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Hysteresis Eddy Current Iron or Core Losses and Copper Loss in Transformer

1) The document discusses losses that occur in transformers, including hysteresis and eddy current losses which make up core losses, and copper losses. 2) Core losses are fixed and do not depend on load, while copper losses vary with load as they are a function of primary and secondary current. 3) Open and short circuit tests are performed on transformers to determine their equivalent circuit parameters and efficiency.

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sampath kumar
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114 views8 pages

Hysteresis Eddy Current Iron or Core Losses and Copper Loss in Transformer

1) The document discusses losses that occur in transformers, including hysteresis and eddy current losses which make up core losses, and copper losses. 2) Core losses are fixed and do not depend on load, while copper losses vary with load as they are a function of primary and secondary current. 3) Open and short circuit tests are performed on transformers to determine their equivalent circuit parameters and efficiency.

Uploaded by

sampath kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hysteresis Eddy Current Iron or Core Losses

and Copper Loss in Transformer

Losses in Transformer
As the electrical transformer is a static device, mechanical loss in
transformer normally does not come into picture. We generally consider
only electrical losses in transformer. Loss in any machine is broadly
defined as difference between input power and output power.

When input power is supplied to the primary of transformer, some


portion of that power is used to compensate core losses in transformer i.e. Hysteresis loss in
transformer and Eddy Current loss in transformer core and some portion of the input power is lost as
I2R loss and dissipated as heat in the primary and secondary winding, as because these windings have
some internal resistance in them. The first one is called core loss or iron loss in transformer and later is
known as ohmic loss or copper loss in transformer. Another loss occurs in transformer, known as Stray
Loss, due to Stray fluxes link with the mechanical structure and winding conductors.

Copper loss in transformer


Copper loss is I2R loss, in primary side it is I12R1 and in secondary side it is I22R2 loss, where I1 & I2 are
primary & secondary current of transformer and R 1 & R2 are resistances of primary & secondary winding.
As the both primary & secondary currents depend upon load of transformer, so copper loss in
transformer vary with load.

Core losses in transformer


Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss, both depend upon magnetic properties of the materials used to
construct the core of transformer and its design. So these losses in transformer are fixed and do not
depend upon the load current. So core losses in transformer which is alternatively known as iron loss in
transformer and can be considered as constant for all range of load.

Hysteresis loss in transformer is denoted as,

Wh = KhfBm1.6     watts

Eddy Current loss in transformer is denoted as,

We = Kef2Kf2Bm2     watts

Where, Kh = Hysteresis Constant.

Ke = Eddy Current Constant.


Kf = form Constant.

Copper loss can simply be denoted as,

IL2R2′ + Stray loss

Where, IL = I2 = load of transformer, and R2′ is the resistance of transformer referred to secondary.

Now we will discuss Hysteresis loss and Eddy Current loss in little bit more details for better
understanding the topic of losses in transformer

Hysteresis loss in transformer


Hysteresis loss in transformer can be explained in different ways. We will discuss two of them, one is
physical explanation other is mathematical explanation.

Physical explanation of Hysteresis loss


The magnetic core of transformer is made of ′Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Silicon Steel′. Steel is very good
ferromagnetic material. These kinds of materials are very sensitive to be magnetized. That means
whenever magnetic flux passes through, it will behave like magnet. Ferromagnetic substances have
numbers of domains in their structure. Domain are very small region in the material structure, where all
the dipoles are paralleled to same direction. In other words, the domains are like small small permanent
magnet situated randomly in the structure of substance. These domains are arranged inside the material
structure in such a random manner, that net resultant magnetic field of the said material is zero.
Whenever external magnetic field or mmf is is applied to that substance, these randomly directed
domains are arranged themselves in parallel to the axis of applied mmf. After removing this external
mmf, maximum numbers of domains again come to random positions, but some few of them still
remain in their changed position. Because of these unchanged domains the substance becomes slightly
magnetized permanently. This magnetism is called " Spontaneous Magnetism". To neutralize this
magnetism some opposite mmf is required to be applied. The magneto motive force or mmf applied in
the transformer core is alternating. For every cycle, due to this domain reversal there will be extra work
done. For this reason, there will be a consumption of electrical energy which is known as Hysteresis loss
of transformer.

Mathematical explanation of Hysteresis loss in transformer

Determination of Hysteresis loss


Consider a ring of ferromagnetic specimen of circumference L meter, cross – sectional area a m 2 and N
turns of insulated wire as shown in the picture beside,

Let us consider, the electric current flowing through the coil is I amp,

Magnetizing force,

Let, the flux density at this instant is B,

Therefore, total flux through the ring, Φ = BXa   Wb

As the electric current flowing through the solenoid is alternating, the flux produced in the iron ring is
also alternating in nature, so the emf (e′) induced will be expressed as,
According to Lenz,s law this induced emf will oppose the flow of electric current, therefore, in order to
maintain the current I in the coil, the source must supply an equal and opposite emf. Hence applied
emf ,

Energy consumed in short time dt, during which the flux density has changed,

Thus, total work done or energy consumed during one complete cycle of magnetism,

Now aL is the volume of the ring and H.dB is the area of elementary strip of B – H curve shown in the
figure above,
= total area enclosed by Hysteresis Loop.

Therefore, Energy consumed per cycle = volume of the ring X area of hysteresis loop.

In the case of transformer, this ring can be considered as magnetic core of transformer. Hence this work
done is nothing but electrical energy loss in transformer core and this is known as hysteresis loss in
transformer.

What is Eddy Current loss ?


In transformer we supply alternating current in the primary, this alternating current produces
alternating magnetizing flux in the core and as this flux links with secondary winding there will be
induced voltage in secondary, resulting current to flow through the load connected with it. Some of the
alternating fluxes of transformer may also link with other conducting parts like steel core or iron body of
transformer etc. As alternating flux links with these parts of transformer, there would be an locally
induced emf. Due to these emfs there would be currents which will circulate locally at that parts of the
transformer. These circulating current will not contribute in output of the transformer and dissipated as
heat. This type of energy loss is called eddy current loss of transformer. This was a broad and simple
explanation of eddy current loss. The detail explanation of this loss is not in the scope of discussion in
that chapter.

Open and Short Circuit Test on Transformer


These two tests are performed on a transformer to determine (i) equivalent circuit of transformer (ii)
voltage regulation of transformer (iii) efficiency of transformer. The power required for these Open
Circuit test and Short Circuit test on transformer is equal to the power loss occurring in the
transformer.

Open Circuit Test on Transformer


The connection diagram for open circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. A voltmeter,
wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in LV side of the transformer as shown. The voltage at rated
frequency is applied to that LV side with the help of a variac of variable ratio auto transformer. The HV
side of the transformer is kept open. Now with help of variac applied voltage is slowly increase until the
voltmeter gives reading equal to the rated voltage of the LV side. After reaching at rated LV side voltage,
all three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings) are recorded.

The ammeter reading gives the no load current I e. As no load current Ie is quite small compared to rated
current of the transformer, the voltage drops due to this electric current then can be taken as negligible.
Since, voltmeter reading V1 can be considered equal to secondary induced voltage of the transformer.
The input power during test is indicated by watt-meter reading. As the transformer is open circuited,
there is no output hence the input power here consists of core losses in transformer and copper loss in
transformer during no load condition. But as said earlier, the no load current in the transformer is quite
small compared to full load current so copper loss due to the small no load current can be neglected.
Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to core losses in transformer. Let us consider
wattmeter reading is Po.

Po = V1 2/Rm

Where Rm is shunt branch resistance of transformer.

If, Zm is shunt branch impedance of transformer.

Then, Zm = V1/ Ie.

Therefore, if shunt branch reactance of transformer is X m

Then, (1/ Xm)2 = (1/ Zm)2 – (1/ Rm)2


These values are referred to the LV side of transformer as because the test is conducted on LV side of
transformer. These values could easily be referred to HV side by multiplying these values with square of
transformation ratio.

Therefore it is seen that the open circuit test on transformer is used to determine core losses in
transformer and parameters of shunt branch of the equivalent circuit of transformer.

Short Circuit Test on Transformer


The connection diagram for short circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. A voltmeter,
wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in HV side of the transformer as shown. The voltage at rated
frequency is applied to that HV side with the help of a variac of variable ratio auto transformer.

The LV side of the transformer is short circuited. Now with help of variac applied voltage is slowly
increase until the ammeter gives reading equal to the rated current of the HV side. After reaching at
rated current of HV side, all three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter readings)
are recorded. The ammeter reading gives the primary equivalent of full load current I L. As the voltage,
applied for full load current in short circuit test on transformer, is quite small compared to rated primary
voltage of the transformer, the core losses in transformer can be taken as negligible here.

Let’s, voltmeter reading is Vsc. The input power during test is indicated by watt-meter reading. As the
transformer is short circuited, there is no output hence the input power here consists of copper losses in
transformer. Since, the applied voltage Vsc is short circuit voltage in the transformer and hence it is quite
small compared to rated voltage so core loss due to the small applied volate can be neglected. Hence
the wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to copper losses in transformer. Let us consider wattmeter
reading is Psc.

Psc = Re.IL2
Where Re is equivalent resistance of transformer.

If, Ze is equivalent impedance of transformer.

Then, Ze = Vsc/ IL.

Therefore, if equivalent reactance of transformer is X e

Then, Xe2 = Ze2 – Re2

These values are referred to the HV side of transformer as because the test is conducted on HV side of
transformer. These values could easily be referred to LV side by dividing these values with square of
transformation ratio.

Therefore it is seen that the Short Circuit test on transformer is used to determine copper loss in
transformer at full load and parameters of approximate equivalent circuit of transformer.

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