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Sampling Theorem: g (t) - message signal sδ (t) - impulse pulse train gδ (t) - Sampled signal

The document discusses the sampling theorem as it relates to converting a continuous-time analog signal into a discrete-time sampled signal. It states that a continuous signal with no frequency components above fmax can be reconstructed from samples taken at a rate greater than or equal to 2fmax. It also discusses the concepts of Nyquist rate sampling, oversampling, and undersampling. Furthermore, it provides expressions showing how a sampled signal g(t) relates to the original continuous signal f(t) and impulse train. Finally, it briefly mentions the two types of practical sampling: natural sampling and flat-top sampling.

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Shivendra Shukla
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107 views15 pages

Sampling Theorem: g (t) - message signal sδ (t) - impulse pulse train gδ (t) - Sampled signal

The document discusses the sampling theorem as it relates to converting a continuous-time analog signal into a discrete-time sampled signal. It states that a continuous signal with no frequency components above fmax can be reconstructed from samples taken at a rate greater than or equal to 2fmax. It also discusses the concepts of Nyquist rate sampling, oversampling, and undersampling. Furthermore, it provides expressions showing how a sampled signal g(t) relates to the original continuous signal f(t) and impulse train. Finally, it briefly mentions the two types of practical sampling: natural sampling and flat-top sampling.

Uploaded by

Shivendra Shukla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 g(t) – message signal

Sampling
 sδ (t) – impulse pulse train
Theorem
 gδ(t) – Sampled signal
The Sampling
Process
(a) Continuous
time Analog
Signal
(b)Sampled
version of
analog signal
Sampling Theorem

 A continuous-time signal x(t) with frequencies no higher


than fmax can be reconstructed from its samples x[n] = x(n
Ts) if the samples are taken at a rate fs which is greater than
2 fmax.
 Nyquist rate = 2 fmax
 Nyquist frequency = fs/2.
 Statement of sampling theorem:
 If a band –limited signal g(t) contains no frequency
components for ‫׀‬f‫ > ׀‬W, then it is completely described by
instantaneous values g(kTs) uniformly spaced in time with
period Ts ≤ 1/2W. If the sampling rate, fs is equal to the
Nyquist rate or greater (fs ≥ 2W), the signal g(t) can be
exactly reconstructed
Over Sampling (fs > 2W)

When ( fs >2W) then Over sampling is the condition been shown.


Nyquist Rate Sampling ( fs = 2W)

When ( fs =2W) then Nyquist sampling is the condition been shown.


Under Sampling ( fs < 2W)

When ( fs < 2W) then under sampling is the condition been


shown.
Spectrum of sampled signals
Sampling theorem assumptions

 Assumption for sampling theorem:


 Continuous-time signal has no frequency content
above fmax
 Sampling time is exactly the same between any two
samples
 Sequence of numbers obtained by sampling is
represented in exact precision
 Conversion of sequence to continuous time is ideal
Expressions for sampling

 An analog signal is converted into a corresponding


sequence of samples that are usually spaced
uniformly in time.
 It is necessary that we choose sampling rate
properly.
 Sequence of samples uniquely defines the original
analog signal.


T
s n  
 s
 (t )    t  n T 
1
T

1  2cos( t )  2cos(2  t )  . . .
s s 
s
Expressions for sampling

g (t )  f (t )  (t ) 
T
s
1
T
 f (t)  2 f (t)cos(s t)  2 f (t)cos(2 s t)  . . . 
s

F() G()

 
-2fmax 2fmax s s s s
gap if and only if 2f max  2f s  2f max  f s  2 f max
Minimum sampling rate & aliasing error
Practical Sampling

There are two types of sampling within practical


sampling.
1. Natural sampling
2. Flat-top sampling
Natural Sampling
Flat-top Sampling
Flat-top
Sampling
The sequence of flat
top samples shown
in previous figure
may be viewed as a
pulse amplitude
modulated wave in
which amplitude of
regularly spaced
rectangular pulses
vary with
instantaneous
sample values of an
analog message
signal in one to one
fashion.
Flat-top Sampling

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