Instituto de Lenguas Fray Bernardo de Lugo

UNIVERSIDAD SANTO TOMÁS

INSTITUTO DE LENGUAS FRAY BERNARDO DE LUGO

DIVISION OF ENGINEERINGS

MODULE LEVEL 6 (AC)

ACUERDO 46 DIVISION OF ENGINEERINGS

STUDENT’S BOOKLET

DESIGNED BY
NIDIA DUEÑAS
NUBIA PRIETO
XIMENA ROJAS
ALEJANDRO LUGO
DAVID ABELLA
FOR PEDAGOGICAL USE ONLY
VERSION 2.0

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UNIT 1
RESEARCH IS USELESS, INNOVATION IS GOLD.

WARM-UP
Look at the following questions and discuss them with your teacher and classmates.
1. What is your favorite invention? Why?
2. What do you consider is the worst invention ever?
3. What invention do you think you cannot live without?
4. What would you like to invent yourself?
5. What steps do you think you need to follow in order to invent something?

Vocabulary
1. Look at the words and phrases in the word cloud. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences
to create facts about some of the things included in the word cloud.

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2. In the following chart, match the beginnings and endings of the sentences to create facts about some
of the things included in the word cloud.

BEGINNING OF SENTENCE ENDING OF SENTENCE

1. 19 per cent of the world’s

top- selling medicines were a. …from design through to assembly
developed in Britain… and manufacture.

2.
2. With world-leading innovation b. …and the UK attracts almost 10
in life sciences, Britain has the per cent of the world’s
largest life sciences sector in pharmaceutical Research and
Europe, … Development funding.

c. …which is second in the world and

3. The UK has won 76 Nobel
more than anywhere else in Europe.
Prizes for science and
technology, …

d. …with over 750 medical

4. Many of the most life-changing
biotechnology companies and
innovations over the last 25
years have had key parts 2,750 medical technology firms.
made, designed or developed
in the UK, …

5. Every part of a Formula One e. … from the World Wide Web to the
cell phone with GSM services,
car has some input from the
General Packet Radio Services
UK, …
(GPRS) and dual-mode 3G.

TAKEN AND ADAPTED FROM

HTTPS://WWW.TEACHINGENGLISH.ORG.UK/SITES/TEACHENG/FILES/INNOVATION_IS_GREAT_STUDENT_WORKSHEE
TS.PDF

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3. Match the words to their definitions.

WORD DEFINITION
1. vaccine a. to copy or make something
exactly like another thing

2. pneumatic b. a circular shaped sports track

which starts and ends in the
same place
3. suspension bridge c. a type of antibiotic medicine
which kills bacteria

4. circuit d. a tube which carries blood from

the heart around the body

5. smallpox e. able to continue over a period of

time because little or no damage
is caused to the environment
6. penicillin f. containing air
7. supersonic g. a bridge which is supported at
each end by strong metal ropes
which are connected to towers

8. artery h. to be the first person/ people to

do something
9. sustainable i. faster than the speed of sound
10. to pioneer j. to make something smaller in size
11. to shrink k. seeming to be everywhere
12. ubiquitous l. an infectious and dangerous
illness which causes a fever and
spots on the skin
13. to replicate m. a substance which contains a
form of a bacteria or virus, which
is injected into a person to prevent
them from developing an illness
or disease
TAKEN AND ADAPTED FROM
HTTPS://WWW.TEACHINGENGLISH.ORG.UK/SITES/TEACHENG/FILES/INNOVATION_IS_GREAT_STUDENT_WORKSHEE
TS.PDF

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READING

Before you read…

1. Why is research important in the development of a country?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

2. How can you define the term innovation?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

3. What do you think the relationship between research and innovation might be?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Now, read the following text and answer the questions below.

RESEARCH IS USELESS, INNOVATION IS GOLD.

Most agree that it’s worth knowing more about the

world and everything in it. Research, in that sense,
is intrinsically valuable.

But for pragmatic governments, intrinsic scientific

or scholarly worth is useless, what they value is its
contribution to society.

Some research fields, like health and medical

research, have direct benefits. They can, as the
Liberal Party states in its policy document on
medical research, lift national productivity, improve
quality of life and boost life expectancy.

But this can happen only when research is applied, for example, in stimulating innovation. Innovation
is understood broadly as the implementation of a new or significantly improved product, process or
method.

Innovation thus involves a complex interplay of several factors and the progress of individual countries is
hard to evaluate (although the Australian Bureau of Statistics has several useful data collections).

While comparing countries is difficult, a very good attempt is made by the global innovation index, which
was launched by the prominent French graduate business school INSEAD in 2007 and has been
published annually since.

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At the top of this index this year are countries such as Switzerland, Sweden, the UK and the US. Australia
has been ranked consistently at about 19 out of 142 countries and economies over the last five years. In
the latest results, Australia was behind Canada (11), New Zealand (17) and South Korea (18).

The index is strikingly stable. Countries are consistently in the top 10 or top 25, and while they move within
those groups, they rarely move between them.

But if we delve into the data we can understand a bit more about Australia’s strengths and weaknesses in
turning research into innovation. For example, we compare well in areas like human capital and research,
infrastructure and market sophistication.

But our knowledge and technology ranking is much lower. This is partly due to Australia’s small
manufacturing sector, modest number of domestic patents, and modest exports of high tech and creative
goods.

To improve Australia’s innovation system, we often see calls to increase the amount of applied research
and get universities closer to business. This is consistent with the conventional, although now increasingly
superseded understanding of innovation as proceeding from scientific research to development and then
to application in production.

But this linear “supply chain” model of innovation would not necessarily improve Australia’s innovation
system, which is evolving and complex with multiple contributions and connections.

An idea that is increasingly popular with governments and policy makers is innovation hubs. These hubs
are essentially knowledge-intensive business clusters that are centres of wealth creation and link the local
economy to the global economy.

Many posit a positive correlation between the strength of these clusters and national prosperity. Hubs do
this both by generating more new ideas and converting more of them into successful businesses.

But Australia is ranked 34 for its state of cluster development, well below its overall ranking.

The Australian Government has a recent and modest program to develop industry innovation
precincts which are led by industry to help businesses and researchers collaborate and foster innovation.

Two precincts have been established so far. The food industry innovation precinct is based in Melbourne
and will be networked nationally. The manufacturing precinct is based at Monash University’s Clayton
campus and has a hub in Adelaide to focus nationally on manufacturing for the defence industry.

The program has limitations, but is a good start and has the potential to develop important sites of business
development and innovation.

As the index notes, the development paths of innovation hubs vary by country, and by industry. But almost
every successful innovation hub involves the participation of big enterprises as hub champions. Some
champions are private enterprises, but others are state owned enterprises.

The authors of this index note that:

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Nascent innovation hubs often fail to close the gap between [research and development] and
commercialisation. There are a number of reasons for this failure, including the difficulties of
attracting partners and investments in projects with high technical risk and long
developmental time frames; the loss of grant funding as project scope expands beyond
academic research; the lack of critical end market insight or access; and the lack of
entrepreneurial culture within the research community.
But along with these, another crucial element is patience. Innovation of this kind needs public
and private collaborations to be sustained for up to 15 years or more. And so, they require
long term investments from government, academic and corporate anchors.

While Australian government support for programs can be fickle, some like the Cooperative Research
Centresprogram have won longstanding support. A sustained commitment will be needed if Australia’s
industry innovation system is to succeed.
TAKEN FROM: HTTP://THECONVERSATION.COM/RESEARCH-IS-USELESS-INNOVATION-IS-GOLD-19160

Answer the following questions

1. How is the word innovation defined in the article?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the two main Australian problematic areas regarding research and innovation?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. What are the Innovation hubs?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

4. What is crucial for a hub to be successful?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

WATCH A VIDEO

You are going to watch a video about some famous examples of British innovation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXsZ6IV0dLM

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Some of these examples of innovation are included in the grid below.

• Cross out each invention as it appears on the video
• Try to write down the date each one was invented if you can

The first
scheduled
The television set The iPod design The camera
international flight
service
The first automatic The world Wide
The motor racing
The car landing with Web
circuit
passengers
The supersonic
passenger plane Nuclear power The computer Formula One

TAKEN FROM:
HTTPS://WWW.TEACHINGENGLISH.ORG.UK/SITES/TEACHENG/FILES/INNOVATION_IS_GREAT_STUDENT_WORKSHEE
TS.PDF

Now, watch this other video and answer the questions below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mtjatz9r-Vc&t=17s

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Now, based on the video “The art of innovation”, answer the questions which follow:

A: Name the top ten of Kawasaki’s art of innovation and define them using your own words.

1. _____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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9. _____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Now, choose your favourite innovation from today’s lesson, or another innovation you know about, and
prepare a short presentation about it. Take into account Kawasaki’s ten rules on the art of innovation.

Your presentation should last approximately 5 minutes. You could think about:
• Who was responsible for the innovation
• When it happened
• Where it happened
• Why it was innovative
• What the benefits of the innovation have been/ will be
• Whether there have been/ will be any negative effects of the innovation
• How the innovation has changed/ will change people’s lives and the world
- Use the internet and include images and videos to make your presentation as interesting as possible.

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Unit 2

SOLAR ENERGY

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Exercise 1
A. Watch the video “How do solar panels work” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKxrkht7CpY
and answer the following questions.

1. What are the solar panels made up?

2. What is a silicon?
3. What´s stopping us from being completely reliant on solar power?
4. How solar panels convert solar energy to electrical energy? Explain the process using your own words
or drawings.

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READING

WHAT IS SOLAR ENERGY?

1. Every day, the sun radiates (sends out) an enormous amount of energy. It radiates more
energy in one second than the world has used since time began. This energy comes from
within the sun itself. Like most stars, the sun is a big gas ball made up mostly of hydrogen
and helium atoms. The sun makes energy in its inner core in a process called nuclear fusion.

During nuclear fusion, the high pressure and temperature in the sun´s core cause hydrogen (H) atoms to
come apart. Four hydrogen nuclei (the centers of the atoms) combine, or fuse, to form one helium atom.
During the fusion process, radiant energy is produced.

It takes millions of years for the radiant energy in the sun´s core to make its way to the solar surface, and
then just a little over eight minutes to travel the 93 million miles to earth. The radiant energy travels to the
earth at a speed of 186000 miles per second, the speed of light.

Only a small portion of the energy radiated by the sun into space strikes the earth, one part in two billion.
Yet this amount of energy is enormous. Every day enough energy strikes the United States to supply the
nation´s energy needs for one and a half years. About 15 percent of the radiant energy that reaches the
earth is reflected back into space. Another 30 percent is used to evaporate water, which is lifted into the
atmosphere and produces rainfall. Radiant energy is also absorbed by plants, the land, and the oceans.

SOLAR COLLECTORS
2.Heating with solar energy is not as easy as you might think. Capturing sunlight and putting it to work is
difficult because the solar energy that reaches the earth is spread out over a large area. The amount of
solar energy an area receives depends on the time of day, the season of the year, the cloudiness of the
sky, and how close you are to the earth´s equator.

A solar collector is one way to capture sunlight and change it into usable heat energy. A closed car on a
sunny day is like a solar collector. As sunlight passes through the car´s windows, it is absorbed by the
seat covers, walls, and floor of the car. The absorbed energy changes into heat. The car´s windows let
radiant energy in, but they don´t let all the heat out.

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SOLAR SPACE HEATING

3.Space heating means heating the space inside a building. Today, many homes use solar energy for
space heating. A passive solar home is designed to let in as much sunlight as possible. It is like a big
solar collector. Sunlight passes through the windows and heats the walls and floor inside the house. The
light can get in, but the heat is trapped inside. A passive solar home does not depend on mechanical
equipment, such as pumps and blowers, to heat the house.
An active solar home, on the other hand, uses special equipment to collect sunlight. An active solar house
may use special collectors that look like boxes covered with glass. These collectors are mounted on the
rooftop facing south to take advantage of the winter sun. Dark-colored metal plates inside the boxes
absorb sunlight and change it into heat. (Black absorbs sunlight better than any other color). Air or water
flows through the collector and is warmed by the heat. The warm air or water is distributed to the rest of
the house, just as it would be with an ordinary furnace system.

SOLAR WATER HEATING

4.Solar energy can be used to heat water. Heating water for bathing, dishwashing, and clothes washing
is the second biggest home energy cost.

A solar water heater works a lot like solar space heating. In our hemisphere, a solar collector is mounted
on the south side of a roof where it can capture sunlight. The sunlight heats water and stores it in a tank.
The hot water is piped to faucets throughout a house, just as it would be with an ordinary water heater.
Today, more than 1.5 million homes in the United States use solar water heaters.

SOLAR ELECTRICITY
5.Solar energy can also be used to produce electricity. Two ways to make electricity from solar energy
are photovoltaics and solar thermal systems.

Photovoltaic comes from the words photo meaning light and volt, a measurement of electricity.
Photovoltaic cells are also called PV cells or solar cells for short. You are probably familiar with
photovoltaic cells. Solar powered toys, calculators, and roadside telephone call boxes all use solar cells
to convert sunlight into electricity.

Solar cells are made of two pieces of silicon, the substance that makes up sand and the second most
common substance on earth. One piece of silicon has a small amount of boron added to it, which gives
it a tendency to attract electrons. It is called the p-layer because of its positive tendency. The other piece
of silicon has a small amount of phosphorous added to it, giving it an excess of free electrons. This is
called the n-layer because it has a tendency to give up electrons, a negative tendency. When the two
pieces of silicon are placed together, some electrons from the n-layer flow to the p-layer and an electric
field forms between the layers. The p-layer now has a negative charge and the n-layer has a positive
charge.

6. The PV cell is placed in the sun; the radiant energy energizes the free electrons. If a circuit is made
connecting the layers, electrons flow from the n-layer through the wire to the p-layer. The PV cell is
producing electricity-the flow of electrons. If a load such as a lightbulb is placed along the wire, the
electricity will do work as it flows. The conversion of sunlight into electricity takes place silently and
instantly. There are no mechanical parts to wear out.

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Compared to other ways of producing electricity, PV systems are expensive. It costs 10-20 cents a
kilowatt-hour to produce electricity from solar cells. On average, people pay about eight cents a kilowatt-
hour for electricity from a power company using fuels like coal, uranium or hydropower. Today, PV
systems are mainly used to generate electricity in areas that are a long way from electric power lines.
TAKEN FROM:
HTTPS://WWW1.EERE.ENERGY.GOV/EDUCATION/PDFS/SOLAR_EXPLORINGSOLARENERGYSTUDENT.PDF

After reading answer the following activities:

1. Use your own words to explain the following pictures:

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2. Read the following expressions and complete the definitions

NUCLEAR FUSION

SOLAR COLLECTOR

PHOTOVOLTAIC

3. Write the reference of the words in bold

a. The word IT in paragraph 2: ___________________________

b. The word IT in paragraph 5: ___________________________
c. The word IT in paragraph 6: ___________________________

WRITING

Using your own words try to summarize the principal ideas about “Solar Energy”, write a 90-110 word-text
include the use of connectors, punctuation, coherence and sentence structure.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

SPEAKING

In groups of 2-3 students prepare a presentation about the following topics:

• Advantages of using solar energy

• Solar energy in Colombia
• Solar energy in Latin América

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UNIT 3
3D PRINTING

“THE NEXT INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION”.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3D printing can be found in a wide range of fields today. Can you think of some examples of 3D
printing technology in the following fields?

INDUSTRIAL / MEDICINE / HEALTH DENTISTRY EDUCATION

MANUFACTURING __________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
__________________

FOOD ART CONSTRUCTION

__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________

LISTENING

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How does 3D printing work? Even if it is plastic or metal printing, it is a novel method of manufacturing
parts directly from digital model by using layer by layer material build- up approach.

A. Listen and watch the first part of the video and filling the blanks. You will have a complete
description of the first step in 3D Metal printing. (from:0:00 to 0:33)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=da5IsmZZ-tw

“So, the first step of our additive

(1) process is 3D design. Our
designer will either create a new
(2) from scratch or take an
existing design and improve it, add
(3) that take advantage of 3D
printing. We know the capability of (4) our processes, so we can take this virtual
designs and (5) our processes in the computer, verify the designs are gonna work as
intended”.
B. Now, let´s move to the second and third steps. Watch the second part and decide if the following
statements are true (T) or false (F) (from 0:34 to 1:08)

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6. After validating the 3D design, it is printed in plastic. _____

7. Printing in plastic is an expensive process. _____
8. Automatic powders are used in 3d printing. _____
9. The laser of the printer is 400 watts. _____
10. The laser melts the particles to build a solid part. _____

C. Listen and watch the last part of the video and answer the following questions.

11. What’s the key advantage of additive manufacturing?

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

12. What happens with the remaining powder after modelling

a part?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

13. What´s next after printing the part?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

14. How does additive manufacturing impact the industry and customers?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

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IT’S TIME TO BE CREATIVE!

Team work is one of the skills you need to develop if you want to be successful in your job. That’s why,
we are going to work in groups of four and think of a part, model, prototype, among others, that can
be created using 3D printing. You should consider the following aspects:

NAME OF THE PART/ PROTOTYPE/ MODEL

What is it useful for?
What benefits does it bring to produce it with
3d printing? Think about:
Cost savings
Innovative design
Impact on the environment
What materials/ resources do you need?

Present your product to the whole class.

READING
Because it’s still in an experimental phase, most colleges don’t offer degree programs
specifically in 3D printing. Colleges and universities are working to catch up, however, with many
now offering courses on the topic within engineering and computer science degree programs. For
those interested in a career in 3D printing, there are already a number of options available. Below are
examples of potential academic paths and careers.
TAKEN FROM: HTTPS://WWW.COMPUTERSCIENCEONLINE.ORG/LEARN-3D-PRINTING/

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DEGREES LEADING TO CAREERS IN 3D PRINTING

A. B.

C. D.

F.
E.

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After reading the current degrees, try to match each of the following leading careers in 3D printing by
establishing relationships among them. There could be more than one leading career for each degree.
You can also have common careers in different degrees. Write the degrees A to F. An example has
been done for you.

1. 2.
A
___
B ___
___
___
_

3.
___
___

3. ___
___

5.

___ 6.
___ ___
___
__

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7. 8.
___
___ ___
___

9.
___
___ 10.

11. 12.
___
___ ___
___

___
13. ___

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WRITING FACTS, EXAMPLES AND EXPLANATIONS: CONSTRUCTING SUPPORTING IDEAS

Now, let’s consider the benefits of 3D printing. You are going to be given four benefits
of this technology. Each benifit will have a topic sentence and a concluding sentence.
Your job is to complete the supporting ideas by giving facts, examples or
explanations that complete each paragraph coherently.

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PRESENTATION SKILLS

There are some companies that are leveraging 3D printing. After reading some information about them,
choose one of the companies and prepare a 10 minutes presentation. You should:

Design visual aids

Research and present general information about the company such us, year of foundation, main
market activity, branches, among others.
When did they start to use 3D printing?
What products are now being designed or produced by using 3D printing?
What’s the future of the company regarding 3d printing?

To give an effective presentation, remember to use the following language

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UNIT 4
WEARABLE ROBOTS

INTRODUCTION

Pair work. Choose a partner to work with. Watch this video: “These wearable robots move around your
body” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GEo4oPQOBs

Now answer the questions below:

1. What do you think a wearable robot can be?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. In what way can they improve the well-being of the humans?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Would you dare to use them in your daily activities? Why?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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PRESENTATION

Read the introductory part of the article entitled “Stronger, smarter, softer; next generation
wearable robots” below and the do the activities which follow.

Humans have long dreamed of and created ways to improve our strength, speed, and endurance
through wearable assistive devices. Science fiction authors have inspired our imaginations with
remarkable exoskeleton devices like those worn in Robert Heinlein’s Starship Troopers and that worn
by Marvel Comics’ Iron Man, and many researchers have spent countless hours and resources toward
making these machines a reality. One particular area of interest is that of devices to assist the lower
body for tasks such as walking, running, and supporting heavy loads. The vast majority of these are
rigid exoskeletons, with links in parallel with the body that can impart torques to the joints, support
compressive forces, and, in many cases, transmit loads to the ground.

Some exoskeletons have enabled individuals to walk if they were not able to previously, supporting
their entire body weight or a large percentage of it, while others are designed to help able-bodied
individuals walk while expending less energy, assist impaired individuals, or characterize the
impedance of a wearer’s joints. Other approaches have been to assist with load carriage by providing
a parallel path to the ground, thereby offloading the wearer’s musculature, and some systems also
provide gait rehabilitation in conjunction with a treadmill. Each of these systems’ operation has been
possible through a large number of clever and innovative design features and control schemes.

Nevertheless, exoskeletons still present a number of ongoing challenges, including: 1) rigid links with
pin joints resist the movement of the biological joints if they are not perfectly aligned and 2)
exoskeletons require bulky self-aligning mechanisms. Rigid systems also have the problem of large
inertia; in particular, adding mass to the legs distally increases the metabolic cost of accelerating and
decelerating them (8%/kg for mass at the feet versus 1–2%/kg for mass at the waist). Due to these
effects, wearing such devices often disrupts the natural biomechanics of walking, leading to discomfort
or increased metabolic expenditure.

For scenarios in which an assistive device would be worn for extended periods of time, such as
endurance augmentation, load carriage, or potential medical applications, avoiding increased metabolic
expenditure is especially important. A few devices have been able to reduce the metabolic cost of
certain activities, including tethered walking, untethered walking with load, or stationary activities such
as squatting and hopping.

RETRIEVED AND ADAPTED FROM:

HTTPS://WWW.RESEARCHGATE.NET/PUBLICATION/273396915_STRONGER_SMARTER_SOFTER_NEXT-
GENERATION_WEARABLE_ROBOTS

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Exoskeletons:

Uses: 4. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Issues: 8. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
9. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Result: 11. _____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Improvement: 12. _____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Now, read the second part and do the activities below.

Wearable Robots

Our long-term goal is to create a portable wearable robot that assists the wearer during walking and
can reduce his/her metabolic expenditure compared to regular walking. To work toward these goals,
we have proposed a new paradigm in assistive device design, which we call soft clothing-like exosuits.
These are devices that use textiles to interface with the body and apply joint torques via tensile forces
over the outside of the body in parallel with the muscles, using the bone structure to support
compressive loads. Previous research at Harvard focused on the exciting approach of designing soft
wearable robots that could use actuators and sensors that were sufficiently compliant so as to not
restrict movement. In addition, work at Chuo University proposed a pneumatically powered orthosis
that used low forces to assist hip flexion and encourage longer steps during walking.

Compared with these prior approaches, we are focusing on systems intended to assist with forward
propulsion during walking. A significant challenge with this approach is ensuring that the exosuits we

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describe have sufficient bandwidth and force-generating capability to apply biologically relevant torques
to the joints of the wearer during walking.

In comparison with rigid exoskeleton devices, exosuits have

a number of advantages: they can be very light and have
extremely low inertias, which reduces the metabolic cost of
wearing them; they intrinsically transmit moments through
the biological joints since they can only apply tensile forces;
and they are low profile and can be worn underneath regular
clothing so that the wearer can either blend in with normal
society or can take advantage of protective outerwear. Since
they are composed of textiles, they are easy to put on and
take off and can adapt easily to anatomical variations. A key
feature of exosuits is that, if the actuated segments are
extended, the suit length can increase so that the entire suit
is slack, at which point wearing an exosuit feels like wearing
a pair of pants and does not restrict the wearer whatsoever.
An effective exosuit for gait augmentation meets three
requirements: 1) it leaves the user in full control over his/her
own gait, 2) it introduces minor to no kinematic changes to
natural gait, and 3) it assists the lower body during walking.

Figure 1 shows two examples of exosuits designed by our lab, including an early pneumatically
powered exosuit and a more recent electromechanically driven exosuit. Exosuits do have a few
drawbacks, however, including being able to transmit lower maximum forces than rigid-frame devices,
not supporting compressive loads, and presenting challenging requirements for sensing and actuation.

RETRIEVED AND ADAPTED FROM:

HTTPS://WWW.RESEARCHGATE.NET/PUBLICATION/273396915_STRONGER_SMARTER_SOFTER_NEXT-
GENERATION_WEARABLE_ROBOTS

Exosuits:

Definition: 13. _______________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Purpose: 14. _______________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
15. _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Funtioning: 16. _______________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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Benefits: 17. _______________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
18. _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
19. _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
20. _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
21. _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Gait 22. _______________________________________________________________

augmentation __________________________________________________________________
conditions: 23. _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
24. _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

LISTENING
Watch this video: “Japan’s search for the ´perfect robot”

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Now, watch the video again and answer the questions below by circling the best option:

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We are now ready to write.

Read the information below about Unified Paragraphs

WHAT IS A UNIFIED PARAGRAPH?

A unified paragraph is a collection of sentences dealing with a single topic. It should be unified,
coherent, and well- developed.

HOW TO WRITE A UNIFIED PARAGRAPH?

A unified paragraph has a distinct beginning, middle, and end. Generally, paragraphs that you write
should be 10 - 13 sentences long. Always indent the first line of a paragraph.

PARTS OF A PARAGRAPH

Topic Sentence
It reveals the purpose of the paragraph
It shows what you are trying to communicate
It gives the paragraph a single direction (topic sentence).

Supporting Details
Develop your main idea.
It is important to fully develop and discuss the topic of your paragraph. If your paragraph is only 5-
6 sentences, there is a good chance that you have not developed it enough.
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Here are some ways you can develop and support your topic:
1. Use examples
2. Tell a story illustrating the idea
3. Compare and Contrast
4. Give data (such as facts, statistics, etc.)

Use supporting details

work to prove or support your topic sentence; logical justification; include at least 3 supporting
details

Concluding Line
Finish the paragraph by referring back to the topic sentence and restating the main point of the
paragraph

Examples of what a unified paragraph is and what is not.

Example 1
(1) Generally, language has three functions according to its purpose: informative, expressive and
directive. (2) Speaking with the purpose of communicating factual information is called the informative
function. (3) Speaking in order to express feelings and attitudes of the listener is called the expressive
to emotive function. (4) And finally, speaking in order to make other people act is called the directive
function.

Comment
Here, the writer states the main idea in the first sentence (topic sentence). Sentence 2, 3 and 4 are
supporting sentences explaining or giving more information about sentence 1. All sentences in this
paragraph are related to the topic sentence of the paragraph. So this paragraph as a whole has a
unified and logical structure that follows a clear pattern of paragraph development.

Example 2
(1) My father is very strict with his children, especially me. (2) He will not let me out of the house
unless I have done
my homework. (3) Frankly speaking, I do not care whether I go to school or not. (4) School is such a
waste of time. (5) My mother does not agree with my father. (6) They quarrel a lot. (7) Sometimes I
wish they would get a divorce, but then whom would I live with?

Comment
The paragraph above lacks unity because it jumps from idea to idea. In the first sentence, the writer
tells the reader about his father’s strictness. This sentence is supported by sentence (2). Sentence
(3) concerns the writer: he doesn’t care whether he goes to school or not, which is supported by
sentence (4). Another idea is stated in sentence (5) and supported by sentence (6) and (7).

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Example 3
(1) There were several reasons for the destruction of the English religious houses. (2) Moral, political
and financial considerations forced Henry to evict the monks. (3) When he did that, the people
rebelled and organized pilgrims’ groups to save the monasteries. (4) Their efforts failed, and many
religious houses were sold or dismantled. (5) Beautiful churches were destroyed. (6) Many great
medieval manuscripts were lost forever.

Comment
In the above paragraph, sentences (1) and (2) suggest that the writer is going to tell the readers the
reasons for destroying the English monasteries. Instead of discussing the reasons why the English
monasteries were destroyed, the writer jumps into a description of the people’s reaction to Henrys
action (sentence 3) and the consequences of that reaction (sentence 4, 5 and 6). These sentences
don’t contain ideas relevant to the topic sentence at all.

Example 4
If the writer had concentrated on the central idea in the opening sentence and had kept focus on that
idea, the paragraph could be expanded as follows, and it would become a unified paragraph. (1)
There are several reasons for the destruction of the English religious houses. (2) The official reason
given by king Henry was morality: the monks, he claimed, were acting immorally by accumulating
wealth at the expense of the poor. (3) However, there were political reasons as well. (4) Thomas
Cromwell, the new vicar-general, was opposed to pilgrimages, and the worship of relics, and Henry
didn’t wish to see his new government split into factions. (5) But the chief reason for the action was
financial. (6) The resources of the crown were no longer sufficient to meet the cost of government
and the expenses of Henrys overseas campaigns.

Comment
The above paragraph is unified because all major supporting sentences 2, 3 and 5 are relevant and
related to the topic sentence (the first sentence). Sentences 4 and 6 are minor supporting sentences
which give additional details to sentences 3 and 5 respectively.

Now, you will be given 30 minutes to write three unified paragraphs on the topics below.

Topic 1: The relevance of adequate materials when building exosuits

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Topic 2: The most adequate uses of exosuits in the market.

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Topic 3: The advantages of using exosuits in the labor force

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

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You can now read your compositions to your classmates.

SPEAKING

It is now time to speak your thoughts.

Watch this video: “Wearable robots help human workers challenge the machines”

Now answer the questions below:

1. What is your opinion about exosuits?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

2. What can be the advantages of incorporating them in the labor force of a country?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

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3. What can be the feasible drawbacks of doing so?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Now work in groups.

Gather in threes. You are going to create your own exosuit with a specific purpose and advertise it.
Take into account the following information.

• Name your product.

• Consider the materials used to build it.
• Think about the uses in the market it may have.
• Compare it with other similar products in the market.
• Highlight its advantages.
• Think about the feasible buyers.
• Assign the price of your exosuit and say why.

Now present your product to the class.

Sources

These wearable robots move around your body

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GEo4oPQOBs

stronger, smarter, softer next generation wearable robots

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273396915_Stronger_Smarter_Softer_Next-
Generation_Wearable_Robots

Japan’s search for the perfect robot

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=43&v=T1rZrEX-Hyk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZIHpMBAisA
https://www.bucks.edu/media/bcccmedialibrary/pdf/WritingaUnifiedParagraph_000.pdf
https://www.mpslakers.com/wp-content/pages/teacher-
websites/StewartHand/How%20to%20write%20a%20unified%20paragraph.pdf

Wearable robots help human workers challenge the machines

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqdBcVVb8IE

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UNIT 5
THE IoT AND SMART CITIES

INTRODUCTION
Answer the following questions and discuss with your classmates.

1. What do you know about the internet of things?

___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. According to the following picture, write 8 possible applications of IoT in smart cities:

3._______
1._______
_________
_________

2._______ 4._______
_________ _________

5._______ 6._______
_________ _________

7._______ 8._______
_________ _________

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LISTENING

Watch the video “How IoT revolutionizes smart cities” and do the activities below
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGrsLAlV1kw

1. Answer the following questions

a. What will be the percentage of IoT technology implementation by 2019?

________________________________________________________________________________

b. How should data be shared?

________________________________________________________________________________

2. Decide if the following statements are True (T) or False (F):

T/F
a. Today 56% of cities can easily share data being transmitted by various buildings and
devices across the city.
b. Today only 23% of cities have connected traffic and transportations systems.

c. By connecting devices to separated networks you may not get stuck in a traffic jam ever
again.

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3. Fill in the gaps with the word(s) you hear.

With a fully connected smart city, real time information using millions of (a) ________________ will be
always at your fingertips. This allows (b) ________________ to create experiences tailored to the
individual. (c)________________ is one of potentially thousands of used cases: by using measure
sensors to detect when (d)________________ are nearby, cities can save electricity without
compromising safety, across entire cities the IoT are making our cities smarter, more secure and
(e)________________.

READING
Read the following article and then do the activities below.

The Internet of Things and Smart Cities

By Special Guest
Ajit Singh, Assistant Professor, Patna Women’s College, Bihar, India April 10, 2019

Unless you’ve been stuck under that proverbial rock for a few years, you’ve at least heard of the Internet
of Things (IoT) and how it is connecting us in new and interesting ways. The rise of the smart home is
one way that the IoT is changing things for people around the world – homes filled with devices that
can communicate with one another, with people living in the home, and even with outside third parties
(think a refrigerator automatically contacting a grocery store when key items like milk or eggs run low
to order more).

However, this technology is not constrained just to our homes. It’s growing in terms of both scope and
capabilities. Enter the smart city, where the Internet of Things will impact everything from lighting to the
flow of traffic through urban centers.

The IEEE Standards Association says of Smart Cities: “As world urbanization continues to grow and
the total population expected to double by 2050, there exists an increased demand for intelligent,
sustainable environments that reduce environmental impact and over citizens a high quality life. A smart
city brings together technology, government and society to enable a smart economy, smart mobility, a
smart environment, smart people, smart living and smart governance.”
We need to turn to actual use cases to determine what defines a smart city. There are quite a few ways
in which this sort of technology is being utilized today around the globe, including the following:

• Sensors built into bridges to sense things like degradation and the effect of seismic forces at work.

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• Sensors built into roadways to sense things like subsidence and wear and tear, as well as traffic flow.
• Sensors built into buildings to sense things like the force of wind, foundation subsidence, seismic
activity, and more.
• Sensors within the interior of buildings to sense the presence of people within rooms, and thereby
control the use of lighting, heating and air, and other systems to limit energy expenditure when it is
unnecessary.
• Sensors at entryways to provide facial recognition for better security within apartment buildings,
commercial buildings, government offices, and more.

What’s Driving the Push Toward Smart Cities?

At first glance, the rush towards IoT adoption seems to be one of convenience, similar to the use of
smart technology within a home. For instance, no one really needs a refrigerator that can reorder
groceries when the on-hand supply gets low. It’s convenience.

The same concept does not apply to the integration of smart technology within city infrastructure. Here,
it’s more about achieving important goals, such as improving the use life and management of
infrastructure, enhancing resident safety, and cutting costs and energy usage to be greener. (A)
_______.

Infrastructure Management and Maintenance: Many cities around the world are suffering from
decaying infrastructure. Roads are degrading. Railroad tracks are decaying. Bridges and overpasses
are aging and becoming unsafe. IoT technology can embed sensors in these areas to determine a
broad range of things, including the extent of degradation, daily traffic flow increases, temperature
extremes that may exacerbate damage, safety issues that could lead to mass injuries or loss of life,
and more. Simply put, by utilizing IoT technology, cities and municipalities can better monitor the
condition of their infrastructure, and manage those resources better, leading to improvements in safety,
replacement costs and frequency, and more.
Security: As mentioned previously, IoT technology allows the addition of new security features to
buildings, offices, residential homes, and more. (B) _______. As populations grow, the need for
improved security also increases – biometric systems offer the means to improve security and safety
for homeowners, business owners and workers, government employees and many more.
Reduction in the Use of Energy: Our cities are hungrier for power than ever before. Much of this
energy is drawn from non-renewable sources, such as coal. Even cities with access to relatively
renewable resources, such as hydropower, or nuclear power generation can benefit from a reduction

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in raw demand. IoT technology offers an immense capability to reduce energy consumption, particularly
wasted energy lighting and heating/cooling rooms people are not currently using. By focusing on zoned
lighting/heating/cooling, cities can dramatically decrease their demand on the energy grid.
Improved Communication Capabilities: The development and installation of smart networks allows
improved communication capabilities from virtually all areas of a city. It is possible for things like traffic
lights to communicate with the city council or responsible agency, and for grids within city parks to
communicate with the parks department.
Emergency Preparedness and Environmental Awareness: Smart technology within cities can be
instrumental in emergency preparedness and improving environmental awareness. For instance,
remote sensors could detect things ranging from changing barometric pressure to wind speed/shear
and help predict weather changes.
Traffic Flow and Congestion Prevention: One of the most important drivers of cities adopting smart
technology has to do with managing traffic flow. Today’s cities are mired in traffic congestion, but IoT
technology has the ability to better manage traffic flow within urban centers and on highways.
Sensors can communicate everything from the number of vehicles passing a specific spot to the weight
of vehicles driving over them to the speed of vehicles and more. This can play a role in achieving
important outcomes such as reducing traffic snarls, cutting down on the amount of time commuters
must sit in gridlock, and even potentially eliminating the most negative impacts of rush hour completely.

Improved safety, improved road management and maintenance, reduced time spent waiting – these
are just the tip of the proverbial iceberg. For example, New York City invested in smart sensors with
the goal of determining where drivers most frequently made sharp turns and hard stops, which is
allowing them to determine what areas need changes made to the environment to reduce the potential
for accidents and congestion.

While all of these drivers are important reasons for the adoption of smart technology within cities, the
drive to better manage traffic is one of those with the most immediate impacts, (C) ______.

The IoT and Traffic Situations in Our Cities

Smart technology is already having a major impact on traffic. It has already been used by many cities
in the US to achieve important goals, and will be implemented by many others within a short period. In
this section, we will look at some of the most important current use cases and their benefits, as well as
vital ways that smart cities will make use of IoT technology in the future to better manage traffic flow
and prevent congestion on surface streets, highways and motorways.
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At this moment, our cities are experiencing population surges. That leads to more and more vehicles
on our roadways. All of those vehicles on the roads lead to problems, including:

• Longer waits at stoplights

• A dramatic increase in accidents

• Longer wait times for commuters

• Longer periods of gridlock – the growth of rush hour to cover most of the day in many cities

• An increasing number of wrong-way drivers on one-way streets

• An increase in the amount of debris on roadways (leading to accidents)

Smart technology can help reduce those numbers and the associated costs by a significant amount. In
some cases, it already is.

Adaptive Traffic Signals

One of the simplest, yet most beneficial smart city technologies is the traffic light. When connected to
the Internet, these become adaptive, allowing timing to be changed depending on the time of day, the
volume of traffic, and other factors, such as the flow of pedestrian traffic, special events, and more.

The Growth of Smart Corridors

Smart corridor is the name given to specific areas of road networks heavily embedded with smart
technology to achieve multiple goals. For instance, there is a stretch of interstate in Wyoming that is
heavily used by both commuters and by shipping/distribution companies. Another example would be I-
285 around the city of Atlanta, which experiences major delays due to its use by both 18-wheelers and
passenger vehicles.

Smart corridors use a wide range of technology to create adaptive capabilities, including smart speed
limit signs that increase or decrease depending on traffic flow or time of day, automatic lane closures,
the use of smart cameras, real-time weather updates from short -range communication devices, and
more.

Toll Changes

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Toll roads are nothing new, but the ability to charge different tolls based on driving conditions is. There
are many examples of these systems in place, including Atlanta, Georgia. This system charges a toll
for exiting from the express lane, and the fee varies based on the time of day, the day of the week, the
demand for the exit, and other factors.

The Internet of Things is here to stay, and nowhere is that more apparent than in the adoption of smart
technology within cities around the world. While it might not be universal yet, adoption speed is
increasing as the significant benefits of smart technology become better understood and access to this
technology becomes more widespread.

RETRIEVED AND ADAPTED FROM:

HTTPS://WWW.IOTEVOLUTIONWORLD.COM/SMART-HOME/ARTICLES/441882-INTERNET-THINGS-SMART-
CITIES.HTM

1. Read paragraph 1 again, what is the main idea?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Identifying referents
What do the following words in bold refer to in the text?

Referent Refers to
it’s
these
which

3. Decide if the following statements are True (T), False (F) or there is No Information (NI) about it in
the text.

a. Governments can benefit from smart cities. ______

b. Smart technology is being adopted at a slow pace. ______
c. Smart corridors will bring the increase in the cost of bus tickets. ______

4. Some phrases have been removed from the text, place them in the corresponding place (A, B
or C) according to the context:

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PHRASE LOCATION IN
THE TEXT
1. Facial recognition systems are just one aspect of this
2. which has made it one of the most common starting
points for cities interested in experimenting with IoT
technology

3. To really understand the rise of smart cities, we need

to delve into some of the drivers behind the adoption of
this technology.

SPEAKING

After watching the video and reading the article, prepare your answers to the following questions and
take part in the class discussion.

1. What makes a smart city?

2. How do we build a smart city?
3. Where can you find the most innovative smart growth projects around the world?
Choose one and tell the class the reason of your choice.
4. What impact could a smart city have on the people who live there and the businesses that
transact there?"
5. If you were the Mayor of Bogotá which IoT uses would you implement in the city? Why?
Here you have some functional language to use in the discussion:

Generalising
Almost all Japanese people… Talking about personal
In general,…/ Generally,… experience
The vast majority of people… I have…
People in my generation… People my I have personal experience of
age… this.
There are exceptions of course but… An experience of this which
… tend to… stands out is…
In most cases I had a bad experience with
this.
I have found that…
In most cases
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Starting the presentation

Giving strong opinions I’d like to speak about…
In my honest opinion,… The topic of my presentation
I’m convinced that… is…
I really think that… I’ve chosen to talk about…
Frankly,… What I want to talk about is…
I strongly believe that… I’ve decided to speak
I’m absolutely certain that… about…, because…
I’m positive that…” The only thing I could think of
to talk about is…
I had difficulty choosing a
topic, but…

Ending the presentation

That’s all I can think of to say. That’s all.
I think I’ve answered all the questions. I think I’ve covered everything
That’s the end of my presentation. That’s it.
Is that enough?
Can I stop there?
That’s about all I can say about that.
I can’t think of anything else to say.

WRITING AN ARTICLE

What is an article?
An article is a piece of writing usually intended for publication in a newspaper, magazine or journal and
some of its characteristics are:
• is written for a wide audience, so it is essential to attract and retain the readers’ attention.
• may include amusing stories, reported speech and descriptions.
• should give opinions and thoughts, as well as facts.

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A realistic article should consist of:

1. An eye-catching title which attracts the readers’ attention and suggests the theme of the article.
(Think about why you read a magazine or newspaper article recently - what made you read it?)
Articles can also have subheadings before each paragraph.
2. An introduction which clearly defines the topic to be covered and keeps the reader’s attention.
3. The main body of two to five paragraphs in which the topic is further developed in detail.
4. The conclusion - summarising the topic or a final opinion, recommendation or comment.

RETRIEVED AND ADAPTED FROM: HTTP://WWW.ONESTOPENGLISH.COM/COMMUNITY/LESSON-SHARE/PDF-

CONTENT/EXAMS/EXAMS-ARTICLE-WRITING-CAE-AND-CPE-LESSON-PLAN/147546.ARTICLE

Now, write an article taking into account the previous steps and expressing your point of view about
the following statement:
“Smart cities will make us smarter citizens”

Title: ________________________________________________________

Introduction:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Main body:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

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