0, 1/2, 1/2), (1/2, 0, 1/2), (1/2, 1/2, 0): red circles.

S: (1/4, 1/4, 1/4), (1/4, 3/4, 3/4); (3/4, 1/4, 3/4), (3/4, 3/4, 1/4) black circles

The lattice is fcc. There are four molecules of ZnS per conventional cell.

54 
 
21. Definition of Miller indices
We often find it necessary to describe a particular crystalgraphic plane or, a particular
direction within a real 3D crystal. Crystal planes are usually described by their Miller
indices.
Suppose that a plane intercepts at

n n n
p1a1  a1 , p2a 2  a1 , p3a 3  a3 ,
h h h

on the axes of a1, a2, a3. The plane form by these three vectors is called a (hkl) plane, when

n n n
h , k , l ,
p1 p2 p3

where h, k, and l are integers, and n is integer chosen to get the smallest three integers: (hkl).
These indices (hkl) may denote a single phase or a set of parallel planes with the index n. If
a plane cuts an axis on the negative side of the origin, the corresponding index is negative,
indicated by placing a minus sign above the index (hk l ) .

55 
 
Fig. Definition of (hkl) plan
ne where h, k, and l are tthe smallest three integeers. n is integger
and denotees the family
y of the (hkl) planes.

56 
 
Fig. The familyy of (hkl) plaanes with in
ndex n, wherre n is an intteger. The (hhkl) plane wwith
the index n intercepts at na1/h, na2/k, na3/l. Ass will be desscribed in thee next chaptter,
G(h, k, l) (de noted by
b red line) is the recipprocal latticee vector. Thhis vector G is
normal to the
t (hkl) plane.

22. Example-1
We
W consider th
he plane inteercepts the a1, a2, a3 axess at 3a1, 2a2, 2a3.

n n n
 3,  2, 2
h k l

or

n n n
h , k , l
3 2 2

Note that
t h, k, l an
nd n are integ
gers. When n = 6, we haave a set of inntegers (hkl)),

h = 2, k = 3, l = 3.
3

Then we
w can concclude that th
he plane is deescribed by a miller indiices (233) wiith n = 6.

57 
 
 2a 3

2,3,3 plane

2a 2
3a 1

Fig. Planes with the miller indices (233) with n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The plane (233)
with n = 6 intersects at 3a1, 2a2, 2a3.

23. Example
We consider the plane intercepts the a1, a2, a3 axes at 4a1, (-1a2), 2a3.

n n n
 4,  1 , 2
h k l

or

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 n n
h , k  n , l
4 2

Note that h, k, l and n are integers. When n = 4, we have

h = 1, k = -4, l = 2.

Then we have the plane denoted by (142) with n = 4.

2a 3

1,-4,2 plane

-a 2

4a 1

Fig. Planes with the miller indices (142) with n = 1, 2, 3, 4. The plane (142) with n = 4
intersects at 4a1, (-1a2), 2a3.

24. (100) plane

We consider the (100) plane. From the definition, we have

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(i) Intercept a1  1 x (a1/1)(100) plane with n = 1

(ii) Intercept 2a1  2 x (a1/1) (100) plane with n = 2

(iii) Intercept 3a3  3 x (a1/1) (100) plane with n = 3

25. (200) plane

We consider the (200) plane.

a 1 -3 a-1
2a 1
a1 a1 -
O 2 -a 1 2
a1
3a 1 5 2a 1 3 2 a 1 2
x 2

Fig. The family of (100) plane and the family of (200) plane.

(i) Intercept a1/2  1 x a1/2

(200) plane with n = 1

(ii) Intercept a12 x a1/2 [or 1 x a1/1]

(200) plane with n = 2 [or (100) plane with n = 1]

(iii) Intercept 3a1/23 x a1/2

(200) plane with n = 3.

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 (iv) Intercept 2a14 x a1/2 [or 2 x a1/1]

(200) plane with n = 4. [or (100) plane with n = 2]

(iv) Intercept 5a1/25 x a1/2

(200) plane with n = 5.

26. Link

Miller indices (Cambridge University)

http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/miller_indices/index.php

Crystal lattice structures

http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/

Crystal structures (Wikipedia)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure

Crystal structures, Rotable 3D models

http://neubert.net/Crystals/CRYStruc.html

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