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Analog Communication - Sampling

This document discusses sampling of analog signals. It explains that sampling converts continuous time signals to discrete signals. The sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency of the signal to avoid aliasing, as per the Nyquist sampling theorem. Aliasing occurs when the sampling rate is too low and results in overlapping of signal information.

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20 views4 pages

Analog Communication - Sampling

This document discusses sampling of analog signals. It explains that sampling converts continuous time signals to discrete signals. The sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency of the signal to avoid aliasing, as per the Nyquist sampling theorem. Aliasing occurs when the sampling rate is too low and results in overlapping of signal information.

Uploaded by

cdrupwest
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4/25/24, 3:38 PM Analog Communication - Sampling

Analog Communication - Sampling


So far, we have discussed about continuous-wave modulation. We will discuss about
pulse modulation in the next chapter. These pulse modulation techniques deal with
discrete signals. So, now let us see how to convert a continuous time signal into a
discrete one.

The process of converting continuous time signals into equivalent discrete time
signals, can be termed as Sampling. A certain instant of data is continually sampled
in the sampling process.

The following figure shows a continuous-time signal x(t) and the corresponding
sampled signal xs(t). When x(t) is multiplied by a periodic impulse train, the
sampled signal xs(t) is obtained.

A sampling signal is a periodic train of pulses, having unit amplitude, sampled at


equal intervals of time Ts , which is called as sampling time. This data is
transmitted at the time instants Ts and the carrier signal is transmitted at the
remaining time.

Sampling Rate

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4/25/24, 3:38 PM Analog Communication - Sampling

To discretize the signals, the gap between the samples should be fixed. That gap can
be termed as the sampling period Ts . Reciprocal of the sampling period is known as
sampling frequency or sampling rate fs .

Mathematically, we can write it as

1
fs =
Ts

Where,

fs is the sampling frequency or the sampling rate

Ts is the sampling period

Sampling Theorem
The sampling rate should be such that the data in the message signal should neither
be lost nor it should get over-lapped. The sampling theorem states that, “a signal
can be exactly reproduced if it is sampled at the rate fs , which is greater than or
equal to twice the maximum frequency of the given signal W.”

Mathematically, we can write it as

fs ≥ 2W

Where,

fs is the sampling rate

W is the highest frequency of the given signal

If the sampling rate is equal to twice the maximum frequency of the given signal W,
then it is called as Nyquist rate.

The sampling theorem, which is also called as Nyquist theorem, delivers the theory
of sufficient sample rate in terms of bandwidth for the class of functions that are
bandlimited.

For continuous-time signal x(t), which is band-limited in the frequency domain is


represented as shown in the following figure.

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4/25/24, 3:38 PM Analog Communication - Sampling

If the signal is sampled above Nyquist rate, then the original signal can be
recovered. The following figure explains a signal, if sampled at a higher rate than 2w
in the frequency domain.

If the same signal is sampled at a rate less than 2w, then the sampled signal would
look like the following figure.

We can observe from the above pattern that there is over-lapping of information,
which leads to mixing up and loss of information. This unwanted phenomenon of
over-lapping is called as Aliasing.

Aliasing can be referred to as “the phenomenon of a high-frequency component in


the spectrum of a signal, taking on the identity of a low-frequency component in the

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4/25/24, 3:38 PM Analog Communication - Sampling

spectrum of its sampled version.”

Hence, the sampling rate of the signal is chosen to be as Nyquist rate. If the
sampling rate is equal to twice the highest frequency of the given signal W, then the
sampled signal would look like the following figure.

In this case, the signal can be recovered without any loss. Hence, this is a good
sampling rate.

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