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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER FOR INTERMEDIATE EXAMINATION, 2025 ONWARDS
MATHEMATICS XII
(Science Pre-Engineering, Science General and Humanities Group)
Time allowed: 20 minutes Section – A Maximum Marks: 20
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Q. 1. Choose the correct answer for each of the given options.
i). To evaluate  to 5 digits, Maple command is:
✓ (a). > 𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒇(𝑷𝒊, 𝟓) (b). > 𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒇(𝟓, 𝑷𝒊) (c). > 𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒇(𝑷𝒊 ∗ 𝟓) (d). > 𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒇(𝟓𝑷𝒊)
ii). What does the expression > subs(z=2*x*y,z^2) yield in Maple?
𝟏
✓ (a). 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 (b). 𝟐𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟐 (c). 𝟐𝒙𝒚 (d). 𝟖𝒙𝟐𝒚 𝒚𝟐
iii). The interval (2, ∞) ∩ (1,3)=
(a).  2, 3 ✓ (b). ( 2,3 ) (c).  2,3) (d). ( 2,3
sin x o
iv). lim
x →0 x
180 
(a). 0 (b). 1 (c). ✓ (d).
 180
dy
v). If y = tan−1 x then =
dx
1 1 1 1
✓ (a).
( ) ( )
(b). (c). (d).
2 x+x x 1 + x2 x+ x 2 x+ x x
vi). Let f is the function with rule f ( x ) = ln2 x and ( x  0) , if g is inverse of f , then g ' ( x ) =
ln x 2 ex 2
(a). (b). ✓ (c). (d).
2 ln x 2 ex
x
vii). The 𝑛𝑡ℎ derivative of a is:
(a). n ( ln a ) a x ✓ (b). ( ln a ) a x (d). ( ln a ) a n
n n x
(c). na x ln a
2 2
viii). The slope of tangent to the curve x 3 + y 3 = 2 at ( 1,1) :
(a). 0 (b). 1 (c). 1 ✓ (d). −1
ˆ( 2t
)
ix). Differentiation w.r.t ‘ t ’ of a vector function f ( x ) = e + 1 i + sin ( 2t ) j + t k at t = 0 is:
ˆ 3ˆ

✓ (a). 2iˆ + 2 ˆj (b). 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ (c). 2 ˆj + 3kˆ (d). 2iˆ + 3kˆ
x).  ln x dx :
1
(a). +c (b). x ln x + x + c ✓ (c). x ln x − x + c (d). x + c
x
xi). ∫ 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙)𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙, where n = -1, is
𝒇𝒏+𝟏 (𝒙)
✓ (a). +𝒄 (b). 𝐥𝐧(𝒇𝒏 (𝒙)) + 𝒄 (c). 𝐥𝐧(𝒇(𝒙)) + 𝒄 (d). 𝐧 (𝒇𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙)) + 𝒄
𝒏+𝟏

xii). The point where three altitudes of the triangle meet is called:
(a). centroid (b). circumcentre (c). incentre ✓ (d). orthocentre

xiii). The equation of straight line which makes intercepts 5 and 7 on the axes respectively, is:
✓ (a). 7 x + 5 y − 35 = 0 (b). 7 x + 5 y − 1 = 0 (c). 5 x + 7 y − 35 = 0 (d). 5 x + 7 y − 1 = 0

xiv). If the circle x + y + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 touches y-axis then the radius is:

2 2

(a). f + g (b). f ✓ (c). g (d). fg

xv). If a line lx + my + n = 0 touches the circle x + y = r , then the condition of tangency is:
2 2 2

(
(a). n2 = r 2 l 2 − m 2 ) (
✓ (b). n2 = r 2 l 2 + m 2 ) (
(c). n2 = l 2 − m 2 ) (
(d). n2 = l 2 + m 2 )
xvi). The axis of parabola is also called the axis of:
(a). transverse (b). conjugate (c). rotation ✓ (d). symmetry

xvii). The foci of the ellipse 9 x + 25 y = 225 is:

2 2

✓ (a). ( 4,0 ) (b). ( 0, 4 ) (c). ( 16,0) (d). ( 0, 16)

 2 3
 d3y   d 2 y  dy
xviii). The order and degree of the differential equation  3  + 3  2  + + y = x is:
 dx   dx  dx
(a). 1,1 (b). 2, 3 ✓ (c). 3, 2 (d). 5,5
dy
xix). The general solution of the differential equation = e x − y is
dx
x− y
(a). e = c ✓ (b). e − e = c
x y
(c). e xy = c (d). e x + e − y = c
f
xx). Given that f ( x , y ) = x ln y then x = :
fy
ln x ln y x ln x y ln y
(a). (b). (c). ✓ (d).
y x y x
 INTERMEDIATE EXAMINATION – 2025 ANNUAL-ONWARD
MATHEMATICS PAPER – II (MODEL QUESTION PAPER)
Time: 02 hours 40 minutes Maximum Marks: 80
SECTION – B
(Short-Answer Questions – Marks 40)
Q. 2. Attempt any TEN part questions from this section. All questions carry equation marks.
x +1
(i). Given that f ( x ) = and g ( x ) = 2 x − 1 are two given bijective functions then show that
2
( gof )−1 = f −1og −1 .
L.H.S
𝑔𝑜𝑓 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔 ( ) = 2( )−1
2 2
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 + 1 − 1
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥
Inverse of 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
−1
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥
NOW, R.H.S
𝑓 −1 °𝑔−1
𝑥+1
𝑓(𝑥) =
2
𝑥+1
𝑦=
2
𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 1
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
For 𝑔−1 (𝑥)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑦+1
𝑥=
2
−1 (𝑥)
𝑥+1
𝑔 =
2
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑓 −1 °𝑔−1 (𝑥) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑔−1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) − 1 = 𝑥 + 1 − 1 = 𝑥
Proved
ii). Evaluate the limit. (Any one)
√𝟓+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙−𝟐
a) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝝅 𝝅−𝒙
Let 𝝅 − 𝒙 = 𝜽
When 𝒙 → 𝝅, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝜽 → 𝟎
√𝟓 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝅 − 𝜽) − 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝜽→𝟎 𝜽
√𝟓 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝜽) − 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝜽→𝟎 𝜽

√𝟓 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝜽) − 𝟐 √𝟓 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝜽) + 𝟐

𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )( )
𝜽→𝟎 𝜽 √𝟓 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝜽) + 𝟐

𝟐
(√𝟓−𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝜽)) −(𝟐)𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )
𝜽→𝟎 𝜽 (√𝟓−𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝜽)+𝟐)

𝟓− 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽−𝟒
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )
𝜽→𝟎 𝜽 (√𝟓−𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝜽)+𝟐)

𝟏− 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝜽
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) ∵ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟐
𝜽→𝟎 𝜽 (√𝟓−𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝜽)+𝟐)
𝜽
𝟏−(𝟏−𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 ( )
𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )
𝜽→𝟎 𝜽 (√𝟓−𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝜽)+𝟐)
𝜽
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 ( )
𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )
𝜽→𝟎 𝜽 (√𝟓−𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝜽)+𝟐)
𝜽 𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝜽 )
𝜽→𝟎 (√𝟓−𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝜽)+𝟐)
𝟐
 𝜽 𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝜽 ) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∵ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝜽→𝟎 𝜽→𝟎 (√𝟓−𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝜽)+𝟐) 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝟐
𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
𝟐
= (𝟏) ( )
(√𝟓−𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟎)+𝟐)
= 𝟎
√𝟓 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒙→𝝅 𝝅−𝒙
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒎𝒙
b) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙
𝒙→𝟎
𝒎𝒙
(𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 ) 𝜽
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐
𝟐
𝒏𝒙 ∵ 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟐
𝒙→𝟎 (𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 )
𝒎𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐
𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒏𝒙 )
𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟐
𝒎𝒙 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐
=𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏𝒙 )
𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐
𝒎𝒙 𝟐
𝒎𝒙 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 × 𝒎𝒙
𝟐
𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒏𝒙 )
𝒙→𝟎 𝒏𝒙 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 × 𝒏𝒙
𝟐
𝟐
𝒎𝒙 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒙
𝟐
𝒎𝒙 × 𝟐
𝟐
= (
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝒙 )
𝒙→𝟎 𝟐 𝒏𝒙
𝒏𝒙 × 𝟐
𝟐
𝒎𝒙 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒎𝒙𝟐 ×
𝒙→𝟎 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝟐
=( 𝒏𝒙 ) ∵ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐 ×𝒏𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒏𝒙 𝟐
𝟐

𝒎𝒙 𝟐
𝟐
=( 𝒏𝒙 )
𝟐
𝒎𝒙 𝟐
= ( 𝒏𝒙 )
𝒎𝟐
= 𝒏𝟐
(iii). Find the derivative of the function f ( x ) = tan x by ab-initio / first Principle method.

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = √tan 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥 +△ 𝑥) = √tan(𝑥 +△ 𝑥)
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙
𝑓(𝑥+△𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim △𝑥 △𝑥→0
√tan(𝑥 +△ 𝑥) − √tan 𝑥
=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
△𝑥→0 △𝑥
√tan(𝑥+△𝑥)−√tan 𝑥 √tan(𝑥+△𝑥)+√tan 𝑥
=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim ×
△𝑥 △𝑥→0 √tan(𝑥+△𝑥)+√tan 𝑥
2 2
(√tan(𝑥+△𝑥)) −(√tan 𝑥)
′ (𝑥)
=> 𝑓 = lim
△𝑥→0 △𝑥(√tan(𝑥+△𝑥)+√tan 𝑥)
tan(𝑥+△𝑥) − tan 𝑥
=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
△𝑥→0 △𝑥(√tan(𝑥+△𝑥)+√tan 𝑥)
1
=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim ( tan(𝑥 +△ 𝑥) − tan 𝑥)
△𝑥→0 △𝑥(√tan(𝑥+△𝑥)+√tan 𝑥)

sin (𝑥+△𝑥) sin 𝑥 1

=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim (cos (𝑥+△𝑥) − cos 𝑥 ) ( )
△𝑥→0 △𝑥(√tan(𝑥+△𝑥)+√tan 𝑥)

sin (𝑥+△𝑥) cos 𝑥−cos( 𝑥+△𝑥) sin 𝑥 1

=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim ( )( )
△𝑥→0 cos (𝑥+△𝑥) cos 𝑥 △𝑥(√tan(𝑥+△𝑥)+√tan 𝑥)

sin (𝑥+△𝑥−𝑥) 1
=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim (cos (𝑥+△𝑥) cos 𝑥 ) ( )
△𝑥→0 △𝑥(√tan(𝑥+△𝑥)+√tan 𝑥)

sin (△𝑥) 1
=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim (cos (𝑥+△𝑥) cos 𝑥 ) ( )
△𝑥→0 △𝑥(√tan(𝑥+△𝑥)+√tan 𝑥)
 sin (△𝑥) 1 1
=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim ( ) (cos (𝑥+△𝑥) cos 𝑥 ) ( )
△𝑥→0 △𝑥 (√tan(𝑥+△𝑥)+√tan 𝑥)

sin (△𝑥) 1 1
=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim ( ) lim (cos (𝑥+△𝑥) cos 𝑥 ) lim ( )
△𝑥→0 △𝑥 △𝑥→0 △𝑥→0 (√tan(𝑥+△𝑥)+√tan 𝑥)

1 1
=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1) (cos (𝑥+0) cos 𝑥 ) ( )
(√tan(𝑥+0)+√tan 𝑥)

1 1
=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1) (cos (𝑥) cos 𝑥 ) ( )
(√tan(𝑥)+√tan 𝑥)

1 1
=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1) (cos2 𝑥 ) ( )
(2√tan(𝑥))
sec2 𝑥
=> 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
2√tan(𝑥)
(iv). Obtain the first four terms of the Taylor’s series for f ( x ) = ln x centered at a = 1 .
𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 𝑓(1) = ln 1 = 0
1 1
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 𝑥 = 𝑥 −1 𝑓′(1) = 1 = 1
𝑓 ′′(𝑥) = −𝑥 −2 𝑓′′(1) = −(1)−2 = −1
𝑓 ′′′(𝑥) = 2𝑥 −3 𝑓′′′(1) = −2(−1)−3 = 2
By using Taylor’s Series
(𝑥−𝑎)2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) (𝑥−𝑎)3 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + + +⋯
2! 3!
(𝑥−1)2 (−1) (𝑥−1)3 (2)
ln 𝑥 = 0 + (𝑥 − 1) + + +⋯
2! 3!
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−1)3
ln 𝑥 = 0 + (𝑥 − 1) − + +⋯
2 3
1 ˆ 1 ˆ
(v). For what value of t , the vector function r ( t ) = ln ( t + 3 ) iˆ + j + t k is continuous.
t −1 e
1 1
𝑟⃗(𝑡) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑡 + 3) 𝑖̂ + 𝑡−1 𝑗̂ + 𝑒 𝑡 𝑘̂
𝑡 + 3 > 0, 𝑡−1 ≠ 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 𝑡 ≠ 0
𝑡 > −3, 𝑡 ≠1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−∞, ∞)
𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟⃗(𝑡) 𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠
{𝑡 | 𝑡 ∈ ℝ, 𝑡 > −3, 𝑡 ≠ 1 }
2

(x )
+ 2 x 2 dx by using basic properties.
4
(vi). Compute the definite integrals
−2
Using Basic properties
2 2
∫ (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
−2 0
2
= 2 ∫0 (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

𝑥5 2𝑥 3 2
= 2( + |
5 3 0
25 223 05 2(0)3
= 2 (( 5 + )−(5 + ))
3 3
32 16
= 2 (( 5 + ))
3
96+80 176 352
= 2( 15
) = 2 ( 15 ) = 15

(vii). Find the area, above the x-axis under the curve y = 3 x 2 + 2 between the ordinates x = 1 , x = 2 .
𝑏
Area = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
Area = ∫1 (3𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 3
Area = + 2𝑥| 12
3
3 2
Area = 𝑥 + 2𝑥| 1
Area = (23 + 2(2)) − ( 13 + 2(1))
Area = 12 − 3 =
Area = 9 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
(viii). Find the equation of the line which passes through ( 5,6 ) and y-intercept is twice that of x-
intercept.
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (5,6)
𝑏 = 2𝑎
𝑥 𝑦
Using 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1

𝑥 𝑦
+ 2𝑎 = 1
𝑎
𝑎𝑡 (5,6)
5 6
= > 𝑎 + 2𝑎 = 1
5 3
=> 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 1
8
=> =1
𝑎
𝑎=8
𝑏 = 16
Equation of line
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
8 16
2𝑥+𝑦
=> 16 = 1
=> 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16
=> 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 16 = 0
(ix). Find the acute angle between lines l1 : y = 3 x + 1 and l2 : y = −4 x + 3 .
𝑙1 : 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1 l 2 : y = −4 x + 3
𝑚1 = 3 𝑚2 = −4
For Angle
𝑚2 −𝑚1
𝜃 = tan−1 (1+𝑚 )
𝑚 1 2
−1 −4−3 −7
𝜃 = tan tan−1 (1−12)
(1+ (−4)(3)) =
−7 7
= tan−1 = tan−1 ( )
−11 11
(x). Find the equation of circle passing through origin and having intercepts 6 and 8 .
The circle passing through(0,0), (6,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,8)
Using general equations of circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑎𝑡 (0,0), 02 + 02 + 2𝑔(0) + 2𝑓(0) + 𝑐 = 0
𝑐 = 0
𝑎𝑡 (6,0), 62 + 02 + 2𝑔(6) + 2𝑓(0) + 𝑐 = 0
36 + 12𝑔 + 𝑐 = 0
36 + 12𝑔 = 0
12𝑔 = −36
𝑔 = −3
𝑎𝑡 (0,8), 02 + 82 + 2𝑔(0) + 2𝑓(8) + 𝑐 = 0
64 + 16𝑓 + 𝑐 = 0
64 + 16𝑓 = 0
16𝑓 = −64
𝑓 = −4
The equation of circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2(−3)𝑥 + 2(−4)𝑦 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 0
(xi). Find the standard equation of parabola whose latus rectum and vertex are the diameter and centre
of the circle x + y − 4 x − 8 y − 5 = 0 respectively.
2 2

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 − 5 = 0
=> 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 − 16 − 5 = 0
= > 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 − 25 = 0
=> (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 25
ℎ = 2 , 𝑘 = 4 and 𝑟 = 5
Diameter of the circle is equal to latus rectum
|4𝑎| = 10
5
𝑎=2
Axis of symmetry parallel to x-axis
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)
 5
(𝑦 − 4)2 = 4 ( ) (𝑥 − 2)
2
(𝑦 − 4)2 = 10(𝑥 − 2)

Axis of symmetry parallel to y-axis

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)
5
(𝑥 − 2)2 = 4 ( ) (𝑥 − 4)
2
(𝑥 − 2)2 = 10(𝑦 − 4)

(xii). Find the distance between foci ellipse 9 x 2 + 13 y 2 = 117 .

9𝑥 2 13𝑦 2 117
+ = 117
117 117
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
13 9
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ 𝑏2 = 1
𝑎2
2
𝑎 = 13, 𝑎 = √13
𝑏 2 = 9, 𝑎 = √9 = ±3
For c
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑐 2 = 13 − 9
𝑐2 = 4
𝑐 = ±2
Distance between foci
|2𝑐| = |2 ∗ 2| = 4

(xiii). Obtain the differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constant from the relation
y = c1e x + c2e −2 x .
Taking the derivative
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 ----(i)
𝑑𝑥
Taking derivative again
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐1𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 -----(ii)
𝑑𝑥 2
Adding (i) and (ii)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
=> 𝑑𝑥 + = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
=> 𝑑𝑥 + = 2𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
=> 𝑑𝑥 + = 2(𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
=> 𝑑𝑥 + = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
u u
(xiv). If u = x 2 ( y − x ) + y 2 ( x − y ) then show that = −2 ( x − y ) .
2
+
x y
Partial Derivative w.r.t. ‘𝑥’
𝜕𝑢 𝜕
= ((𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑥) + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦))
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= > = 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑥) + (𝑦 − 𝑥) (𝑥 2 ) + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑥 2 (0 − 1) + (𝑦 − 𝑥)(2𝑥) + 𝑦 2 (1 − 0)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= −3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥

Partial Derivative w.r.t. ‘𝑦’

𝜕𝑢 𝜕
= ((𝑥 2 (𝑦
− 𝑥) + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦))
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑥2 (𝑦 − 𝑥) + (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑦 2 ) + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑥 2 (1 + 0) + (𝑥 − 𝑦)(2𝑦) + 𝑦 2 (0 − 1)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦
 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ = −3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ = −2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ = −2(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ = −2(𝑥 − 𝑦)2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
SECTION – C
(Detailed-Answer Questions – Marks 40)
Note: Attempt any FIVE questions including compulsory Q. 3. All questions carry equal marks.

Q. 3. Evaluate any TWO of the following integrals.

(a). 
( 2 x + 1) dx
(
( x − 3) x 2 + 1 )
(2𝑥+1) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝑐
(𝑥−3)(𝑥 2 +1)
= (𝑥−3) + (𝑥 2+1)
(2𝑥+1) 𝐴(𝑥 2 +1)+(𝐵𝑥+𝐶)(𝑥−3)
=> (𝑥−3)(𝑥2+1) = (𝑥−3)(𝑥 2 +1)
2
= > 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 3)
put 𝑥 = 3
= > 2(3) + 1 = 𝐴(32 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(3 − 3)
= > 7 = 10𝐴
7
𝐴 = 10
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 3𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 3𝐶
= > 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 3𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐴 − 3𝐶
= > 2𝑥 + 1 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 2 + (−3𝐵 + 𝐶)𝑥 + (𝐴 − 3𝐶)
7
𝐴+𝐵 =0 => 𝐵 = − 10
7 20−21 1
−3𝐵 + 𝐶 = 2 = > 𝑐 = 2 + 3𝐵 = 2 + 3 (− 10) = = − 10
10
7 7 1
(2𝑥+1) − 𝑥−
10 10 10
= > (𝑥−3)(𝑥2+1) = (𝑥−3)
+ (𝑥 2 +1)

(2𝑥+1) 1 −7𝑥−1 7
=> (𝑥−3)(𝑥2+1) = (10) ((𝑥−3) + (𝑥 2 +1)
)
(2𝑥+1) 1 7 −7x 1
=> (𝑥−3)(𝑥2+1) = (10) ((x−3) + (x2+1) − (x2+1))
(2𝑥+1) 1 7 −7x 1
= > ∫ (𝑥−3)(𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥 = 10 ∫ (x−3) + (x2+1) − (x2+1) 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥+1) 1 7 7 2x 1
= > ∫ (𝑥−3)(𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥 = 10 ∫ (x−3) − 2 (x2+1) − (x2+1) 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥+1) 1 7
= > ∫ (𝑥−3)(𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥 = 10 ( 7 ln(𝑥 − 3) − 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − tan−1(𝑥)) + 𝑐
(2𝑥+1) 1
= > ∫ (𝑥−3)(𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ( 14 ln(𝑥 − 3) − 7 ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − 2 tan−1(𝑥)) + 𝑐
+1) 20

(b). ∫ 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
By Parts ∵ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙) ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒇′ (𝒙) ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅
∫ 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒙) ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ (𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒙) ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝟐 −𝟏 𝒙𝟐
= 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒙) 𝟐 − ∫ 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏−𝟏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒙) 𝟐 +𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏+𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒙) 𝟐 + 𝟐 ∫ (𝟏+𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒕 (𝒙) + 𝟐 ∫ (𝟏 + 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝟏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒙) + 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙)) + 𝒄
𝟐

(c).  a 2 − x 2 dx
By Parts ∵ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙) ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒇′ (𝒙) ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅
∫ √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) ∫(𝟏)𝒅𝒙 − ∫ √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) ∫(𝟏)𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
 𝟏 𝟏
∫ √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒙 − ∫ (𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 )−𝟐 (−𝟐𝒙) 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
=> ∫ √(𝒂 − 𝒙 ) (𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = √(𝒂 − 𝒙 ) 𝒙 − ∫(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 )(−𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

(−𝒙𝟐 )
= > ∫ √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒙 − ∫ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒂 − 𝒙 )𝟐
(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 )
= > ∫ √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒙 − ∫ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
(𝒂 − 𝒙 )𝟐 𝟐

(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) −𝒂𝟐
= > ∫ √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒙 − ∫ ( 𝟏 − ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐
(𝒂 − 𝒙 ) 𝟐

−𝒂𝟐
= > ∫ √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒙 − ∫ √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒂𝟐
√
= > 𝟐 ∫ (𝒂 − 𝒙 ) (𝟏)𝒅𝒙 √
= (𝒂 − 𝒙 ) 𝒙 + ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒙
=> 𝟐 ∫ √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙√(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄
𝒂
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
= > ∫ √(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒙√(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝒂) + 𝒄

Q. 4. Differentiate the following.

(a). y = tanh −1 tan x 3 ( )
Taking Derivative
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (tanh−1(tan 𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= (1−tan2 𝑥 3 ) (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= (1−tan2 𝑥 3 ) (sec 2 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (1−tan2 𝑥 3 ) (sec 2 𝑥 3 )(3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (sec2 𝑥 3 ) (3𝑥 2 )
=( )
𝑑𝑥 1−tan2 𝑥 3
(b). y = cos x w.r.t sin 2 x
2

Let 𝑦 = cos 2 𝑥 𝑢 = sin2 𝑥

We have to find
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) = −2 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑
= (sin2 𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 −2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= ∙ = ÷ = = −1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

Q. 5. Find a right-angled triangle of maximum area with a hypotenuse of length h .

ℎ2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦 = √ℎ2 − 𝑥 2
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑥𝑦
2
1
𝐴 = 𝑥 √ℎ 2 − 𝑥 2
2

𝐼𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚,

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝐴2
1
= > 𝐴2 = 𝑥 2 (ℎ2 − 𝑥 2 )
4
1
= > 𝐴 = 4 𝑥 2 (ℎ2 − 𝑥 2 )
2

1 1
= > 𝐴2 = 4 𝑥 2 ℎ2 − 4 𝑥 4
1 1
= > 𝐴2 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 𝑥 2 ℎ2 − 4 𝑥 4
For optimization
1 1
= > 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 𝑥 2 ℎ2 − 4 𝑥 4
First Derivative
 1 4 1
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 𝑥ℎ2 − 𝑥 3 = 𝑥ℎ2 − 𝑥 3
2 4 2
𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
1 2
𝑥ℎ − 𝑥 3 = 0
2
1
= > 𝑥 ( ℎ2 − 𝑥 2 ) = 0
2
1 2
𝑥 = 0, ℎ − 𝑥2 = 0
2
1 2
ℎ = 𝑥2
2
ℎ
𝑥=±
√2
Second Derivative Test
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = ℎ2 − 2𝑥 2
2
ℎ
At 𝑥 = ±
√2

′′ (𝑥)
1 2 ℎ 2
𝑓 = ℎ − 2( )
2 √2
2
1 2ℎ 1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = ℎ2 − = ℎ2 − ℎ2
2 2 2
1 ℎ
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − 2 ℎ2 < 0, So, it is Maxima at 𝑥 = ±
√2
Area =
1
𝐴 = 𝑥 √ℎ 2 − 𝑥 2
2
1 ℎ ℎ 2
𝐴 = ( ) √ℎ − ( )
2
2 √2 √2
1 ℎ ℎ2
𝐴 = ( ) √ℎ 2 −
2 √2 2

1 ℎ ℎ2 1 ℎ ℎ ℎ2
𝐴 = ( )√ = ( )( ) =
2 √2 2 2 √2 √2 4

Q. 6. Show analytically that three altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.

Q. 7. Find the equation of tangent(s) to the circle x + y = 25 which is parallel to 3 x + 4 y + 1 = 0 .
2 2

We have
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0
=> (𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 52 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 1
=> ℎ = 0, 𝑘 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 5
According to the condition, The tangent is parallel to the given line so, its equation becomes.
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
Using distance formula
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐
|𝑑| =
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Here |𝑑| = 𝑟, (𝑥, 𝑦) = (ℎ, 𝑘)
3(0) + 4(0) + 𝑐
|5| =
√32 + 42
𝑐
±5 =
5
𝑐 = ±25
The value of ‘c’ put in equation ‘A’
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 25 = 0 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 25 = 0

Q. 8. Find centre, foci, eccentricity, vertices and equation of directrices of 25 x − 150 x − 9 y + 72 y + 306 = 0 .
2 2

25𝑥 2 − 150𝑥 + 225 − 9𝑦 2 + 72𝑦 − 144 + 306 − 225 + 144 = 0

25(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) − 9(𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16) + 225 = 0
25(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) − 9(𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16) = −225
25(𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9) 9(𝑦 2 −8𝑦+16)
− =1
−225 −225
25(𝑥−3)2 9(𝑦−4)2
− =1
−225 −225
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦−4)2
+ =1 Equation of Hyperbola
−9 25
2
𝑎 = 25 𝑏2 = 9
𝑎 = ±5 𝑏 = ±3
ℎ=3 𝑘=4
For ‘c’:
 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑐 2 = 25 + 9
𝑐 = √34 = ±√34
For centre (ℎ, 𝑘) = (3,4)
For Foci:
(ℎ, 𝑐 + 𝑘) = (3, √34 + 4)
(ℎ, − 𝑐 + 𝑘) = (3, −√34 + 4)
For Vertices:
(ℎ, 𝑎 + 𝑘) = (3, 5 + 4) = (3,9)
(ℎ, −𝑎 + 𝑘) = (3, −5 + 4) = (3, −1)
For eccentricity:
𝑐 √34
𝑒=𝑎= 5
Equation of directrix
𝑎
𝑦−𝑘 = ±𝑒
5
𝑦 − 4 = ± √34
5
25
𝑦−4= ±
√34
25
𝑦= 4±
√34

Q. 9. According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate at which a substance cools in air is proportional to the
difference between the temperature of the substance and that of the air. If the temperature of the air is
300K and the substance cools from 370K to 340K in 15 minutes. By applying differential equations,
find the time when the temperature will be 310K .

Let T be the temperature of the substance at the time t minutes:

Then,
𝑑𝑇
∝ (𝑇 − 300)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
= −𝐾(𝑇 − 300)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
= −𝐾𝑑𝑡
𝑇−300
Integration with the given limit 𝑡 = 0 , when 𝑇 = 3.70 and, 𝑡 = 15, when 𝑇 = 340.
340 𝑑𝑇 15
=> ∫370 𝑇−300 = −𝑘 ∫0 𝑑𝑡
=> ln(𝑇 − 300)|340370 = −𝐾𝑡 |0
15

= > ln(340 − 300) − ln(370 − 300) = −𝐾(15 − 0)

= > ln(40) − ln(70) = −𝐾(15)
4
= > ln (7) = −15𝐾
= > 𝑘 = 0.0373
310 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
=>∫ = −𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
370 𝑇 − 300 0
= > ln(310 − 300) − ln(370 − 300) = −𝑘 𝑡
= > ln(10) − ln(70) = −(0.0373) 𝑡
1.945
=> − =𝑡
−0.0373
= > 𝑡 = 52.2 𝑚𝑖𝑛

OR
Solve the differential equation: (2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦 −(2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) −2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1
= =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1

𝑎1 = −2 𝑏1 = 1 , 𝑐1 = −1
𝑎2 = −2 𝑏2 = 1 , 𝑐2 = −1
𝑎1 𝑏1
=
𝑎2 𝑏2
−2 −1
=
2 1
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
−1 = −1, so, we put 𝑧 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 => 𝑑𝑥 = 2 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 −(𝑧 + 1)
=> −2=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 − 1)
 𝑑𝑧 −(𝑧 + 1)
=> = +2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 − 1)
= >
𝑑𝑧 −𝑧 − 1 + 2𝑧 − 2 𝑧 − 3
=> = =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 − 1) 𝑧−1
𝑧−1
= > 𝑧−3 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥

2
= > 1 + 𝑧−3 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥
2
= > ∫ 1 + 𝑧−3 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= > 𝑧 + 2 ln(𝑧 − 3) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
= > 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 ln(2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3) = 𝑥 + 𝑐

Good Luck

Prof. Adnan Ullah Khan

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