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Non-Mendelian Laws of Inheritance What's New Incomplete Dominance

This document provides information about three patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance: incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles. In incomplete dominance, the alleles are not fully dominant or recessive and the phenotype is a blend of the two parental traits. Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote. Multiple alleles exist when more than two allele variants control a single gene.

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526 views5 pages

Non-Mendelian Laws of Inheritance What's New Incomplete Dominance

This document provides information about three patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance: incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles. In incomplete dominance, the alleles are not fully dominant or recessive and the phenotype is a blend of the two parental traits. Codominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote. Multiple alleles exist when more than two allele variants control a single gene.

Uploaded by

ChelleyOllitro
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 5

S.Y.

2020 -
2021
EMETERIO-FEDERICA GEREZ NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Brgy. San Agustin, Babatngon, Leyte Q1
303421
JHS LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET WK4
LAS No.: 2
Name: _________________________________________________________________ Grade/Score: __________
Grade and Section:_______________________________________________________ Date: _______________
Subject: Science 9

Type of Activity: Concept Notes

Activity Title: Non – Mendelian Inheritance


MELC: Explain the different pattern of non – Mendelian inheritance. (S9LT-Id-29)
Learning Target: To explain the different pattern of non – Mendelian inheritance; and
To solve problems involving the different pattern of non – Mendelian inheritance using
Punnett square.
References: Science Learner’s Module 9 pp.28-35 and Alternative Delivery Mode Science 9 pp. 1-13

CONCEPT NOTES:

Non-Mendelian Laws of Inheritance

What’s New
Incomplete Dominance
In Mendelian patterns of inheritance, the effects of the recessive gene are not observed when the
dominant gene is present. However, there are some traits that do not follow Mendel’s principles. Assigning
one allele with a capital letter and the other in lowercase does not work because neither allele is completely
dominant over the other.
To better understand this lesson, read and analyze the given problem in the activity below. Try to answer it
using your knowledge in previous grade about Punnett square.
Problem: In four o’clock plants, R is the allele for red color and W is the allele for
white color. Construct a Punnett square showing this cross between red and white
flowers. What are the genotypes of the offspring? Identify the phenotypic and genotypic
ratios.

What Is It
For the traits that Mendel have studied, one allele is completely dominant over the other. Thus, the
phenotype of the resulting heterozygote offspring is identical to that of the homozygous dominant parent.
However, there are some genes in heterozygote offspring that do not share the phenotype of either parent.
Just like the one given in the problem above. Let us try to see and discover. If we are going to make a
Punnett Square from it, it would look like the figure below.

Figure 1. A Punnett square showing a cross between a red and a white four o’clock flower and its
offspring

MMS Department - LAS No. 2 - Page 1 of 5


S.Y. 2020 - 2021
EMETERIO-FEDERICA GEREZ NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Brgy. San Agustin, Babatngon, Leyte Q1
303421 JHS LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET WK4

 What are the genotypes of the offspring?


A genotype is an individual's collection of genes. In the example that follows, RR and WW
are the possible genotypes of a four o’clock flower. When a true-breeding, pure red-flowered four
o’clock plant (represented by RR) crosses with a true-breeding, pure white-flowered four o’clock
plant (represented by WW), their offspring are all pink-flowered plants (represented by RW) which
are heterozygous. They neither produced red nor white-flowered plants because neither of the two is
completely dominant.
 What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios?
In incomplete dominance, one-half of the gametes of the heterozygotes (pink flowers) carry
the allele for the red flower and the other one-half of it carry the allele for the white flower. Thus, the
results of a heterozygote self-cross can still be predicted both the genotypic and phenotypic ratios is
1:2:1. In this case, the genotypic ratio would be 1 RR: 2 RW: 1 WW, and the phenotypic ratio
would be 1:2:1 for red: pink: white.
Incomplete Dominance is the expression of blended (or intermediate) traits in a
heterozygous individual or offspring. The blended traits are coded for by two alleles inherited from
both parents. Each of the two homozygous genotypes (refers to the parents) shows a different
phenotype since they are still distinct and separated from each other. The resulting phenotype of the
heterozygote is typically in between the two different homozygote phenotypes.
Examples of this include petal coloration in some flower species (such as carnations and four
o’clock flowers), curliness of human hair, and human hypercholesterolemia (also called high
cholesterol, is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood).

Points to Remember in Incomplete Dominance:


 Only the phenotype of the heterozygote is blended (or intermediate).
 The alleles of the parents (which, in this case, are red and white-
flowered plants) are still distinct and separate from each other.
 The genotypic ratio also becomes the phenotypic ratio since half of the
gametes of the offspring carry half of both the parents.

Codominance

What’s New

Another pattern of inheritance that does not follow Mendel’s principles is Codominance. Read and analyze the problem
below.

A red bull, which is a male cattle (CRCR) mated with a white female cow (CWCW). Predict the possible offspring by filling
up the Punnett square.

CW CW

CR

CR

What Is It
In cattle, there are 3 different phenotypes. Those with red coats are homozygous for the
red coat allele. Those with white coats are homozygous for the white coat allele. Lastly,
those cattle with red hairs mixed with white hairs are said to be heterozygous and appears roan. The
appearance of roan coats is due to the codominance of the red and white coat color alleles.
In summary:
Cattle and Horse Coat Color

MMS Department - LAS No. 2 - Page 2 of 5


S.Y. 2020 - 2021
EMETERIO-FEDERICA GEREZ NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Brgy. San Agustin, Babatngon, Leyte Q1
303421 JHS LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET WK4

Genotype Resulting Phenotype


CRCR Red coat
CWCW White coat
CRCW Roan coat (red hairs mixed with white)

In the given problem above, if we are to construct a Punnett square, it would look like the figure
below.

Illustration by Chris T. Sagarino

Figure 2. Codominance in cattle

 Predict the possible offspring of the parents.


As shown in the Punnett Square above, if a pure red bull mates with a pure white cow, all their
offspring will express both the alleles of the red bull and white cow. Thus, cattle with roan coat are
produced with the said mating of parents. The white coat has red patches on it.
Codominance is another form of intermediate inheritance that does not follow Mendel’s laws. In
this form of inheritance, the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote offspring are fully expressed or
exhibited. As a result, the offspring’s phenotype is the combination of the parent’s phenotypes.
Therefore, the trait is neither dominant nor recessive. Just like in incomplete dominance, the
genotypic ratio becomes the phenotypic ratio. Examples of this include A and B blood types in humans,
sickle-cell disease, and coat color in cattle and horses.

Points to Remember in Codominance:


 The phenotype of the heterozygote is a combination of the phenotypes
of the homozygous parents.
 The trait is neither dominant nor recessive.
 Just like in incomplete dominance, the genotypic ratio becomes the
phenotypic ratio.

Multiple Alleles
What’s New

The work of Mendel on garden peas and his proposal on his genetic laws suggested that a specific gene
is controlled by just two alleles. In our case today, we can say that it’s not always the situation. Multiple
alleles may exist in a population level and different individuals in the population may have different pairs
of alleles despite the fact that humans and other diploid organisms can only have two alleles controlling a
gene.Let’s consider this situation in the human ABO Blood Group system.
A homozygous A male marries a heterozygous B female. Fill up the Punnett square below and answer the question.

IB i

IA

IA

MMS Department - LAS


1. What would be the possible blood types of their children? No. 2 -
_____________________ Page 3 of 5
S.Y. 2020 - 2021
EMETERIO-FEDERICA GEREZ NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Brgy. San Agustin, Babatngon, Leyte Q1
303421 JHS LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET WK4

What Is It
In humans, the ABO Blood Group system is a character governed by multiple alleles. There
are 3 alleles that governed this system: I A, IB and i.

In summary:
Phenotypes Genotypes
Type A I I (homozygous), IAi (heterozygous)
A A

Type B IBIB (homozygous), IBi (heterozygous)


Type AB IAIB
Type O ii

Let us try to solve the problem presented earlier in this lesson by making a Punnett square to show the
cross between parents. It would look like the one shown below.

FEMALE
MALE
IB i

IA IAIB IAi

IA IAIB IAi

• What would be the possible blood types of their children?


Based on the Punnett square above, the possible blood types of their children are Type AB and
Type A.
• What is the percentage of having a type O child?
If we take a look back at the Punnett square, it is clearly seen that there is no Type O in the boxes.
Therefore, there is 0% chance of having a Type O child.

Points to Remember in Multiple Alleles:


 There are more than two alleles controlling a gene pair.
 More than two phenotypes are exhibited or expressed in the
offsprings.
 In the ABO Blood Group system:
 Alleles IA and IB are codominant of each other
 Alleles IA and IB are dominant over the i allele
 Allele i i is always recessive.

Prepared by:

ARLENE R. RAAGAS
Science Teacher
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene Protocols at all times. Please include this in All Learning Activity Sheets.
Contact Number: 09560762385

MMS Department - LAS No. 2 - Page 4 of 5


S.Y. 2020 - 2021
EMETERIO-FEDERICA GEREZ NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Brgy. San Agustin, Babatngon, Leyte Q1
303421 JHS LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET WK4

MMS Department - LAS No. 2 - Page 5 of 5

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