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INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 1 (Final Term)

This document provides an introduction to basic concepts in electrical engineering including electric circuits, units of measurement, charge and current, voltage, power and energy, and circuit elements. Key points covered include that electric current is the flow of electric charge and is measured in amperes, voltage is the energy required to move a unit of charge and is measured in volts, power is the rate of energy transfer and is measured in watts, and circuit elements include both passive components like resistors as well as active sources like batteries and generators.

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Abdul Halil Abdullah
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657 views20 pages

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 1 (Final Term)

This document provides an introduction to basic concepts in electrical engineering including electric circuits, units of measurement, charge and current, voltage, power and energy, and circuit elements. Key points covered include that electric current is the flow of electric charge and is measured in amperes, voltage is the energy required to move a unit of charge and is measured in volts, power is the rate of energy transfer and is measured in watts, and circuit elements include both passive components like resistors as well as active sources like batteries and generators.

Uploaded by

Abdul Halil Abdullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I

.
BASIC CONCEPTS
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
 An interconnection of electrical elements.
SYSTEMS OF UNITS
CHARGE AND CURRENT
 Charge
 most basic quantity in an electric circuit
 is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists,
measured in coulombs (C).
 charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.602×10−19
C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the
electron. The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an
atom neutrally charged.
CHARGE AND CURRENT
 Points should be noted about electric charge:
 The coulomb is a large unit for charges. In 1 C of charge, there are
1/(1.602 × 10−19) = 6.24 × 1018 electrons. Thus realistic or laboratory
values of charges are on the order of pC, nC, or μC.
 According to experimental observations, the only charges that occur in
nature are integral multiples of the electronic charge e = −1.602 × 10−19 C.
 The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither be created
nor destroyed, only transferred. Thus the algebraic sum of the electric
charges in a system does not change.
CHARGE AND CURRENT
 Electric charge or electricity is mobile
• Positive charges move in one
direction while negative charges
move in the opposite direction
• Motion of charges creates
electric current
• Conventionally take the
current flow as the movement of
positive charges, that is,
opposite to the flow of negative
charges.
CHARGE AND CURRENT
 Electric current is the time rate of change of charge,
measured in amperes (A).

1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second

 Direct Current (DC) is a current that remains constant


with time.
 Alternating Current (AC) is a current that varies
sinusoidally with time.
CHARGE AND CURRENT (Example)
1. How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?
2. Calculate the amount of charge represented by two
million protons.
3. The total charge entering a terminal is given by q =
5tsin4πt mC. Calculate the current at t = 0.5s.
4. If in Example 3, q = (10 − 10e−2t ) mC, find the current
at t = 0.5 s.
5. Determine the total charge entering a terminal between
t = 1 s and t = 2s if the current passing the terminal is i
= (3t2 − t) A.
6. The current flowing through an element is
Calculate the charge entering the element from t = 0 to
t = 2s.
VOLTAGE
 Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit
charge through an element, measured in volts (V).
 Voltage vab between two points a and b in an electric circuit is the
energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from a to b;
mathematically,

 where w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulombs (C).


 Voltage vab or simply v is measured in volts (V)

1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb = 1 newton meter/coulomb


VOLTAGE
 The plus (+) and minus (−) signs are used to define reference direction
or voltage polarity.
(1) point a is at a potential of vab volts higher than point b
(2) the potential at point a with respect to point b is vab
vab = −vba

(a), there is a 9-V voltage drop from a to b or


equivalently a 9-V voltage rise from b to a.
(b), point b is −9 V above point a.

A voltage drop from a to b is equivalent to a


voltage rise from b to a.
constant voltage is called a dc voltage and is represented by V, whereas a
sinusoidally time-varying voltage is called an ac voltage and is represented by v.
POWER AND ENERGY
 Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in
watts (W).

 where p is power in watts (W), w is energy in joules (J), and t is time in seconds (s).
 power p is a time-varying quantity and is called the instantaneous power.

 If the power has a “+” sign, power is being delivered to or absorbed by


the element. If, on the other hand, the power has a “−” sign, power is being
supplied by the element.
POWER AND ENERGY
 Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters through
the positive terminal of an element and p = +vi. If the current enters
through the negative terminal, p = −vi.
POWER AND ENERGY
 law of conservation of energy must be obeyed:

 algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any instant of


time, must be zero.
 Energy absorbed or supplied by an element from
time t0 to time t is

 Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in


joules ( J).
 electric
power utility companies measure energy in watt-
hours (Wh)
POWER AND ENERGY (Example)
1. An energy source forces a constant current of 2A for 10s to flow
through a light bulb. If 2.3kJ is given off in the form of light and
heat energy, calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.
2. To move charge q from point a to point b requires−30 J. Find the
voltage drop vab if: (a) q = 2C, (b) q = −6C .
3. Find the power delivered to an element at t = 3 ms if the current
entering its positive terminal is i = 5cos60πt A and the voltage is: (a)
v = 3i, (b) v = 3 di/dt .
4. Find the power delivered to the element in Example 3 at t = 5 ms if
the current remains the same but the voltage is: (a) v = 2i V, (b) v =

5. How much energy does a 100-W electric bulb consume in two


hours?
6. A stove element draws 15 A when connected to a 120-V line. How
long does it take to consume 30 kJ?
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
 Two types of elements found in electric circuits:
 Passive element – not capable of generating energy
(resistors, capacitors, and inductors)
 Active element - capable of generating energy (generators,
batteries, and operational amplifiers)
 Two kinds of sources:
 Independent Sources - an active element that provides a
specified voltage or current that is completely independent
of other circuit variables
 Dependent Sources - an active element in which the source
quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.
(transistors, operational amplifiers and integrated circuits)
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
 Ideal Independent Voltage Source delivers to the
circuit whatever current is necessary to maintain its
terminal voltage (batteries and generators).

 Symbols for independent voltage sources: (a) used for


constant or time-varying voltage, (b) used for constant
voltage (dc).
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
 Ideal Independent Current Source is an active element that provides
a specified current completely independent of the voltage across the
source.

 Symbol for independent current source


CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
 Four possible types of dependent sources:
 Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS).
 Current-Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS).
 Voltage-Controlled Current Source (VCCS).
 Current-Controlled Current Source (CCCS).

 Symbols for: (a) dependent voltage source, (b) dependent


current source.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
1. Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element

2. Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component of the


circuit

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