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Water Treatment: Separation of Solids: Environmental Engineering II by S Chakraborty 07/09/2020

This document discusses water treatment processes, specifically the separation of solids through sedimentation. It covers: - The main uses of water including irrigation, industrial, and public/individual supplies. Public/individual supplies require the most effort from environmental engineers. - Sedimentation is the process of removing suspended solids from water through settling. It separates particles by size from 100 μm to 0.001 mm. Gravity causes heavier particles to settle to the bottom. - There are four types of settling - discrete, flocculant, zone, and compression - which differ based on particle characteristics and concentration. Type 1 and 2 settling are most common in water treatment.

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Tushar Gautam
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38 views19 pages

Water Treatment: Separation of Solids: Environmental Engineering II by S Chakraborty 07/09/2020

This document discusses water treatment processes, specifically the separation of solids through sedimentation. It covers: - The main uses of water including irrigation, industrial, and public/individual supplies. Public/individual supplies require the most effort from environmental engineers. - Sedimentation is the process of removing suspended solids from water through settling. It separates particles by size from 100 μm to 0.001 mm. Gravity causes heavier particles to settle to the bottom. - There are four types of settling - discrete, flocculant, zone, and compression - which differ based on particle characteristics and concentration. Type 1 and 2 settling are most common in water treatment.

Uploaded by

Tushar Gautam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Water Treatment:

Separation of solids
Environmental Engineering II
By
S Chakraborty
07/09/2020
Water use in the following three major areas
• Irrigation
• Industrial use
• Individual and public domestic supplies

Discussion on public and individual water supply

• This is a small fraction of total water use


Require largest amount of efforts by Environmental Engineers

• Water source for public and individual use


Streams, lakes, rivers, aquifers, wells,

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 2


Separation of solids (also called sedimentation, settling or
clarification)

• Size of suspended particles (that is non filterable) in water


• (approximately 100 to 1 µm or 0.1 to 0.001 mm)
• Size of colloidal particles (approx 1 to 10-3 µm)
• Size of dissolved solids ( approx 10-3 to 10-5 µm)

• In plain sedimentation: target is removal of suspended solids


from water

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 3


Most of the suspended solids-

o Heavier than water


o In nonturbulent condition, it settles to the bottom of tank
in water treatment plant; from bottom solids can be
removed and clear water taken out from top of the tank.
This is sedimentation.
o Driving force is gravity in sedimentation process

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 4


Sedimentation can be divided into four types
Type 1 settling
Type 2 settling
Type 3 settling
Type 4 settling

• Behaviour of suspended particles during sedimentation is different in each


type of settling.
• For designing the sedimentation tank it is necessary to know the type of
settling
• Basis of different types of settling: concentration of particles in water and
characteristics of particles
• In water treatment mostly type 1 and type 2 settlings are applicable.
• Type 3: Wastewater Treatment and Type 4: sludge settling

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 5


Type 1 settling
• Another name is discrete settling.
• Particles whose size, shape and specific gravity do not change during
setting are discrete particles.
• Very dilute suspension
• In grit chamber settling of sand, grit particles follow discrete/ type 1
settling

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 6


Type 2 settling
• Settling of flocculating particles follow type 2 settling; dilute suspension
• These particles aggregate with other particles during settling
• Size, shape, specific gravity of particles change due to contact with other
particles
• Due to contact with other particles, mass of particles increase and settle
at faster rate
• TSS removal in PST and removal of chemical flocs

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 7


Type 3 settling
• Another name is zone settling
• For intermediate concentred suspension
• Particles can not settle on their own, rather settle as a zone (remember
your movement in a very crowded train)
• Particles remain in fixed position with respect to each other and settling
of individual particle is hindered, so it is called hindered settling also
• In biological wastewater treatment settling of sludge

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 8


Type 4 settling
• More concentrated suspension than zone settling
• Concentrated suspension forms a structure and settling by compression of
the structure
• Compression due to weight of the particles
• Another name compression settling
• In the lower layer of settled sludge and sludge thickener

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 9


Type 4 settling
• More concentrated suspension than zone settling
• Concentrated suspension forms a structure and settling by compression of
the structure
• Compression due to weight of the particles
• Another name compression settling
• In the lower layer of settled sludge and sludge thickener

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 10


h2

Type 1 settling analysis


• A particle is suspended in water
• Two forces are working
• Gravity force (Fg)
• Buoyant for (Fb)

• Particles density is Pp and volume is Vp. g is gravitational acceleration


• Fg = Mass of particle x g = (Vp x Pp) (g) (1)

• Fb = (Vp x Pw) x (g) (2)


Pw is density of water

Suspended particles present in water has sp gravity higher than water (Pp >
Pw)
IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 11
Slide 11

h2 hp-pc, 8/31/2020
Fb and Fg work in opposite direction (Fb upward and Fg downward)
So net force is exerted and the particle is accelerated in the direction of net
force
Fnet = Fg –Fb = (Vp x g) (Pp - Pw) (3)

o This net force is the driving force for acceleration of particles and particle
moves downward.
o Once the motion of particle is started, a third force starts working on
particle (drag force = Fd)

Fd = (Cd) (Ap x Pw) (vp2/2) (4)

Ap is the cross sectional area of the particle perpendicular to the direction of


movement, Cd is the coefficient of drag, vp is the velocity of the particle.
IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 12
o Drag force works in the opposite of the net force (that was causing
downward motion of particle) and Fd is proportional to the velocity of the
particle. Acceleration of the particle (that is moving downward) decreases
due to opposite drag force

o Acceleration of the particle decreases due to opposite drag force until drag
force (Fd) equals to the net driving force (Fnet)
o At this time particle gets a steady velocity (terminal settling velocity, vt)

o Making Fnet = Fd and changing vp to vt (as terminal settling velocity)

(Vp x g) (Pp - Pw) = (Cd) (Ap x Pw) (vt2/2) (5)

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 13


o For a spherical particle (dp is the diameter of the particle)
Vp = and Ap =
o (dp)

o Substituting in equ (5) finally we get,


o vt2 = ( )g (6)

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 14


o Drag coefficient Cd depends on flow condition (laminar, turbulent or
transitional )
o Cd = (For laminar flow)
= +   + 0.34 (For transitional flow)
= 0.4 (for turbulent flow)

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 15


o Re is Reynolds number
Re =

o Re <1 (For laminar flow)


> 104 (For turbulent flow)
in between transitional flow

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 16


16
o For laminar flow and spherical particle equ (6) can be substituted to
Pp −Pw (dp2 )
vt = g
18 (µ) (7)

This is Stoke’s law


__________________________________________________________________

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 17


Problem 1: Find out the terminal settling velocity of a speherical particle in
water having diameter of 0.5 mm and specific gravity of 2.65 settling through
water at 20 ºC. µ = 1.002 x 10-3 N. sec/m

Steps: 1) First calculate vt using equation (7) Stoke’s law. Then check Re. If
Re is less than 1, then vt is acceptable and this is the answer.

2) If Re not of laminar flow, then identify flow type and corresponding Cd.
Use equ (6) to find out second step vt value.

3) Again check Re with second step vt value, then Cd and again third step vt
value. Trial till vt values in two successive steps nearly equal.

IITG S Chakraborty 07-09-2020 18

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