SOLUTIONS TO 18.

01 EXERCISES

Unit 1. Differentiation

1A. Graphing

1A-1,2 a) y = (x − 1)2 − 2
b) y = 3(x2 + 2x) + 2 = 3(x + 1)2 − 1

2 2
1 1

-2 -1 -2 1

1a 1b 2a 2b

(−x)3 − 3x −x3 − 3x
1A-3 a) f (−x) = 4
= = −f (x), so it is odd.
1 − (−x) 1 − x4
b) (sin(−x))2 = (sin x)2 , so it is even.
odd
c) , so it is odd
even
d) (1 − x)4 6= ±(1 + x)4 : neither.
e) J0 ((−x)2 ) = J0 (x2 ), so it is even.

1A-4 a) p(x) = pe (x) + po (x), where pe (x) is the sum of the even powers and po (x) is the
sum of the odd powers
f (x) + f (−x) f (x) − f (−x)
b) f (x) = +
2 2
f (x) + f (−x) f (x) − f (−x)
F (x) = is even and G(x) = is odd because
2 2
f (−x) + f (−(−x)) f (x) − f (−x)
F (−x) = = F (x); G(−x) = = −G(−x).
2 2
c) Use part b:
1 1 2a 2a
+ = = 2 even
x + a −x + a (x + a)(−x + a) a − x2
1 1 −2x −2x
− = = 2 odd
x + a −x + a (x + a)(−x + a) a − x2
1 a x
=⇒ = 2 − 2
x+a a − x2 a − x2
c
David Jerison and MIT 1996, 2003
 S. 18.01 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES

x−1 3y + 1
1A-5 a) y = . Crossmultiply and solve for x, getting x = , so the inverse
2x + 3 1 − 2y
3x + 1
function is .
1 − 2x
b) y = x2 + 2x = (x + 1)2 − 1
(Restrict domain to x ≤ −1, so when it’s flipped about
√ the diagonal y = x, you’ll still
get the√graph of a function.) Solving for x, we get x = y + 1 − 1, so the inverse function
is y = x + 1 − 1 .

g(x) g(x)
f(x)

f(x)

5a 5b

√
√ 3 π
√
1A-6 a) A = 1 + 3 = 2, tan c = ,c= 3. So sin x + 3 cos x = 2 sin(x + π3 ) .
1
√ π
b) 2 sin(x − )
4
π
1A-7 a) 3 sin(2x − π) = 3 sin 2(x − ), amplitude 3, period π, phase angle π/2.
2
π
b) −4 cos(x + ) = 4 sin x amplitude 4, period 2π, phase angle 0.
2
3 4

π 2π π 2π

-3 -4

7a 7b

1A-8
f (x) odd =⇒ f (0) = −f (0) =⇒ f (0) = 0.
So f (c) = f (2c) = · · · = 0, also (by periodicity, where c is the period).

1A-9
3
2
-8 -4 4 8 12
-7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5

-1
9c -6
9ab period = 4

c) The graph is made up of segments joining (0, −6) to (4, 3) to (8, −6). It repeats in
a zigzag with period 8. * This can be derived using:
x/2 − 1 = −1 =⇒ x = 0 and g(0) = 3f (−1) − 3 = −6
x/2 − 1 = 1 =⇒ x = 4 and g(4) = 3f (1) − 3 = 3
x/2 − 1 = 3 =⇒ x = 8 and g(8) = 3f (3) − 3 = −6
 1. DIFFERENTIATION

1B. Velocity and rates of change

1B-1 a) h = height of tube = 400 − 16t2 .

h(2) − h(0) (400 − 16 · 22 ) − 400

average speed = = −32ft/sec
2 2

(The minus sign means the test tube is going down. You can also do this whole problem
using the function s(t) = 16t2 , representing the distance down measured from the top. Then
all the speeds are positive instead of negative.)
b) Solve h(t) = 0 (or s(t) = 400) to find landing time t = 5. Hence the average speed
for the last two seconds is

h(5) − h(3) 0 − (400 − 16 · 32 )

= = −128ft/sec
2 2

c)

h(t) − h(5) 400 − 16t2 − 0 16(5 − t)(5 + t)

= =
t−5 t−5 t−5
= −16(5 + t) → −160ft/sec as t → 5

1B-2 A tennis ball bounces so that its initial speed straight upwards is b feet per second.
Its height s in feet at time t seconds is

s = bt − 16t2

a)

s(t + h) − s(t) b(t + h) − 16(t + h)2 − (bt − 16t2 )

=
h h
bt + bh − 16t2 − 32th − 16h2 − bt + 16t2
=
h
bh − 32th − 16h2
=
h
= b − 32t − 16h → b − 32t as h → 0

Therefore, v = b − 32t.
b) The ball reaches its maximum height exactly when the ball has finished going up.
This is time at which v(t) = 0, namely, t = b/32. v
2 b
c) The maximum height is s(b/32) = b /64. s
d) The graph of v is a straight line with slope
−32. The graph of s is a parabola with maximum b/32
t t
at place where v = 0 at t = b/32 and landing time b/32 b/16
at t = b/16. graph of velocity graph of position
 S. 18.01 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES

e) If the initial velocity on the first bounce was b1 = b, and

√ the velocity of the second
bounce is b2 , then b22 /64 = (1/2)b21 /64. Therefore, b2 = b1 / 2. The second bounce is at
b1 /16 + b2 /16. (continued →)
f) If the ball continues to bounce then the landing times form a geometric series
√ √
b1 /16 + b2 /16 + b3 /16 + · · · = b/16 + b/16 2 + b/16( 2)2 + · · ·
√ √
= (b/16)(1 + (1/ 2) + (1/ 2)2 + · · · )
b/16
= √
1 − (1/ 2)
√
Put another way, the ball stops bouncing after 1/(1 − (1/ 2)) ≈ 3.4 times the length of
time the first bounce.

1C. Slope and derivative.

1C-1 a)

π(r + h)2 − πr2 π(r2 + 2rh + h2 ) − πr2 π(2rh + h2 )

= =
h h h
= π(2r + h)
→ 2πr as h → 0

b)

(4π/3)(r + h)3 − (4π/3)r3 (4π/3)(r3 + 3r2 h + 3rh2 + h3 ) − (4π/3)r3

=
h h
(4π/3)(3r2 h + 3rh2 + h3 )
=
h
= (4π/3)(3r2 + 3rh + h2 )
→ 4πr2 as h → 0

f (x) − f (a) (x − a)g(x) − 0

1C-2 = = g(x) → g(a) as x → a.
x−a x−a
1C-3 a)
   
1 1 1 1 2x + 1 − (2(x + h) + 1)
− =
h 2(x + h) + 1 2x + 1 h (2(x + h) + 1)(2x + 1)
 
1 −2h
=
h (2(x + h) + 1)(2x + 1)
−2
=
(2(x + h) + 1)(2x + 1)
−2
−→ as h → 0
(2x + 1)2
 1. DIFFERENTIATION

b)

2(x + h)2 + 5(x + h) + 4 − (2x2 + 5x + 4) 2x2 + 4xh + 2h2 + 5x + 5h − 2x2 − 5x

=
h h
4xh + 2h2 + 5h
= = 4x + 2h + 5
h
−→ 4x + 5 as h → 0

c)

1 (x2 + 1) − ((x + h)2 + 1)

   
1 1 1
− =
h (x + h)2 + 1 x2 + 1 h ((x + h)2 + 1)(x2 + 1)
1 x + 1 − x2 − 2xh − h2 − 1
 2 
=
h ((x + h)2 + 1)(x2 + 1)
−2xh − h2
 
1
=
h ((x + h)2 + 1)(x2 + 1)
−2x − h
=
((x + h)2 + 1)(x2 + 1)
−2x
−→ 2 as h → 0
(x + 1)2

d) Common denominator:
  √ √ 
1 1 1 1 x− x+h
√ −√ = √ √
h x+h x h x+h x
√ √
Now simplify the numerator by multiplying numerator and denominator by x + x + h,
and using (a − b)(a + b) = a2 − b2 :
√ √
( x)2 − ( x + h)2
   
1 1 x − (x + h)
√ √ √ √ = √ √ √ √
h x + h x( x + x + h) h x + h x( x + x + h)
 
1 −h
= √ √ √ √
h x + h x( x + x + h)
 
−1
= √ √ √ √
x + h x( x + x + h)
−1 1
−→ √ 3 = − x−3/2 as h → 0
2( x) 2

e) For part (a), −2/(2x + 1)2 < 0, so there are no points where the slope is 1 or 0. For
slope −1,
√ √
−2/(2x + 1)2 = −1 =⇒ (2x + 1)2 = 2 =⇒ 2x + 1 = ± 2 =⇒ x = −1/2 ± 2/2

For part (b), the slope is 0 at x = −5/4, 1 at x = −1 and −1 at x = −3/2.

1C-4 Using Problem 3,

 S. 18.01 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES

a) f ′ (1) = −2/9 and f (1) = 1/3, so y = −(2/9)(x − 1) + 1/3 = (−2x + 5)/9

b) f (a) = 2a2 + 5a + 4 and f ′ (a) = 4a + 5, so

y = (4a + 5)(x − a) + 2a2 + 5a + 4 = (4a + 5)x − 2a2 + 4

c) f (0) = 1 and f ′ (0) = 0, so y = 0(x − 0) + 1, or y = 1.

√
d) f (a) = 1/ a and f ′ (a) = −(1/2)a−3/2 , so
√
y = −(1/2)a3/2 (x − a) + 1/ a = −a−3/2 x + (3/2)a−1/2

1C-5 Method 1. y ′ (x) = 2(x − 1), so the tangent line through (a, 1 + (a − 1)2 ) is

y = 2(a − 1)(x − a) + 1 + (a − 1)2

In order to see if the origin is on this line, plug in x = 0 and y = 0, to get the following
equation for a.

0 = 2(a − 1)(−a) + 1 + (a − 1)2 = −2a2 + 2a + 1 + a2 − 2a + 1 = −a2 + 2

√
Therefore a = ± 2 and the two tangent lines through the origin are
√ √
y = 2( 2 − 1)x and y = −2( 2 + 1)x

(Because these are lines throught the origin, the constant terms must cancel: this is a good
check of your algebra!)
Method 2. Seek tangent lines of the form y = mx. Suppose that y = mx meets
y = 1 + (x − 1)2 , at x = a, then ma = 1 + (a − 1)2 . In addition we want the slope
y ′ (a) = 2(a − 1) to be equal to m, so m = 2(a − 1). Substituting for m we find

2(a − 1)a = 1 + (a − 1)2

√ √
This is the same equation as in method 1: a2 − 2 = 0, so a = ± 2 and m = 2(± 2 − 1),
and the two tangent lines through the origin are as above,
√ √
y = 2( 2 − 1)x and y = −2( 2 + 1)x

1C-6

2
-2 4
2
-2

-2
(even) (odd) period = 6
5a 5b 5c 5d 5e
 1. DIFFERENTIATION

1D. Limits and continuity

1D-1 Calculate the following limits if they exist. If they do not exist, then indicate whether
they are +∞, −∞ or undefined.
a) −4
b) 8/3
c) undefined (both ±∞ are possible)
d) Note that 2 − x is negative when x > 2, so the limit is −∞
e) Note that 2 − x is positive when x < 2, so the limit is +∞ (can also be written ∞)
4x2 4x ∞
f) = → = ∞ as x → ∞
x−2 1 − (2/x) 1
4x2 4x2 − 4x(x − 2) 8x 8
g) − 4x = = = → 8 as x → ∞
x−2 x−2 x−2 1 − (2/x)
x2 + 2x + 3 1 + (2/x) + (3/x2 ) 1
i) = → as x → ∞
3x2 − 2x + 4 3 − (2/x) + 4/x2 ) 3
x−2 x−2 1 1
j) 2
= = → as x → 2
x −4 (x − 2)(x + 2) x+2 4
√ 1 1
1D-2 a) lim x=0 b) lim =∞ lim = −∞
x→0+ x→1+ x−1 x→1− x−1
c) lim (x − 1)−4 = ∞ (left and right hand limits are same)
x→1

d) lim | sin x| = 0 (left and right hand limits are same)

x→0

|x| |x|
e) lim =1 lim = −1
x→0+ x x→0− x
1D-3 a) x = 2 removable x = −2 infinite b) x = 0, ±π, ±2π, ... infinite
c) x = 0 removable d) x = 0 removable e) x = 0 jump f) x = 0 removable

1D-4

(−1,1)
2 (0,.5)

4a 4b

1D-5 a) for continuity, want ax + b = 1 when x = 1. Ans.: all a, b such that a + b = 1

2
dy d(x ) d(ax + b)
b) = = 2x = 2 when x = 1 . We have also = a. Therefore, to
′
dx dx dx
make f (x) continuous, we want a = 2.
Combining this with the condition a + b=1 from part (a), we get finally b = −1, a = 2.
 S. 18.01 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES

1D-6 a) f (0) = 02 + 4 · 0 + 1 = 1. Match the function values:

f (0− ) = lim ax + b = b, so b = 1 by continuity.

x→0

Next match the slopes:

f ′ (0+ ) = lim 2x + 4 = 4
x→0

and f ′ (0− ) = a. Therefore, a = 4, since f ′ (0) exists.

b)
f (1) = 12 + 4 · 1 + 1 = 6 and f (1− ) = lim ax + b = a + b
x→1

Therefore continuity implies a + b = 6. The slope from the right is

f ′ (1+ ) = lim 2x + 4 = 6
x→1

Therefore, this must equal the slope from the left, which is a. Thus, a = 6 and b = 0.

1D-7
f (1) = c12 + 4 · 1 + 1 = c + 5 and f (1− ) = lim ax + b = a + b
x→1

Therefore, by continuity, c + 5 = a + b. Next, match the slopes from left and right:

f ′ (1+ ) = lim 2cx + 4 = 2c + 4 and f ′ (1− ) = lim a = a

x→1 x→1

Therefore,
a = 2c + 4 and b = −c + 1.
1D-8
a)
f (0) = sin(2 · 0) = 0 and f (0+ ) = lim ax + b = b
x→0

Therefore, continuity implies b = 0. The slope from each side is

f ′ (0− ) = lim 2 cos(2x) = 2 and f ′ (0+ ) = lim a = a

x→0 x→0

Therefore, we need a 6= 2 in order that f not be differentiable.

b)
f (0) = cos(2 · 0) = 1 and f (0+ ) = lim ax + b = b
x→0

Therefore, continuity implies b = 1. The slope from each side is

f ′ (0− ) = lim −2 sin(2x) = 0 and f ′ (0+ ) = lim a = a

x→0 x→0

Therefore, we need a 6= 0 in order that f not be differentiable.

1D-9 There cannot be any such values because every differentiable function is continuous.
 1. DIFFERENTIATION

1E: Differentiation formulas: polynomials, products, quotients

1E-1 Find the derivative of the following polynomials

a) 10x9 + 15x4 + 6x2
b) 0 (e2 + 1 ≈ 8.4 is a constant and the derivative of a constant is zero.)
c) 1/2
d) By the product rule: (3x2 + 1)(x5 + x2 ) + (x3 + x)(5x4 + 2x) = 8x7 + 6x5 + 5x4 + 3x2 .
Alternatively, multiply out the polynomial first to get x8 +x6 +x5 +x3 and then differentiate.

1E-2 Find the antiderivative of the following polynomials

a) ax2 /2 + bx + c, where a and b are the given constants and c is a third constant.
b) x7 /7 + (5/6)x6 + x4 + c
c) The only way to get at this is to multiply it out: x6 + 2x3 + 1. Now you can take
the antiderivative of each separate term to get

x7 x4
+ +x+c
7 2

Warning: The answer is not (1/3)(x3 + 1)3 . (The derivative does not match if you apply
the chain rule, the rule to be treated below in E4.)

1E-3 y ′ = 3x2 + 2x − 1 = 0 =⇒ (3x − 1)(x + 1) = 0. Hence x = 1/3 or x = −1 and the

points are (1/3, 49/27) and (−1, 3)

1E-4 a) f (0) = 4, and f (0− ) = lim 5x5 + 3x4 + 7x2 + 8x + 4 = 4. Therefore the function
x→0
is continuous for all values of the parameters.

f ′ (0+ ) = lim 2ax + b = b and f ′ (0− ) = lim 25x4 + 12x3 + 14x + 8 = 8

x→0 x→0

Therefore, b = 8 and a can have any value.

b) f (1) = a + b + 4 and f (1+ ) = 5 + 3 + 7 + 8 + 4 = 27. So by continuity,

a + b = 23

f ′ (1− ) = lim 2ax + b = 2a + b; f ′ (1+ ) = lim 25x4 + 12x3 + 14x + 8 = 59.

x→1 x→1

Therefore, differentiability implies

2a + b = 59
Subtracting the first equation, a = 59 − 23 = 36 and hence b = −13.

1 1 − 2ax − x2 −x2 − 4x − 1
1E-5 a) b) c)
(1 + x)2 (x2 + 1)2 (x2 − 1)2
d) 3x2 − 1/x2
 S. 18.01 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES

1F. Chain rule, implicit differentiation

1F-1 a) Let u = (x2 + 2)

d 2 du d 2
u = u = (2x)(2u) = 4x(x2 + 2) = 4x3 + 8x
dx dx du
Alternatively,
d 2 d 4
(x + 2)2 = (x + 4x2 + 4) = 4x3 + 8x
dx dx
d 100 du d 100
b) Let u = (x2 + 2); then u = u = (2x)(100u99 ) = (200x)(x2 + 2)99 .
dx dx du
1F-2 Product rule and chain rule:

10x9 (x2 + 1)10 + x10 [10(x2 + 1)9 (2x)] = 10(3x2 + 1)x9 (x2 + 1)9

1F-3 y = x1/n =⇒ y n = x =⇒ ny n−1 y ′ = 1. Therefore,

1 1 1−n 1 1
y′ = = y = x n −1
ny n−1 n n

1F-4 (1/3)x−2/3 + (1/3)y −2/3 y ′ = 0 implies

y ′ = −x−2/3 y 2/3

Put u = 1 − x1/3 . Then y = u3 , and the chain rule implies

dy du
= 3u2 = 3(1 − x1/3 )2 (−(1/3)x−2/3 ) = −x−2/3 (1 − x1/3 )2
dx dx
The chain rule answer is the same as the one using implicit differentiation because

y = (1 − x1/3 )3 =⇒ y 2/3 = (1 − x1/3 )2

1F-5 Implicit differentiation gives cos x + y ′ cos y = 0. Horizontal slope means y ′ = 0,

so that cos x = 0. These are the points x = π/2 + kπ for every integer k. Recall that
sin(π/2 + kπ) = (−1)k , i.e., 1 if k is even and −1 if k is odd. Thus at x = π/2 + kπ,
±1 + sin y = 1/2, or sin y = ∓1 + 1/2. But sin y = 3/2 has no solution, so the only
solutions are when k is even and in that case sin y = −1 + 1/2, so that y = −π/6 + 2nπ or
y = 7π/6 + 2nπ. In all there are two grids of points at the vertices of squares of side 2π,
namely the points

(π/2 + 2kπ, −π/6 + 2nπ) and (π/2 + 2kπ, 7π/6 + 2nπ); k, n any integers.

1F-6 Following the hint, let z = −x. If f is even, then f (x) = f (z) Differentiating and
using the chain rule:

f ′ (x) = f ′ (z)(dz/dx) = −f ′ (z) because dz/dx = −1

But this means that f ′ is odd. Similarly, if g is odd, then g(x = −g(z). Differentiating and
using the chain rule:

g ′ (x) = −g ′ (z)(dz/dx) = g ′ (z) because dz/dx = −1

 1. DIFFERENTIATION

dD 1 x−a
1F-7 a) = ((x − a)2 + y0 2 )−1/2 (2(x − a)) = p
dx 2 (x − a)2 + y0 2
dm −1 −2v m0 v
b) = m0 · (1 − v 2 /c2 )−3/2 · 2 = 2
dv 2 c c (1 − v 2 /c2 )3/2
dF 3 −3mgr
c) = mg · (− )(1 + r2 )−5/2 · 2r =
dr 2 (1 + r2 )5/2
dQ −6bt a a(1 − 5bt2 )
d) = at · 2 4
+ 2 3
=
dt (1 + bt ) (1 + bt ) (1 + bt2 )4

1 2 1 −r2 −r
1F-8 a) V = πr h =⇒ 0 = π(2rr′ h + r2 ) =⇒ r′ = =
3 3 2rh 2h
cP V c−1 cP
b) P V c = nRT =⇒ P ′ V c + P · cV c−1 = 0 =⇒ P ′ = − =−
Vc V
c) c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos θ implies

−2b + 2 cos θ · a a cos θ − b

0 = 2aa′ + 2b − 2(cos θ(a′ b + a)) =⇒ a′ = =
2a − 2 cos θ · b a − b cos θ

1G. Higher derivatives

−10 −10
1G-1 a) 6 − x−3/2 b) c) d) 0
(x + 5)3 (x + 5)3

1G-2 If y ′′′ = 0, then y ′′ = c0 , a constant. Hence y ′ = c0 x + c1 , where c1 is some other

constant. Next, y = c0 x2 /2 + c1 x + c2 , where c2 is yet another constant. Thus, y must be
a quadratic polynomial, and any quadratic polynomial will have the property that its third
derivative is identically zero.

1G-3
x2 y2 2x 2yy ′
+ = 1 =⇒ + 2 = 0 =⇒ y ′ = −(b2 /a2 )(x/y)
a2 b2 a2 b
Thus,

b2
 2
y + x(b2 /a2 )(x/y)

  
y − xy ′ b
y ′′ = − = −
a2 y2 a2 y2
 4 
b b4
=− 3 2
(y 2 /b2 + x2 /a2 ) = − 2 3
y a a y

1G-4 y = (x + 1)−1 , so y (1) = −(x + 1)−2 , y (2) = (−1)(−2)(x + 1)−3 , and

y (3) = (−1)(−2)(−3)(x + 1)−4 .

The pattern is
y (n) = (−1)n (n!)(x + 1)−n−1
 S. 18.01 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES

1G-5 a) y ′ = u′ v + uv ′ =⇒ y ′′ = u′′ v + 2u′ v ′ + uv ′′

b) Formulas above do coincide with Leibniz’s formula for n = 1 and n = 2. To calculate
y (p+q) where y = xp (1 +x) q
, use u = xp and v = (1 + x)q . The only term in the Leibniz
n (p) (q)
formula that is not 0 is u v , since in all other terms either one factor or the other
k
is 0. If u = xp , u(p) = p!, so
 
(p+q) n n!
y = p!q! = · p!q! = n!
p p!q!

1H. Exponentials and Logarithms: Algebra

y0 1
1H-1 a) To see when y = y0 /2, we must solve the equation = y0 e−kt , or 2 = e−kt .
2
ln 2
Take ln of both sides: − ln 2 = −kt, from which t = .
k
− ln 2 1
b) y1 = y0 ekt1 by assumption, λ = y0 ek(t1 +λ) = y0 ekt1 · ekλ = y1 · e− ln 2 = y1 ·
k 2
1H-2 pH = − log10 [H + ]; by assumption, [H + ]dil = 12 [H + ]orig . Take − log10 of both sides
(note that log 2 ≈ .3):
− log [H + ]dil = log 2 − log [H + ]orig =⇒ pHdil = pHorig + log2 .

1H-3 a) ln(y + 1) + ln(y − 1) = 2x + ln x; exponentiating both sides and solving for y:

√
(y + 1) · (y − 1) = e2x · x =⇒ y 2 − 1 = xe2x =⇒ y = xe2x + 1, since y > 0.
y+1 2
b) log(y+1)−log(y−1) = −x2 ; exponentiating, = 10−x . Solve for y; to simplify
y−1
2
2 A+1 10−x + 1
the algebra, let A = 10−x . Crossmultiplying, y + 1 = Ay − A =⇒ y = = −x2
A−1 10 −1
c) 2 ln y − ln(y + 1) = x; exponentiating both sides and solving for y:
√
y2 x 2 x x ex e2x + 4ex
= e =⇒ y − e y − e = 0 =⇒ y = , since y − 1 > 0.
y+1 2
ln a log a
= c ⇒ ln a = c ln b ⇒ a = ec ln b = eln b = bc . Similarly, = c ⇒ a = bc .
c
1H-4
ln b log b

u2 + 1
1H-5 a) Put u = ex (multiply top and bottom by ex first): = y; this gives
u2 − 1
y+1 y+1 1 y+1
u2 = = e2x ; taking ln: 2x = ln( ), x= ln( )
y−1 y−1 2 y−1
1
b) ex +e−x = y; putting u = ex gives u+ = y ; solving for u gives u2 −yu+1 = 0
p u p
y ± y2 − 4 x y ± y2 − 4
so that u = = e ; taking ln: x = ln( )
2 2
1H-6 A = log e · ln 10 = ln(10log e ) = ln(e) = 1 ; similarly, logb a · loga b = 1
 1. DIFFERENTIATION

1H-7 a) If I1 is the intensity of the jet and I2 is the intensity of the conversation, then
 
I1 /I0
log10 (I1 /I2 ) = log10 = log10 (I1 /I0 ) − log10 (I2 /I0 ) = 13 − 6 = 7
I2 /I0

Therefore, I1 /I2 = 107 .

b) I = C/r2 and I = I1 when r = 50 implies

I1 = C/502 =⇒ C = I1 502 =⇒ I = I1 502 /r2

This shows that when r = 100, we have I = I1 502 /1002 = I1 /4 . It follows that

10 log10 (I/I0 ) = 10 log10 (I1 /4I0 ) = 10 log10 (I1 /I0 ) − 10 log10 4 ≈ 130 − 6.0 ≈ 124

The sound at 100 meters is 124 decibels.

The sound at 1 km has 1/100 the intensity of the sound at 100 meters, because 100m/1km =
1/10.
10 log10 (1/100) = 10(−2) = −20
so the decibel level is 124 − 20 = 104.

1I. Exponentials and Logarithms: Calculus

2 2
1I-1 a) (x + 1)ex b) 4xe2x c) (−2x)e−x d) ln x e) 2/x f) 2(ln x)/x g) 4xe2x
′
h) (xx )′ = ex ln x = (x ln x)′ ex ln x = (ln x + 1)ex ln x = (1 + ln x)xx

i) (ex − e−x )/2 j) (ex + e−x )/2 k) −1/x l) −1/x(ln x)2 m) −2ex/(1 + ex )2

1I-2 1

(even)
1I-3 a) As n → ∞, h = 1/n → 0.

1 ln(1 + h) ln(1 + h) − ln(1) d 
n ln(1 + ) = = −→ ln(1 + x) =1
n h h h→0 dx x=0

Therefore,
1
lim n ln(1 + )=1
n→∞ n

b) Take the logarithm of both sides. We need to show

1 n
lim ln(1 + ) = ln e = 1
n→∞ n
But
1 n 1
ln(1 + ) = n ln(1 + )
n n
so the limit is the same as the one in part (a).
 S. 18.01 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES

1I-4 a)
 3n  n 3
1 1
1+ = 1+ −→ e3 as n → ∞,
n n

b) Put m = n/2. Then

 5n  10m  m 10
2 1 1
1+ = 1+ = 1+ −→ e10 as m → ∞
n m m

c) Put m = 2n. Then

 5n  5m/2  m 5/2
1 1 1
1+ = 1+ = 1+ −→ e5/2 as m → ∞
2n m m

1J. Trigonometric functions

1J-1 a) 10x cos(5x2 ) b) 6 sin(3x) cos(3x) c) −2 sin(2x)/ cos(2x) = −2 tan(2x)

d) −2 sin x/(2 cos x) = − tan x. (Why did the factor 2 disappear? Because ln(2 cos x) =
ln 2 + ln(cos x), and the derivative of the constant ln 2 is zero.)
x cos x − sin x 2
e) f) −(1 + y ′ ) sin(x + y) g) − sin(x + y) h) 2 sin x cos xesin x
x2
(x2 sin x)′ 2x sin x + x2 cos x 2
i) 2
= = + cot x. Alternatively,
x sin x x2 sin x x

ln(x2 sin x) = ln(x2 ) + ln(sin x) = 2 ln x + ln sin x

2 cos x 2
Differentiating gives + = + cot x
x sin x x
j) 2e2x sin(10x) + 10e2x cos(10x) k) 6 tan(3x) sec2 (3x) = 6 sin x/ cos3 x
√ √
l) −x(1 − x2 )−1/2 sec( 1 − x2 ) tan( 1 − x2 )
m) Using the chain rule repeatedly and the trigonometric double angle formulas,

(cos2 x − sin2 x)′ = −2 cos x sin x − 2 sin x cos x = −4 cos x sin x;

(2 cos2 x)′ = −4 cos x sin x;
(cos(2x))′ = −2 sin(2x) = −2(2 sin x cos x).

The three functions have the same derivative, so they differ by constants. And indeed,

cos(2x) = cos2 x − sin2 x = 2 cos2 x − 1, (using sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x).

n)

5(sec(5x) tan(5x)) tan(5x) + 5(sec(5x)(sec2 (5x)) = 5 sec(5x)(sec2 (5x) + tan2 (5x))

Other forms: 5 sec(5x)(2 sec2 (5x) − 1); 10 sec3 (5x) − 5 sec(5x)

 1. DIFFERENTIATION

o) 0 because sec2 (3x) − tan2 (3x) = 1, a constant — or carry it out for practice.
p) Successive use of the chain rule:
p p 1
(sin ( x2 + 1))′ = cos ( x2 + 1) · (x2 + 1)−1/2 · 2x
2
x p
=√ cos ( x2 + 1)
x2 + 1

q) Chain rule several times in succession:

p p p −x
(cos2 1 − x2 )′ = 2 cos 1 − x2 · (− sin 1 − x2 ) · √
1 − x2
x p
=√ sin(2 1 − x2 )
1 − x2

r) Chain rule again:

 
2 x x x x+1−x
tan ( ) = 2 tan( ) · sec2 ( )·
x+1 x+1 x+1 (x + 1)2
2 x x
= tan( ) sec2 ( )
(x + 1)2 x+1 x+1

1J-2 Because cos(π/2) = 0,

cos x cos x − cos(π/2) d

lim = lim = cos x|x=π/2 = − sin x|x=π/2 = −1
x→π/2 x − π/2 x→π/2 x − π/2 dx

1J-3 a) (sin(kx))′ = k cos(kx). Hence

(sin(kx))′′ = (k cos(kx))′ = −k 2 sin(kx).

Similarly, differentiating cosine twice switches from sine and then back to cosine with only
one sign change, so
(cos(kx)′′ = −k 2 cos(kx)
Therefore,
sin(kx)′′ + k 2 sin(kx) = 0 and cos(kx)′′ + k 2 cos(kx) = 0
√
Since we are assuming k > 0, k = a.
b) This follows from the linearity of the operation of differentiation. With k 2 = a,

(c1 sin(kx) + c2 cos(kx))′′ + k 2 (c1 sin(kx) + c2 cos(kx))

= c1 (sin(kx))′′ + c2 (cos(kx))′′ + k 2 c1 sin(kx) + k 2 c2 cos(kx)
= c1 [(sin(kx))′′ + k 2 sin(kx)] + c2 [(cos(kx))′′ + k 2 cos(kx)]
= c1 · 0 + c2 · 0 = 0
 S. 18.01 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES

c) Since φ is a constant, d(kx + φ)/dx = k, and (sin(kx + φ)′ = k cos(kx + φ),

(sin(kx + φ)′′ = (k cos(kx + φ))′ = −k 2 sin(kx + φ)

Therefore, if a = k 2 ,
(sin(kx + φ)′′ + a sin(kx + φ) = 0

d) The sum formula for the sine function says

sin(kx + φ) = sin(kx) cos(φ) + cos(kx) sin(φ)

In other words
sin(kx + φ) = c1 sin(kx) + c2 cos(kx)
with c1 = cos(φ) and c2 = sin(φ).

1J-4 a) The Pythagorean theorem implies that

c2 = sin2 θ + (1 − cos θ)2 = sin2 θ + 1 − 2 cos θ + cos2 θ = 2 − 2 cos θ

Thus, r
√ 1 − cos θ
c = 2 − 2 cos θ = 2 = 2 sin(θ/2)
2

b) Each angle is θ = 2π/n, so the perimeter of the n-gon is

n sin(2π/n)

As n → ∞, h = 2π/n tends to 0, so

2π sin h − sin 0 d
n sin(2π/n) = sin h = 2π → 2π sin x|x=0 = 2π cos x|x=0 = 2π
h h dx