Saint Louis University

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

LABORATORY MANUAL

NAMES: ROSIMO, JEFFERSON D. CLASS SCHEDULE: 6:00-9:00 MTW

ZWANZGER, MARIEL ANTONETTE F. DATE PERFORMED: 08-24-2020

ACTIVITY NO. 1
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS USING SCILAB

I. ACTIVITY OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the activity, the students should be able to solve Laplace transformation problems
using SCILAB.

II. EQUIPMENT NEEDED:

PC with Scilab

III. LABORATORY ACTIVITIES:

1. Read the activity notes and understand the examples.
2. Answer the following problems using the concepts and techniques presented in the activity notes .
Write your answers on the spaces provided.

Problem 1]
Given the rational polynomial
4 3 2
3s + 6s - 21s - 54s -54
P(s) = -----------------------------------------
4 3 2
s + 2s + 5s + 4s + 40

(a) Express P(s) in factored form. (d) Evaluate P'(s) at s=10

(s-3) (s+3) (s2+2s+2)
P(s) = -------------------------------------------- P'(s=10) = ___ 0.0693157____
(s2+4s+8) (s2-2s+5)

(b) Evaluate P(s) at s=10 (e) Evaluate P''(s) at s=-5

P(s=10) = ____2.6475358____ P''(s=-5) = ___ -0.2489904__

(c) Evaluate P(s) as s→∞

(c) P(s→∞) = _______Nan________

ECE 424FL: FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
LABORATORY
 Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

LABORATORY MANUAL

Problem 2]
Obtain the Partial Fraction expanded form and then determine the inverse Laplace transform of the
following Laplace transforms.

4 3 2
7s + 75s + 280s + 572s +784
(a) X(s) = ------------------------------------------------------
5 4 3 2
s + 11s + 48s + 104s + 176s + 240

2 3s + 22 2s + 6
PFE: X(s) = -------------------- + -------------------- + --------------------
s+3 s2 + 8s + 20 s2 + 4

x(t) = _____ 2e-3t + 3e-4t cos(2t) + 5e-4t sin(2t) + 2cos(2t) + 3sin(2t)_____

5 4 3 2
10s + 42s + 61s + 40s + 20s + 4
(b) X(s) = -----------------------------------------------------
6 5 4 3 2
s + 5s + 9s + 7s + 2s

3 2 4 -5 3
PFE: X(s) = --------------- + --------------- + --------------- + --------------- + ---------------
s s2 s+1 (s+1)3 s+2

5e-t t2
x(t) = 3 + 2t + 4e-2t - ------------- + 3e-2t
__________________2_______________

IV. SCILAB PROGRAMS: (SHOW COMPLETE ALGORITHMS)

PROBLEM 1]

s=poly(0,'s') // Declare s as variable for polynomials

Ps=(3*s^4+6*s^3-21*s^2-54*s-54)/(s^4+2*s^3+5*s^2+4*s+40) // Declare the rational polynomial Ps
Psnum=numer(Ps) // extracts the numerator of P(s) and assigns it to Pnum(s)
Psden=denom(Ps) // extracts the denominator of P(s) and assigns it to Pden(s)
[FactorsPsnum, FactorsPsden,gPs]=factors(Ps) // Problem 1(a)
horner(Ps,10) // Problem 1(b)
horner(Ps,%inf) // Problem 1(c)
Psprime=derivat(Ps) // determines the first derivative of P(s) and assigns the derivative polynomial to H'(s)
horner(Psprime,10) // Problem 1(d)
Psprime2=derivat(derivat(Ps)) // determines the second derivative of P(s) and assigns it to P''(s)

ECE 424FL: FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
LABORATORY
 Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

LABORATORY MANUAL

horner(Psprime2,-5) // Problem 1(e)

PROBLEM 2]
2a]
//2a
clear; clc;
s=poly(0,'s')
Xsn=7*s^4+75*s^3+280*s^2+572*s+784
Xsd=s^5+11*s^4+48*s^3+104*s^2+176*s+240
Xs=Xsn/Xsd
[FXsd,gXsd]=factors(denom(Xs))
RXsd=roots(denom(Xs))
Rs=Xsn/derivat(Xsd)
A1=horner(Rs, -3)
A2=horner(Rs, 2*%i)
A3=horner(Rs, -2*%i)
A4=horner(Rs, -4+2*%i)
A5=horner(Rs, -4-2*%i)

(A2/(s-2*%i)) + (A3/(s+2*%i))
(A4/(s+4-2*%i)) + (A5/(s+4+2*%i))

2b]

//2b
clear; clc;
s=poly(0,'s')
Xsn=10*s^5+42*s^4+61*s^3+40*s^2+20*s+4
Xsd=s^6+5*s^5+9*s^4+7*s^3+2*s^2
Xs=Xsn/Xsd
[FXsd,gXsd]=factors(denom(Xs))
RXsd=roots(denom(Xs))
Rs=Xsn/derivat(Xsd)

A1=horner(Rs, -2)
A2=horner(Rs, -1.0000075 + 0.0000129*%i)
A3=horner(Rs, -1.0000075 - 0.0000129*%i)
A4=horner(Rs, -0.9999851)
A5=horner(Rs, 0)
A6=horner(Rs, 0)

(A1/(s))+(A2/(s+2))
(A3/(s+1.0000075 - 0.0000129*%i)) + (A4/(s+.0000075 + 0.0000129*%i))
(A5/(s+0.9999851)) + (A6/(s))

V. OBSERVATIONS:

ECE 424FL: FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
LABORATORY
 Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

LABORATORY MANUAL

IN THIS ACTIVITY WE WERE ABLE TO DECLARE POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL POLYNOMIAL

IN THE SCILAB USING THE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS IN THE SCILAB. THE RATIONAL POLYNOMIAL
HAS A NUMERATOR AND A DENOMINATOR EXTRACTED TO BE ABLE TO SEPARATELY FIND
EACH OF ITS ROOTS. THIS ROOT CAN NOW BE USED AS A FACTORED FORM OF THE RATIONAL
POLYNOMIAL OR COULD BE DIRECTLY FACTORED USING A SET OF FUNCTIONS. IN
DETERMINING THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF A GIVEN RATIONAL POLYNOMIAL, WE USED A SET
OF FUNCTION WHICH APPLIES A PARTIAL FRACTION EXPANSION TO THE RATIONAL
POLYNOMIAL. MANIPULATING THE EXPANDED FORM OF RATIONAL POLYNOMIAL TO BE ABLE
TO CONFORM TO THE ENTRIES IN THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM TABLE.

VI. CONCLUSIONS (MINIMUM OF 5 SENTENCES, MUST ADDRESS THE OBJECTIVE OF

THE ACTIVITY)

THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM CAN BE SOLVED THROUGH THE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS AND
PROPER SYNTAX OF SCILAB FROM A GIVEN POLYNOMIAL. WE ARE ABLE TO EVALUATE THE
POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL POLYNOMIAL THROUGH ITS OBTAINED FACTORED FORM
REGARDLESS OF THE GIVEN VALUE OF THE VARIABLE. WE ALSO USE PARTIAL FRACTION
EXPANSION AND SIMPLIFY THIS TO DETERMINE THE INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM FROM THE
LOOK-UP TABLE, A SET OF FUNCTION IS USED IN PERFORMING PARTIAL FRACTION EXPANSION
ON A POLYNOMIAL WITH SINGULAR ROOTS AND A DIFFERENT SET OF FUNCTIONS IN
PERFORMING PARTIAL FRACTION EXPANSION ON A POLYNOMIAL WITH REPEATED ROOTS. WITH
THAT, THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM AND INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM COULD NOW BE
DETERMINED. THIS METHOD OF USING SCILAB WITH PROPER SET OF FUNCTIONS AND SYNTAX
AVOIDS MISTAKES AND LENGTHY MANUAL COMPUTATIONS. THE PROGRAM CAN NOW BE USED
TO EASILY PROGRAM A DESIRED RESULT FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF APPLICATION.

[PRACTICE PROBLEM 1] Given the rational polynomial

ECE 424FL: FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
LABORATORY
 Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

LABORATORY MANUAL

4 3 2
3s + 6s - 21s - 54s -54
P(s) = ------------------------------------------
4 3 2 SCILAB PROGRAM:
s + 2s + 5s + 4s + 40
s=poly(0,'s') // Declare s as variable for polynomials
(a) Express P(s) in factored form. Ps=(3*s^4+6*s^3-21*s^2-54*s-54)/(s^4+2*s^3+5*s^2+4*s+40)
// Declare the rational polynomial Ps
Psnum=numer(Ps) // extracts the numerator of P(s) and assigns
(s-3) (s+3) (s2+2s+2) it to Pnum(s)
P(s) = -------------------------------------------- Psden=denom(Ps) // extracts the denominator of P(s) and assigns
it to Pden(s)
(s2+4s+8) (s2-2s+5) [FactorsPsnum, FactorsPsden,gPs]=factors(Ps) // Problem 1(a)
horner(Ps,10) // Problem 1(b)
(b) Evaluate P(s) at s=10 horner(Ps,%inf) // Problem 1(c)
Psprime=derivat(Ps) // determines the first derivative of P(s) and
assigns the derivative polynomial to H'(s)
P(s=10) = 2.6475358 horner(Psprime,10) // Problem 1(d)
Psprime2=derivat(derivat(Ps)) // determines the second
derivative of P(s) and assigns it to P''(s)
(c) Evaluate P(s) as s→∞ horner(Psprime2,0) // Problem 1(e)

P(s→∞) = ______Nan______

(d) Evaluate P'(s) at s=10

P'(s=10) = ___ 0.0693157____

(e) Evaluate P''(s) at s=0

P''(s=0) = ____ -0.4695_____

[PRACTICE PROBLEM 2]

ECE 424FL: FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
LABORATORY
 Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

LABORATORY MANUAL

Obtain the Partial Fraction expanded form and then determine the inverse Laplace
transform of the following Laplace transforms.

4 3 2
7s + 75s + 280s + 572s +784
(a) X(s) = ------------------------------------------------------
5 4 3 2
s + 11s + 48s + 104s + 176s + 240

2 3s + 22 2s + 6
PFE: X(s) = -------------------- + -------------------- + --------------------
s+3 s2 + 8s + 20 s2 + 4

x(t) = _____ 2e-3t + 3e-4t cos(2t) + 5e-4t sin(2t) + 2cos(2t) + 3sin(2t)_____

SCILAB PROGRAM:

//2a
clear; clc;
s=poly(0,'s')
Xsn=7*s^4+75*s^3+280*s^2+572*s+784
Xsd=s^5+11*s^4+48*s^3+104*s^2+176*s+240
Xs=Xsn/Xsd
[FXsd,gXsd]=factors(denom(Xs))
RXsd=roots(denom(Xs))
Rs=Xsn/derivat(Xsd)
A1=horner(Rs, -3)
A2=horner(Rs, 2*%i)
A3=horner(Rs, -2*%i)
A4=horner(Rs, -4+2*%i)
A5=horner(Rs, -4-2*%i)

(A2/(s-2*%i)) + (A3/(s+2*%i))
(A4/(s+4-2*%i)) + (A5/(s+4+2*%i))

5 4 3 2
10s + 42s + 61s + 40s + 20s + 4
(b) X(s) = -----------------------------------------------------

ECE 424FL: FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
LABORATORY
 Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

LABORATORY MANUAL

6 5 4 3 2
s + 5s + 9s + 7s + 2s

3 2 4 -5 3
PFE: X(s) = --------------- + --------------- + --------------- + --------------- + ---------------
s s2 s+1 (s+1)3 s+2

5e-t t2
x(t) = 3 + 2t + 4e-2t - ------------- + 3e-2t
__________________2_______________

SCILAB PROGRAM:

//2b
clear; clc;
s=poly(0,'s')
Xsn=10*s^5+42*s^4+61*s^3+40*s^2+20*s+4
Xsd=s^6+5*s^5+9*s^4+7*s^3+2*s^2
Xs=Xsn/Xsd
[FXsd,gXsd]=factors(denom(Xs))
RXsd=roots(denom(Xs))
Rs=Xsn/derivat(Xsd)

A1=horner(Rs, -2)
A2=horner(Rs, -1.0000075 + 0.0000129*%i)
A3=horner(Rs, -1.0000075 - 0.0000129*%i)
A4=horner(Rs, -0.9999851)
A5=horner(Rs, 0)
A6=horner(Rs, 0)

(A1/(s))+(A2/(s+2))
(A3/(s+1.0000075 - 0.0000129*%i)) + (A4/(s+.0000075 + 0.0000129*%i))
(A5/(s+0.9999851)) + (A6/(s))

ECE 424FL: FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
LABORATORY