PROCEDURE NO.

SAUDI ARAMCO SHELL REFINERY COMPANY INSPECTION

ENGINEERING
PO-TSI-14/011 PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION Page 1 of 9
REV.NO. A

REV. PAGE DATE WRITTEN BY: CHECKED BY: APPROVED BY:

0 ALL 10/10/95 TSI/6 C.P. KOOIJMAN TSI/6 A.P.M.TROMP TSI

C.P.KOOIJMAN TSI/6
A ALL 30/07/96 TSI/6 J.B. GORADIA A.P.M.TROMP TSI
ASNT KM-1046

DISTRIBUTION: TSI, TSI/1 / 11, TSI/2 / 21, TSI/3 / 31 / 311, TSI/6 / 62

PROCEDURE NO. SAUDI ARAMCO SHELL REFINERY COMPANY INSPECTION
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CONTENTS

1.0 PURPOSE

2.0 SCOPE

3.0 PERSONNEL

4.0 EQUIPMENT

5.0 FILMS

6.0 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS

7.0 MATERIAL TO BE RADIOGRAPHED

8.0 SHARPNESS OF RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE

9.0 FILMS IDENTIFICATION

10.0 FILM PROCESSING

11.0 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY

12.0 SCATTERED RADIATION

13.0 RECORDS

14.0 REPORTS

APPENDIX I : Material Thickness, Penetrameter Designations and Essential

Holes

PREPARED BY : TSI/6 APPROVED BY : TSI

NAME : C.P. KOOIJMAN NAME : A.P.M. TROMP

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1.0 PURPOSE

Radiography is used for Non-Destructive testing of components based on differential

absorption of penetrating radiation by the part being inspected. Because of the
differences in density and variation in thickness of the part, or differences in absorption
characteristics caused by variations in compositions, different portions of a test piece
absorb different amount of penetrating radiation. Unabsorbed radiation passing through
the part can be recorded on a film and viewed on an illuminated screen to locate the
defects.

Radiography technique is used by manufacturing and fabrication in locating defects in

weld joints, castings etc. Defects such as cracks, porosity, pinhole, nonfusion, lack of
penetration, excess penetration, root concavity, inclusions, voids etc. can be located
clearly. Radiography can be used as a tool for Condition Monitoring in many ways.

2.0 SCOPE

This procedure to be used for work according to the requirements of ASME-Section

VIII, (1995 Edition )

3.0 PERSONNEL

Non-destructive examination personnel shall be qualified in accordance with the

"Recommended Practice" of the ASNT (document SNT-TC-1A, 1992 edition).

4.0 EQUIPMENT

4.1. X-ray equipment, make: Balteau, Andrex, Philips.

Effective focal spot size range: 1.5 x 1.5 mm to 4 x 4 mm
Voltage range: 30 - 300 kV.

4.2. Gamma-ray equipment

Ir-192: effective focal spot size range: 1 x 1 mm to 3 x 3 mm.
Co-60 : effective focal spot size range: 2 x 2 mm to 4 x 4 mm.

5.0. FILMS

PREPARED BY : TSI/6 APPROVED BY : TSI

NAME : C.P. KOOIJMAN NAME : A.P.M. TROMP

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The film used shall meet the requirements of SE 94 for types 1 and 2 film, table 2; for
example Agfa-Gevaert D4 and D7 or equivalent (Kodak M and Kodak AA). Lead or
metallic screens may be used.

6.0 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS

6.1. Design and Selection

Penetrameters shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with the

requirements or alternates allowed in SE 142 and appendices (ASTM). The
essential hole size and thickness of penetrameters or wire diameter shall be as
specified in Appendix I. A smaller hole or a thinner penetrameter than listed for
each range may be used, provided all other requirements for radiography are met.
For welds, the thickness on which the penetrameter is based is the nominal
singlewall thickness. Backing-rings or strips are not to be considered as part of
the weld in penetrameter selection.

6.2. Penetrameter location for welds

Penetrameters shall be placed adjacent to or on the weld on the side nearest the
radiation source (source side penetrameters). Where inaccessibility prevents
placement, it shall be placed on the film side in contact with the part being
examined. A lead letter "F", at least as high as the penetrameter identification no.
shall be placed adjacent to or on the penetrameter(s), but shall not mask the
essential hole.

6.3. Shims under penetrameters

If the weld reinforcement and/or backing strip is not removed a shim of material
radiographically similar to the weld metal shall be placed under the penetrameter.
For welds with reinforcements the shim thickness shall be so selected that the
total thickness being radiographed under the penetrameter is at least the same as
the nominal single-wall thickness.

Backing rings or strips are not to be considered as part of the thickness in

penetrameter selection. Actual measurement of weld reinforcement is not

PREPARED BY : TSI/6 APPROVED BY : TSI

NAME : C.P. KOOIJMAN NAME : A.P.M. TROMP

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required. Nominal single wall thickness shall be used for penetrameter selection
for welds without reinforcement.

The density through the area of interest shall not be more than minus 15% (lighter
than) the density through the penetrameter.

When shims are used the plus 30% density restriction of T-282.2 (a) may be
exceeded, provided the required penetrameter sensitivity is displayed and the
density limitations of Par. 11 are not exceeded.

The shim dimensions shall exceed the penetrameter dimensions at least three
sides, being visible on the film.

6.4. Number of penetrameters

General

One penetrameter shall be used for each radiograph. Each penetrameter shall
represent an area of essentially uniform radiographic density. If the density of
the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest varies by more than minus
15% or plus 30% from the density through the body of the penetrameter then an
additional penetrameter shall be used for each exceptional area or areas.

Specific Procedure

For radiographic set-ups for cylindrical and spherical vessels or parts thereof,
where one or more films are used for a single exposure, reference shall be made
to the requirements of par. T-277.1 and T-277.2 in the Specific Procedure,
concerning the location respect. the number of penetrameters.

7.0 MATERIAL THICKNESS TO BE RADIOGRAPHED

The minimum thickness for which radioactive isotopes may be used are as follows:
Material Ir 192 Co-60
Steel 19 mm 38 mm
Copper or High Nickel 17 mm 33 mm
The minimum thickness limitation may be reduced when the radiographic techniques
used demonstrate that the required radiographic sensitivity has been obtained.

PREPARED BY : TSI/6 APPROVED BY : TSI

NAME : C.P. KOOIJMAN NAME : A.P.M. TROMP

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8.0 SHARPNESS OF RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE

Geometrical unsharpness limitations: when required by the referencing code section,

geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall not exceed the following:

(Thickness *) Ug

- 50 mm 0.510 mm
50 - 75 mm 0.760 mm
75 - 100 mm 1.020 mm
more than 100 mm 1.780 mm
(*) the thickness on which the penetrameter is based.

Ug = F.d/D in which:
Ug = geometrical unsharpness (mm)
F = maximum projected source size (mm)
D = distance in mm, from source of radiation to weld or other object being
radiographed
d = distance in mm, from source side of weld or object being radiographed to the film.

9.0 FILM IDENTIFICATION

The radiographs shall be marked to identify precisely with the welds which they
represent, giving at least the following information:
a. Job + Task numbers
b. weld identification
c. overlap markers (see note 1)
d. film number
e. repairs (see note 2)
f. date
g. SASREF symbol or letters

Note 1: Location markers, which are to appear as radiographic images on the film, shall
be placed on the part - not on the exposure holder/ cassette - and their locations
shall be marked on the surface of the part being radiographed or on a map, in a
manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph to be accurately traceable
to its location on the part for the required retention period of the radiograph,
and provide evidence on the radiograph that the required coverage of the region
being examined has been obtained.

PREPARED BY : TSI/6 APPROVED BY : TSI

NAME : C.P. KOOIJMAN NAME : A.P.M. TROMP

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Note 2: All radiographs of repairs shall be marked with the letter "R" followed by the
number indicating the repair cycle: R-1 is the first repair of same area etc.

10.0 FILM PROCESSING

Recommended Practice SE 94 shall be used as a guide for processing film. All

radiographs shall be free of mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes to the extent that
they cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of
interest of the object being radiographed.

Such blemishes include, but are not limited to:

a. fogging
b. processing defects such as streaks, water marks, or chemical stains
c. scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges or tears
d. loss of detail due to poor screen - to - film contact
e. false indications due to defective screens or internal faults

11.0 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY

Density limitations: The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the
body of the appropriate penetrameter and the area of interest shall be 1.8 minimum with
an X-ray source and 2.0 minimum for radiographs made with a gamma-ray source.
The maximum density shall be 4.0.

12.0 SCATTERED RADIATION

Back-scatter check:

As a check on back-scatter radiation, a lead symbol "B" with minimum dimensions of 13

mm in height and 1.6 mm in thickness, shall be attached to the back of each film holder.
If a light image of the "B" appears on the radiograph on a dark background, protection
from back-scatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. A
dark image of the "B" on a lighter background is not cause for rejection.
13.0 RECORDS

It is recommended that an X-ray log (a log may consist of a card punched system, a
book,or other record)constituting a record should comprise, initially, a job number

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(which should appear also on the films), the identification of parts, material or area
radiographed, the date in the films are exposed, and a complete record of the
radiographic procedure, in sufficient detail so that any radiographic techniques may be
duplicated readily. If calibration data, or other records such as card files or procedures,
are used to determine procedures, the log need refer only to the appropriate data or other
records. Subsequently, the interpreter`s findings and disposition (acceptable or rejection),
if any, and his initials, should also be entered for each job.

14.0 REPORTS

14.1 When written reports of radiographic examinations are required, they should
include the following, plus such other items as may be agreed upon:

# Identification of parts, material, or area.

# The radiographic number.
# The findings and disposition, if any.

This information can be obtained directly from the log.

14.2 Identification of completed work

14.2.1 Whenever radiography is an inspective (rather than

investigative)operation whereby material is accepted or rejected, all parts
and material that have been accepted should be marked permanently, if
possible, with a characteristic identifying symbol which will indicate to
subsequent or final inspectors the fact of radiographic acceptance.

14.2.2 Whenever possible, the completed radiographs should be kept on file for
reference. The custody of radiographs and the length of time they are
preserved should be agreed upon between the contracting parties.

PREPARED BY : TSI/6 APPROVED BY : TSI

NAME : C.P. KOOIJMAN NAME : A.P.M. TROMP

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APPENDIX I
Material Thickness, Penetrameter Designations & Essential Holes
PENETRAMETER
Single Wall Material Desig- Source Side Wire Desig- Film Side Wire
Thickness Range (inches) nation Essential Hole Diameter nation Essential Diameter
(in) Hole (in)
Upto 0.25 incl. 12 2T 0.008 10 2T 0.006
Over 0.25 through 0.375 15 2T 0.010 12 2T 0.008
Over 0.375 through 0.50 17 2T 0.012 15 2T 0.010
Over 0.50 through 0.75 20 2T 0.016 17 2T 0.012
Over 0.75 through 1.00 25 2T 0.016 20 2T 0.016
Over 1.00 through 1.50 30 2T 0.020 25 2T 0.020
Over 1.50 through 2.00 35 2T 0.025 30 2T 0.025
Over 2.00 through 2.50 40 2T 0.032 35 2T 0.032
Over 2.50 through 4.00 50 2T 0.040 40 2T 0.040
Over 4.00 through 6.00 60 2T 0.050 50 2T 0.050
Over 6.00 through 8.00 80 2T 0.063 60 2T 0.063
Over 8.00 through 10.00 100 2T 0.100 80 2T 0.100
Over 10.00 through 12.00 120 2T 0.126 100 2T 0.126
Over 12.00 through 16.00 160 2T 0.160 120 2T 0.160
Over 16.00 through 20.00 200 2T 0.250 160 2T 0.250

Equivalent Sensitivity of Plaque Type IQI

Penetrameter thickness (% Penetrameter thickness (% Penetrameter thickness (%
Level of Inspection of specimen thickness) of specimen thickness) of specimen thickness)
1-1T 1 1T 0.7
1-2T 1 2T 1.0
1-4T 1 4T 1.4
2-1T 2 1T 1.4
2-2T 2 2T 2.0
2-4T 2 4T 2.8
4-1T 4 1T 2.8
4-2T 4 2T 4.0
4-4T 4 4T 5.6

Equivalent sensitivity SE is calculated as

Diameter of minimum visible hole in terms of T

SE = n
2T
where n = penetrameter thickness expressed in percentage of specimen thickness.
T = thickness of penetrameter
SE is defined as the thickness of penetrameter expressed in percentage in which 2T hole will be visible under the
same condition.

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NAME : C.P. KOOIJMAN NAME : A.P.M. TROMP

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