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Electrical Circuits

Here are the problems from the assigned pages solved: [DOCUMENT WITH SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNED PROBLEMS]

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Joseph Kinley V. Lumosad
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54 views24 pages

Electrical Circuits

Here are the problems from the assigned pages solved: [DOCUMENT WITH SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNED PROBLEMS]

Uploaded by

Joseph Kinley V. Lumosad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuit

PREPARED BY:
CHRISTOPHER S. DOLINO, REE, RME
CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

 An interconnection of electrical elements.


SYSTEMS OF UNITS
CHARGE AND CURRENT

 Charge (Q)
 most basic quantity in an electric circuit
 is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs
(C).


charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.602×10−19 C, while a proton
carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron. The presence of equal numbers
of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged.
CHARGE AND CURRENT

 Points should be noted about electric charge:


 The coulomb is a large unit for charges. In 1 C of charge, there are 1/(1.602 × 10−19) = 6.24 ×
1018 electrons. Thus realistic or laboratory values of charges are on the order of pC, nC, or μC.
 According to experimental observations, the only charges that occur in nature are integral
multiples of the electronic charge e = −1.602 × 10−19 C.
 The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither be created nor destroyed, only
transferred. Thus the algebraic sum of the electric charges in a system does not change.
CHARGE AND CURRENT

• Positive charges
Electric charge move
or electricity in one direction
is mobile
while negative charges move in the opposite
direction
• Motion of charges creates electric current
• Conventionally take the current flow as
the movement of positive charges, that is,
opposite to the flow of negative charges.
CHARGE AND CURRENT

 Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A).

1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
 Direct Current (DC) is a current that remains constant with time.

 Alternating Current (AC) is a current that varies sinusoidally with time.


CHARGE AND CURRENT (Example)

1. How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?


2. Calculate the amount of charge represented by six million protons.
3. The total charge entering a terminal is given by q = 5tsin4πt mC. Calculate the current at t = 0.5s.
4. If in Example 3, q = (10 − 10e−2t ) mC, find the current at t = 0.5 s.
5. Determine the total charge entering a terminal between t = 1 s and t = 2s if the current passing the terminal is i
= (3t2 − t) A.
6. The current flowing through an element is
Calculate the charge entering the element from t = 0 to t = 2s.
Answer

1.
Answer

2.
Answer

3.
Answer

4. i = dq/dt = d/dt (10-10e^-2t)


= d/dt (10) – [d/dt (10e^-2t)]
= 0 – [ (10*-2) e^-2t]
= - (-20 e^-2t)
= 20e^-2t , @ t = 0.5
= 7.357 mA
Answer
5.
Answer
6.
VOLTAGE

 Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge through an
element, measured in volts (V).
 Voltage vab between two points a and b in an electric circuit is the energy (or work)
needed to move a unit charge from a to b; mathematically,

 where w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulombs (C).


 Voltage vab or simply v is measured in volts (V)

1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb = 1 newton meter/coulomb


VOLTAGE

 The plus (+) and minus (−) signs are used to define reference direction or voltage
polarity. (1) point a is at a potential of vab volts higher than point b
(2) the potential at point a with respect to point b is vab
vab = −vba

(a), there is a 9-V voltage drop from a to b or equivalently a 9-V voltage rise
from b to a.
(b), point b is −9 V above point a.

A voltage drop from a to b is equivalent to a voltage rise from b to a.

constant voltage is called a dc voltage and is represented by V, whereas a sinusoidally time-varying voltage is
called an ac voltage and is represented by v.
POWER AND ENERGY

 Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W).

 where p is power in watts (W), w is energy in joules (J), and t is time in seconds (s).
 power p is a time-varying quantity and is called the instantaneous power.
 If the power has a “+” sign, power is being delivered to or absorbed by the element. If, on the
other hand, the power has a “−” sign, power is being supplied by the element.
POWER AND ENERGY (Example)

1. An energy source forces a constant current of 2A for 10s to flow through a light bulb. If 2.3kJ is given off in the form
of light and heat energy, calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.
2. To move charge q from point a to point b requires−30 J. Find the voltage drop vab if: (a) q = 2C, (b) q = −6C .
3. Find the power delivered to an element at t = 3 ms if the current entering its positive terminal is i = 5cos60πt A and the
voltage is: (a) v = 3i, (b) v = 3 di/dt .
4. Find the power delivered to the element in Example 3 at t = 5 ms if the current remains the same but the voltage is: (a)
v = 2i V, (b) v =

5. How much energy does a 100-W electric bulb consume in two hours?
6. A stove element draws 15 A when connected to a 120-V line. How long does it take to consume 30 kJ?
Answer

1.

2.
Answer

3. P = vi
= 3i * I
= 3i^2
= 3*[5cos60pit)^2
Answer
4.

5.
Answer

6. A stove element draws 15 A when connected to a 120-V line. How long does it take to consume 30 kJ?

W = Pt
= VIt
30kJ = (120*15) t
t = 30 x10^3 / (120*15)
t = 16.67 s
Assignment

 Place your Answer in a word document and send it to the goggle docs link provided.
Answer the following problems from our reference book:
 Problem: Pages 24-27
 Section 1.3: 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9
 Section 1.4 and 1.5: 1.12, 1.14
 Section 1.6: 1.18, 1.20
 Section 1.7: 1.24, 1.26, 1.30

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