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Brewery Distance Learning

The document discusses various topics related to brewery engineering including Ohm's law, components of a motor control system, level measurement techniques, modes of flow measurement, and the calibration procedure for pressure gauges in SMBHK brewery. Specifically, it explains that Ohm's law relates voltage, current and resistance. It describes the common components in a motor control system including contactors, disconnects, fuses, circuit breakers and overload relays. It discusses level measurement using differential pressure and ultrasonic methods. It differentiates four modes of flow measurement: electromagnetic, Coriolis, vortex and ultrasonic. It outlines SMBHK's procedure for calibrating pressure gauges using a deadweight tester with a primary standard pressure gauge.

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Romel Agan
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57 views3 pages

Brewery Distance Learning

The document discusses various topics related to brewery engineering including Ohm's law, components of a motor control system, level measurement techniques, modes of flow measurement, and the calibration procedure for pressure gauges in SMBHK brewery. Specifically, it explains that Ohm's law relates voltage, current and resistance. It describes the common components in a motor control system including contactors, disconnects, fuses, circuit breakers and overload relays. It discusses level measurement using differential pressure and ultrasonic methods. It differentiates four modes of flow measurement: electromagnetic, Coriolis, vortex and ultrasonic. It outlines SMBHK's procedure for calibrating pressure gauges using a deadweight tester with a primary standard pressure gauge.

Uploaded by

Romel Agan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 14: Brewery Engineering SMBHK - Daniel Tai

E. Basic Electricity and Instrumentation SCORE: 83.4%

1. Discuss Ohm's Law. 84%

Ohm's law explains the relationship between voltage, current and resistance in a circuit:
electromotive force (E), in volts = [intensity of electron flow or current (I), in amperes] X
[resistance (R), in Ohms]
In Ohm's law, it shows that current is inversely proportional to resistance, i.e. if resistance increases,
current decreases. Current is directly proportional to voltage, i.e. if voltage increases, current also
increases.

2. Discuss the common components of a motor control system. 84%


Motor control systems control the electrical energy used to run a motor. The following components
of motor starter used to control that energy are in the controller protected bt a motor control
enclosure.

Power circuit: carry the full voltage and current to operate the motor
1. Contactor: It passes voltage and current to the motor. Contactors transmit current through a set of
contacts in the power circuit each time the coil in the control circuit is energized
2. Disconnect: it is a single operating handle mounted on the front of the enclosure makes and
breaks power by interlocks to all lines supplying power to the motor controller when repair or
maintenance must be performed. Disconnects are installed upstream of fuses which can be replaced
safely.
3. Fuses: to rapidly cut power to the system when short circuits occur. It can interrupt very high-
level faults which must be interrupted within a small fraction of a second to prevent damage to the
motor control system. It commonly serves as back-up protection for high level faults.
4. Circuits breakers: It can interrupt the low-level faults common to motor control systems. It can
interrupt low-level faults faster than most fuses. It interrupts the most common faults.
5. Overload relays: automatically de-energizes the contactor if the motor draws too much current.

Control circuit: usually operate at a lower voltage and contains all of the components necessary to
switch power to the motor on and off under proper conditions and at the proper time.
1. Overload relay: automatically de-energizes the contactor if the motor draws too much current.
2. Control system: it uses a control power transformer to step down voltage for the control circuit
and fuses to provide additional protection for the control circuit.
2. Relays (the control relay, time delay relays)
3. Field devices like start and stop buttons
4. Limit switches (consist of a set of contacts and an actuator that opens and closes the contacts) and
pressure switches (open or close a set of contacts in response to the increasing or decreasing
pressure of fluids or gases)
5. Indicating devices like lights and alarms to help monitor the operation of the system.
3. Discuss level measurement by: 81%
a. Differential pressure

This level measurement is for closed vessel by means of hydrostatic head. Pressure sensors are
installed at the bottom and top of the vessel. Both sensor signals will go to the evaluating
transmitter or differential pressure transmitter. The relationship between the differential pressure
and the liquid level: P = phg, where P=differential pressure, p=liquid density, h=liquid level and
g=gravity constant. This measurement can only be suitable for liquid applications and the products
with continuous operating temperature operating temperature of greater than 100oC. Some sensors
are affected by sudden change of temperature. ***not suitable for temperature greater than 100C.

b. Ultrasonic

Ultrasonic measurement can be used to measure both liquid (without foam or mists) and solid
material level. Ultrasonic level transmitter is installed at the top of the vessel. A sonic pulse is
transmitted into the level and a receiver senses the resulting echo. The difference in time between
the transmitted pulse and the received echo is proportional to the distance. The microprocessors
used in this system can filter out any obstructions in a vessel. This measurement is not affected by
changing product characteristics such as conductivity, dielectric constant, density and viscosity.
Ultrasonic sensor requires air or gas for transmission so it is not suitable for vacuum applications in
evaporators or deaerators. As CO2 is a very poor transmitter of ultrasonic energy, the ultrasonic
system is not used in BBT, fermentation or maturation vessels. Also, this method cannot be used for
vessel with temperature higher than 100 oC and the liquid surface with the presence of foam which
will reduce the reflected ultrasonic energy levels.

4. Differentiate the four modes of flow measurement. 79%

1. Electromagnetic flow meter (Faraday's law)


A voltage is induced when fluid (conductor) moves perpendicular through a flow tube with coils
which generates a magnetic field. Electrodes are used to sense this induced voltage. Its accuracy can
be within ± 0.5%. Foaming or entrained gas will cause flow meter errors.

2. Coriolis mass flow meter (Coriolis effect)


It's based on the reactive forces by process fluid flowing through oscillating flow tubes in the sensor
which uses the tube geometries to create a parallel flow path through two flow tubes. This flow
tubes are vibrated in opposition to each other by a drive system attached. As fluid flows into the
sensor tube, it is forced to take on the vertical movement of the vibrating tube. Due to mass and
vertical momentum of the fluid, the tube assembly will twist (Coriolis effect). The amount of tube
twist is directly proportional to the mass flowing through the tubes. Electromagnetic velocity
sensors are attached to the inlet and outlet side of the flow tubes to supply a voltage signal
depending on the velocity of each tube. Mass flow is determined by measuring the time difference
exhibited by the velocity detector signals. Its accuracy can be within ± 0.1%. It provides an accurate
measurement of both mass flow and density.

3. Vortex meter (Karman Vortex Street) bluff


When a fluid flow past a blurry body, vortices are alternately formed and shed on both sides with
opposite senses of rotation. These vortices each generate a local low pressure. The fluctuations are
recorded by the sensor and converted to electrical pulses which is directly proportional to the
volume flow.
4. Ultrasonic flow meter (ultra-sound effect)
It uses non-intrusive ultrasonic transducers installed on the pipe. Measurement is made by timing a
sound pulse across the known diameter of the pipe by a microprocessor generating an ultrasonic
pulse and processing the returning echo. The signal is temperature-compensated and is converted to
concentration in specific gravity. Its accuracy can be within ± 1%.

5. Describe the calibration procedure employed in your brewery for pressure gauges. 89%

In SMBHK, Deadweight Tester is used to calibrate the pressure gauges for CO2 Tester (packaged
beer) and CO2-Gehaltemeter (CCT/BBT).

1. Install a primary standard pressure gauge which is certificated by external calibration on the
Deadweight Tester.
2. Ensure the reservoir of Deadweight Tester filled with oil fluid.
3. Fit the pressure gauge under testing to Test Station using the appropriate adapter.
4. By screwing the capstan in and applying weight mass onto the rotating weight carrier until
pressure required for gauge calibration is obtained on the primary standard gauge, the oil fluid will
be pressed into the testing gauge at the same time.
5. By comparison the values shown on the primary standard gauge and testing gauge, we can ensure
the operational accuracy of the testing gauge.

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