CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Module 7:

Masonry Walls:
Strength Design

Masonry Structures, slide 7-1

ASCE 7 Load Factors MSJC 3.1.2

1.  1.4(D+F)
2.  1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
3.  1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L* or 0.8W)
4.  1.2D + 1.6W + L* + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
5.  1.2D + 1.0E + L* + 0.2S
6.  0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
7.  0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
*The load factor on L in combinations 3, 4 and 5 is permitted to be 0.5 for live loads less
than 100 psf

where:
D = dead load
E = earthquake load
F = load due to fluids
H = load due to lateral earth pressure, ground water pressure, or pressure of bulk materials
L = live load
Lr = roof live load
R = rain load
S = snow load
T = self-restraining force
W = wind load
Masonry Structures, slide 7-2
 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

MSJC Strength Design: General

design strength: 3.1.3
Mu ≤ φ Mn
Vu ≤ φ Vn
strength reduction factors: 3.1.4
φ = 0.60 for URM subjected to flexure, axial load and P-M combinations
φ = 0.90 for RM subjected to flexure, axial load and P-M combinations
φ = 0.80 for all masonry subjected to shear
masonry compressive strength: 3.1.8.1.1
f’m ≥ 1500 psi f’m < 4000 psi for concrete masonry
f’m < 6000 psi for clay masonry
grout:
3.1.8.1.2
for concrete masonry f’g ≥ f’m and f’g < 5000 psi
for clay masonry f’g < 6000 psi

Masonry Structures, slide 7-3

Strength Design: Flexure

Design Assumptions (3.3.2)

a)  Principles of engineering mechanics are valid.

b)  Plane sections remain plane. No shear deformations. Strain continuity.
c)  Flexural tension in masonry proportional to strain.
d)  Masonry compressive stress < 0.80 f’m.
e)  Masonry tensile stress < fr.

Masonry Structures, slide 7-4

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Strength Design: URM Flexure and Axial

flexural compressive stress: 3.2.2.2(a)

φ = 0.6 for flexure and

axial loads

net flexural tensile stress: 3.2.2.2(b)

axial strength: 3.2.2.3

h
for ≤ 99 :
r ⎧⎪ ⎡ ⎛ h ⎞ 2 ⎤⎫⎪
Pu = 0.80φ ⎨ 0.80An f 'm ⎢1− ⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎬ (3 - 11)
⎩⎪ ⎣ ⎝ 140r ⎠ ⎦⎭⎪
€ h
for > 99 :
r ⎧ ⎛ 70r ⎞ 2 ⎫
Pu = 0.80φ ⎨ 0.80An f 'm ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ (3 - 12)
€ ⎩ ⎝ h ⎠ ⎭
€ Masonry Structures, slide 7-5

Strength Design Modulus of Rupture, Fr

MSJC Table 3.1.8.2 for fr (psi)
Direction of Tension Mortar Type
and PCL Masonry Cement/Lime or
Type of Masonry or Mortar Cement Air-Entrained PCL
(psi)
M/S N M/S N
normal to bed joints
solid units 100 75 60 38
hollow units 63 48 38 23
fully grouted units 163 158 153 145
parallel to bed joints, running bond
solid units 200 150 120 75
hollow units 125 95 75 48
fully grouted units 200 150 120 75
parallel to bed joints, stack bond
continuous grout section 250 250 250 250
other 0 0 0 0

Masonry Structures, slide 7-6

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

P- Delta Effects
MSJC Section 3.2.2.4 :

M c = δM u (3 - 13)

1
δ= 2 (3 - 14)
€ Pu ⎛ 70r ⎞
1− ⎜ ⎟
An f 'm ⎝ h ⎠

h
take δ = 1 for members with ≤ 45
r
€ h
take δ = 1 for members with 45 < ≤ 60 if 90% strength is taken
r
€

€
Masonry Structures, slide 7-7

Strength Design: URM Shear

Vn is the smaller of: 3.2.4

(a) 3.8An f 'm

(b) 300An
(c) 56An + 0.45Nu for running bond, ungrouted
(d) 56An + 0.45Nu for stack bond, grouted with open - end units
(e) 90An + 0.45 Nu for running bond, solid grouted
(f) 23An for stack bond other than open - end units grouted

€
Masonry Structures, slide 7-8
 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Strength Design: Flexure

Design Assumptions (3.3.2)

a)  Strain continuity between masonry and reinforcement.

b)  Equilibrium.
c)  εmu = 0.0035 for clay and 0.0025 for concrete masonry.
d)  Plane sections remain plane. No shear deformations. Strain continuity.
e)  fs = εsEs < fy
f)  neglect masonry tensile strength for flexural strength but not deflection
g)  rectangular stress block 0.80c times 0.80f’m

Masonry Structures, slide 7-9

Strength Design: Axial

(3.3.4.1)

for h/r ≤ 99:

⎡ ⎛ h ⎞ 2 ⎤
Pn = 0.80[ 0.80 f 'm ( An − Ast ) + f y Ast ]⎢1− ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (3-17)
⎣ ⎝ 140r ⎠ ⎦

for h/r > 99:

€ ⎛ 70r ⎞ 2
Pn = 0.80[ 0.80 f 'm ( An − Ast ) + f y Ast ]⎜ ⎟ (3-18)
⎝ h ⎠

Masonry Structures, slide 7-10

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Strength Design: RM Flexure

Ultimate Flexural Strength
strains stresses
As
Cm
c
d n.a.
t
d Mn

b
Ts = Asfy

k3f’m k3f’m
fm f’m
k 2c k 2c
c klc
Cm = c
Cm = k1k3f’mbc

Note: rectangular stress block can represent

compressive stress distribution if k2/k1 = 0.5
Masonry Structures, slide 7-11

Strength Design: RM Flexure

Measuring k1k3 and k2
Po P1 Po in displacement control
P1 in force control

summing moments about centroid:

a
increase P1 so P1a = (Po + P1)g
that Δ = 0 = (Po + P1)(c/2 - k2c)
Δ

P1 a
c
k 2 = 0.5 -
Po + P1 c
strain
g total compressive force:
stress Po + P1 = k3f’m k1cb
€
P0+P1
k 2c Po + P1
k 1k 3 =
f'm bc
k3f’m
k1c
€
Masonry Structures, slide 7-12
 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Strength Design: RM Flexure

Measured k1k3 and k2 values

Sample experimentally determined constants k1k3, and k2

1

0.8
K1K3
K1K3 & K2

0.6

0.4
K2
0.2

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Extreme Fiber Strain (in/in)

Masonry Structures, slide 7-13

Strength Design: RM Flexure

Ultimate Flexural Strength
equilibrium

fs
fy

summing moments about Cm

Masonry Structures, slide 7-14

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Strength Design: RM Flexure

Balanced condition with single layer of reinforcement

strains stresses strain compatibility

ε mu ε mu c ε
= or c = mu d
ε mu + ε y d ε mu + ε y
k1c Cm
c equilibrium
Cm + Ts = 0
d€ n.a.
Mn ε
k1 k 3 f 'm b mu d = ρ b bdf y
€ ε mu + ε y

k1 k 3 f 'm ε mu
ρb =
Ts= Asfy € f y ε mu + ε y
εs =ε y
fy
if k 3 = 0.80, ε mu = 0.003* , ε y = , Es = 29,000,000 psi :
Es
€
k1 (0.80) f 'm 0.003 0.80k1 f 'm 87,000
ρb = =
€ fy 0.003+ f y / Es fy 87,000+ f y

* note: εmu = 0.0025 for concrete masonry or 0.0035 for clay masonry Masonry Structures, slide 7-15
€

Strength Design: RM Flexure

Balanced condition with single layer of reinforcement

0.80k1 f 'm 87,000

ρb = ρ tb = As / bt for one layer of steel t = 2d k1 =0.80
fy 87,000+ f y

Grade 40 Grade 60
€ f’m €
ρb ρ tb ρb ρ tb

1000 0.0110 0.0055 0.0063 0.0032

2000 0.0220 0.0110 0.0126 0.0063
3000 0.0330
€ 0.0165€ 0.0189 € 0.0095
4000
€ 0.0440 0.0252 0.0126
0.0220
5000 0.0550 0.0275 0.0316 0.0158
6000 0.0660 0.0330 0.0379 0.0289

Masonry Structures, slide 7-16

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Strength Design: RM Flexure

balanced condition with multiple layers of reinforcement
strains stresses
b
0.80f’m
d1 Cs1
d2

0.80c
Cm=0.80f’mb(0.80c)
c Cs2
d3
d4

Ts3
Ts4 = Asbal fy
Asbal

strain compatibility equilibrium

Masonry Structures, slide 7-17

Example: RM Flexural Strength

Determine flexural strength of wall per MSJC.
f’m= 1500 psi concrete masonry Grade 60 reinforcement

0.0025 0.80f’m
ε s1
Cs1
4.0”

Cm = 0.80f’mb(0.80c)
20.0”

c
€
n.a.
44.0”

Ts2
60.0”

ε s2
5’-4”

ε s3
Ts3

€
εs >ε y
Ts4 = As fy
#8 (typ) = 0.79 in2 x 60 ksi = 47.4 k
7.63” €

Masonry Structures, slide 7-18

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Example: RM Flexural Strength

Determine flexural strength of wall.

d1 = 4.0” d2 = 20.0” d3 = 44.0”

c ε1 f1 Csl ε2 f2 Ts2 ε3 f3 Ts3 Ts4 Cm ∑(C + T)

20.0 -0.00200 -58 -45.8 0 0 0 0.00300 60.0 47.4 47.4 -165 -116
€
€ € €
15.0 -0.00183 -53 -42.0 0.00083 24.2 19.1 0.00483 60.0 47.4 47.4 -120 -38

10.0 -0.00150 -43 -34.4 0.00250 60.0 47.4 0.00850 60.0 47.4 47.4 -73 +35

12.5 -0.00170 -49 -38.9 0.00150 43.5 34.4 0.00630 60.0 47.4 47.4 -92 -1.2

0.80 c close to zero, take c = 12.5”

M n = ∑ { Asi f si ( d i - )}
2
= ( - 38.9
. )( 4.00 - 5.00 ) + ( 34.4 )( 20.0 - 5.00 ) + ( 47.4 )( 44.0 - 5.00
. )
+ ( 47.4 )( 60.0 - 5.00 ) = 5 ,010 kip - in

Masonry Structures, slide 7-19

Example: RM Flexural Strength

Approximate flexural strength of wall.
5’-4”

#8 (typ)

7.63”

Masonry Structures, slide 7-20

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Maximum Reinforcement MSJC 3.3.3.5

1. For members with Mu/Vudv≥1 and out-of-plane walls, flexural

tensile reinforcement shall not exceed that corresponding to:

Pu = D + 0.75L + 0.525E

1.5εy

εmu

2. For intermediate reinforced walls, increase steel strain to 3.0 εy.

3. For special reinforced walls, increase steel strain to 4.0 εy.
4. If Mu/Vudv<1 and R<1.5 no maximum reinforcement limit.
5. No limit on maximum reinforcement if boundary elements are used.

Masonry Structures, slide 7-21

Maximum Flexural Tensile Reinforcement

Mu
see derivation of equations in
Pu Commentary Section 3.3.3.5
⎡ ε mu ⎤
Cm = 0.8 f 'm ⎢0.8 d v ⎥ b
αεy ⎣ ε mu + αε y ⎦
εmu
⎛ αε ⎞⎡ ε − ε ⎛ 1 ⎞ ε ⎤
y
Cs = f y As ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎢ mu y
+ ⎜ ⎟ y ⎥
€ ⎝ muε + αε y ⎠⎣ ε mu ⎝ 2 ⎠ ε mu ⎦
A s fy
⎛ αε ⎞⎡ αε − ε ⎛ 1 ⎞ ε ⎤
Cm Ts = f y As ⎜⎜ y
⎟⎟⎢ y y + ⎜ ⎟ y ⎥
€ ⎝ muε + αε y ⎠⎣ αε y ⎝ 2 ⎠ αε y ⎦

⎛ ε ⎞ P
mu
0.64 f 'm ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ −
for solidly grouted with € As ⎝ ε mu + αε y ⎠ bd v
ρ= =
tensile reinforcement only bd fy

Masonry Structures, slide 7-22

€
 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Maximum Flexural Tensile Reinforcement

⎛ ε ⎞ P
mu
0.64 f 'm ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ −
A ⎝ ε mu + αε y ⎠ bd v
ρ max = s =
bd fy

€ Values of ρmax
εmu = 0.003, f’m = 1500 psi, fy = 60 ksi

P α

bd v 1.5 3.0 4.0
50 psi 0.0072 0.0045 0.0035
100 0.0063 0.0037 0.0027
€
150 0.0055 0.0028 0.0019
200 0.0047 0.0020 0.0010

Masonry Structures, slide 7-23

Strength Design: RM Shear Walls MSJC 3.3.6.5.1

Boundary Elements

boundary elements NOT required if:

1. Pu ≤ 0.10 Agf’m for symmetrical wall sections

Pu ≤ 0.05 Agf’m for unsymmetrical wall sections

2. or

3.

Masonry Structures, slide 7-24

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Strength Design: RM Shear Walls MSJC 3.3.6.5.3

Boundary Elements
for walls yielding at their base

λp

λp

λw
φu-φy
φu

⎛ λ w ⎞
inelastic displacement = Cd δ ne = θ p hw = ( φ u λ p )hw = ⎜ φ u ⎟ hw
⎝ 2 ⎠

Masonry Structures, slide 7-25

Strength Design: RM Shear Walls MSJC 3.3.6.5.3

Pu = 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S

⎛ e λ ⎞
Cd δ ne = ⎜ mu w ⎟ hw
Mu ⎝ c cr 2 ⎠

e mu λw
c cr =
2 ( Cd δ ne / hw )
lw or λw €

c
if c > c cr provide special detailing
ccr
€ 0.003 λw λw
c≥ ≈
2 ( Cd δ ne / hw ) 600( Cd δ ne / hw )
€ εmu
ε
mm

no special confinement
hw
€ when δ ne = (typ. allowable value)
special confinement c”
600
c hw 600 1
extend boundary elements a distance of ≥ ≈ =
λ w 600( Cd δ ne ) 600Cd Cd
lw or Mu/4Vu above critical section

Masonry Structures, slide 7-26

€
 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Strength Design: RM Shear Walls MSJC 3.3.6.9

Boundary Elements
for walls NOT yielding at their base

Pu = 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S

Mu
boundary
element

compressive stress
from linear elastic discontinue boundary element
analysis when fb < 0.15f’m
provide boundary
elements when fb > 0.2f’m

Masonry Structures, slide 7-27

Strength Design: RM Shear

Shear Strength of Beams, Piers, Columns and Shear Walls (MSJC 3.3.4.1.2)

(3-19)

(3-20)
Lw
(3-21)
A s fy

(3-22)

(3-23)

Masonry Structures, slide 7-28

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Shear Wall Types MSJC 1.17.3.2

SDC Trim Steel Spacing of Spacing of Comments

per Vertical Horizontal
1.17.3.2.3.1 Reinf. Reinf.

ordinary plain A,B none none none design as

detailed plain A,B yes 10’ 10’ unreinforced

ordinary A,B,C yes 10’ 10’ neglect tensile

reinforced strength of
intermediate A,B,C yes 4’ 10’ masonry
reinforced
specially A,B,C, yes ρ v + ρ h > 0.002
D,E,F ⎧ l h ⎫
reinforced min.⎨ w , w , 4'⎬ ρ v and ρ h > 0.0007
⎩ 3 3 ⎭
Ash
Asv >
€ 3
€
€
€
Masonry Structures, slide 7-29

Minimum Trim Steel MSJC 1.17.3.2.3.1

provide one #4 bar at the following locations

at floor or on each side

at top of wall at top & bottom
roof level of opening
of opening

at corners
10' max.

2’ min.
10' max.

Masonry Structures, slide 7-30

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Shear Wall Types ASCE 7 Table 12.2-1

R Cd Height Limits for SDC

B C D E F
ordinary
1.5 1.25 NL NP NP NP NP
plain
detailed
2.0 1.75 NL NP NP NP NP
plain
ordinary
2.0 1.75 NL 160’ NP NP NP
reinforced
intermediate
3.5 2.25 NL NL NP NP NP
reinforced
specially
5.0 3.5 NL NL 160’ 160’ 160’
reinforced

NL = no limit, NP = not permitted

Masonry Structures, slide 7-31

Example: RM Shear Wall Strength Design

Determine the maximum wind force, H, and design horizontal
reinforcement to develop the wall flexural strength.

Hwind 5’-4” Pdead = 40 kips and Plive = 30 kips U=0.9D+1.6W or

U=1.2D+1.6W+0.5L
8” concrete block, fully grouted
Grade 60 reinforcement , f’m= 1500 psi
10’-8”

from previous example w/o axial load:

7.63”

note: larger wind force if axial loads considered, but

shear demand is light (see next slide)
4 - #8’s

Masonry Structures, slide 7-32

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Example: RM Shear Wall Strength Design

Shear Reinforcement (neglecting vertical force) U = 1.6W

Vm = [ 4.0 − 1.75] An f 'm + 0.25Pu

= 2.25( 7.63x64.0) 1500 / 1000 = 42.6kips
φVm = 0.8( 42.6) = 34.1kips
Av
φVs = Vu − φVm = 35.2 − 34.1 = 1.1kips = (0.8)0.5 f yd v
s
Av 1.1kips
= = 0.00076 use min. # 4 @ 24" horizontal
s 0.8x0.5x60ksix60"
note: smax=d/2
note: no boundary element required per Sec. 3.3.6.5.1 (requirements 1 and 3 met).

Masonry Structures, slide 7-33

€

Strength Design: Out of Plane Walls

tall, slender wall

warehouse

tall, slender wall

gymnasium
Masonry Structures, slide 7-34
 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Strength Design: Out of Plane Walls

Masonry Structures, slide 7-35

Strength Design: Out of Plane Walls

MSJC 3.3.5

(a) for out-of-plane bending of reinforced walls lightly stressed under

gravity loads

(b) limited to:

Pu
≤ 0.20 f'm (Eq. 3 − 24)
Ag
h P
Note : if > 30 then u < 0.05f'm
t Ag
€

Masonry Structures, slide 7-36

€
 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Strength Design: Out-of-Plane Walls

Lateral Deflections M

Serviceability Criteria:
My
δ s ≤ 0.007 h (3 − 30) δy
Ms
δs
Mcr
δcr

€ 5 Mser h 2
for Mser < Mcr δs = (3-31)
48 Em I g
5 Mcr h 2 5 (Mser − Mcr )h 2
for Mser > Mcr δs = + (3-32)
48 Em I g 48 Em Icr
€ b(kd ) 3
where Icr = nAse (d − kd ) 2 +
3
Mcr = fr S
(note “kd” may be replaced by “c” for simplicity)

€ Masonry Structures, slide 7-37

Strength Design: Out-of-Plane Walls

Required Flexural Strength: MSJC 3.3.5.3
Puf eccentric transverse
e PΔ

load load Pu = Puf + Puw (3-26)
Pufe
t
h/2
Puw
wu
h
Pufe/2 wuh2/8 (Puw + Puf) δu

h/2

w u h 2 Puf e 5 Mcr h 2 5 (Mu − Mcr )h 2

Mu = + + ( Puw + Puf )δ u δu = +
8 2 48 Em I g 48 Em Icr
(3-25) similar to (3-32)

Masonry Structures, slide 7-38

€
€
 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Strength Design: Out-of-Plane Walls

Flexural capacity: equivalent area of reinforcement, Ae
for single wythe construction reinforced at center
d
As a = 0.80c
b
0.80f’m
Ts = Asfy
d
Cm =0.80f’mb(0.80c)
c Pu

Ts = Asfy Pu = Cm - Asfy
Cm
Cm = Pu + Asfy= Asefy
Pu

flexural strength:
a ( P + As f y )
Mn = Ase f y (d − ) Eq. (3 - 28) where a = u Eq. (3 - 29)
2 0.80 f 'm b

Masonry Structures, slide 7-39

Example: Out-of-Plane Wall Strength Design

Determine the maximum wind load, w, per MSJC:
3.5” 500 lbs/ft dead
200 lbs/ft live
3’-0”

P
w 8” CMU, partially grouted
f’m = 2000 psi, Grade 60
Type S Portland cement-lime mortar
20’-0”

#4 @ 32”

Masonry Structures, slide 7-40

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Example: Out-of-Plane Wall Strength Design

Flexural Strength per MSJC U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.6W
2
w u h Puf e a
Mu = + + (Puw + Puf )δ u < φ Mn = φ Ase f y (d − )
8 2 2
Pu = Puf + Puw Puf = 1.2 x 500+ 0.5 x 200= 700 lbs.
Puw = 1.2 x 64 psf x 13'= 998 lbs.
€
Pu = 1698 lbs.

€ ( Pu + As f y ) 0.103(60)
a= = = 0.321"
0.80 f 'm b (0.80 x 2.0ksi x 12")
0.321"
c= = 0.402"< 1.2"neutral axis within face shell, treat as rectangular section
0.80

Mu=φMn = φAsefy(d - a/2)=0.9(0.103in2)(60ksi)(3.81in – 0.402in/2)=20.1 kip-in

€

Masonry Structures, slide 7-41

Example: Out-of-Plane Wall Strength Design

Flexural Strength per MSJC

bc 3 12(0.402in) 3
Icr = nAse (d − c ) 2 + = 16.1(0.103in 2 )(3.81− 0.402) 2 + = 19.5 in 4
3 3
for simplicity, use net section with face shell bedding
even though partially grouted

to avoid iteration, assume Mmax = Mu

5 (5.1)( 20 x 12) 2 5 ( 20.4 − 5.1)( 20 x 12) 2

Δu = + = 0.0383"+ 2.62"= 2.65"
48 (1800)(444 ) 48 (1800)(19.5 )
w u ( 20' ) 2 0.70 (7.31"/ 2) 2.65
Mu = + + (1.698)( )= 20.1k − in. / 12"
8 12 12
€ wu
ws = = 13.6 psf
wu=21.7 psf 1.6

Masonry Structures, slide 7-42

€
€
 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Example: Out-of-Plane Wall Strength Design

Check Service Load Deflections per MSJC

ws h 2
Ms = + Poe / 2+ ( Pw + Po ) Δ s
8
⎡ (13.6 psf )( 20) 2 ⎤ 700(7.31")
= ⎢ ⎥ x 12+ + 1532 Δ s = 10,718+ 1532 Δ s (lb. − in.)
⎣ 8 ⎦ 2

€
5 (10,718+ 1532 Δ s − 5100)( 20 x 12) 2
Δs = 0.0383" +
48 (1, 800, 000)(19.5 )
Δ s = 1.35" < 0.007 h = 0.007 ( 20'x 12)= 1.68" ok )

€ Masonry Structures, slide 7-43

Example: Out-of-Plane Wall Strength Design

Maximum Wind Load per MSJC
Allowable Stress Design d = 3.82”
1.25”

#4 @ 32”

Determine Icr considering axial compression

Masonry Structures, slide 7-44

 CEE 467 Masonry Structures

Example: Out-of-Plane Wall Strength Design

Maximum Wind Load per MSJC

w s = 13.0 psf

Note: similar wind load as by strength design procedure.

€ stress with an axial force-moment interaction diagram
Should also check compressive

Masonry Structures, slide 7-45