SMK ST.

FRANCIS

Additional Mathematics Project Work

2020

Name : Lee Jun Wei

Year : 2020

Class : 5SA

Teacher’s name : PN. JUNAIDAH MOHAMAD RAMLI

Title : OBESITY AWARENESS CAMPAIGN

Page Title Date

Introduction to statistics

Introduction to obesity

Problem solving

Histogram

Frequency polygon

Ogive

Further Exploration

Student role

Conclusion
Introduction To Statistics

Definition
Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation
and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it
is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied.
Populations can be diverse groups of people or objects such as "all people living in a country"
or "every atom composing a crystal". Statistics deals with every aspect of data, including the
planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. See glossary of
probability and statistics.
Statistical methods
Descriptive statistics

A descriptive statistic (in the count noun sense) is a summary statistic that quantitatively

describes or summarizes features of a collection of information, while descriptive statistics in
the mass noun sense is the process of using and analyzing those statistics. Descriptive
statistics is distinguished from inferential statistics (or inductive statistics), in that descriptive
statistics aims to summarize a sample, rather than use the data to learn about
the population that the sample of data is thought to represent.

Inferential statistics
Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to deduce properties of an
underlying probability distribution. Inferential statistical analysis infers properties of
a population, for example by testing hypotheses and deriving estimates. It is assumed that the
observed data set is sampled from a larger population. Inferential statistics can be contrasted
with descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics is solely concerned with properties of the
observed data, and it does not rest on the assumption that the data come from a larger
population.
History of statistical method

Probability distributions

A probability distribution is a function that assigns a probability to each measurable subset of

the possible outcomes of a random experiment, survey, or procedure of statistical inference.
Examples are found in experiments whose sample space is non-numerical, where the
distribution would be a categorical distribution; experiments whose sample space is encoded
by discrete random variables, where the distribution can be specified by a probability mass
function; and experiments with sample spaces encoded by continuous random variables,
where the distribution can be specified by a probability density function. More complex
experiments, such as those involving stochastic processes defined in continuous time, may
demand the use of more general probability measures.

A probability distribution can either be univariate or multivariate. A univariate distribution

gives the probabilities of a single random variable taking on various alternative values; a
multivariate distribution (a joint probability distribution) gives the probabilities of a random
vector—a set of two or more random variables taking on various combinations of values.
Important and commonly encountered univariate probability distributions include
the binomial distribution, the hypergeometric distribution, and the normal distribution.
The multivariate normal distribution is a commonly encountered multivariate distribution.
Statistical inference

Statistical inference is the process of drawing conclusions from data that are subject to
random variation, for example, observational errors or sampling variation. Initial
requirements of such a system of procedures for inference and induction are that the system
should produce reasonable answers when applied to well-defined situations and that it should
be general enough to be applied across a range of situations. Inferential statistics are used to
test hypotheses and make estimations using sample data. Whereas descriptive
statistics describe a sample, inferential statistics infer predictions about a larger population
that the sample represents.

The outcome of statistical inference may be an answer to the question "what should be done
next?", where this might be a decision about making further experiments or surveys, or about
drawing a conclusion before implementing some organizational or governmental policy. For
the most part, statistical inference makes propositions about populations, using data drawn
from the population of interest via some form of random sampling. More generally, data
about a random process is obtained from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.
Given a parameter or hypothesis about which one wishes to make inference, statistical
inference most often uses:

 a statistical model of the random process that is supposed to generate the data, which
is known when randomization has been used, and
 a particular realization of the random process; i.e., a set of data.
Nonparametric statistics

Nonparametric statistics are values calculated from data in a way that is not based
on parameterized families of probability distributions. They include
both descriptive and inferential statistics. The typical parameters are the mean, variance, etc.
Unlike parametric statistics, nonparametric statistics make no assumptions about
the probability distributions of the variables being assessed.

Non-parametric methods are widely used for studying populations that take on a ranked order
(such as movie reviews receiving one to four stars). The use of non-parametric methods may
be necessary when data have a ranking but no clear numerical interpretation, such as when
assessing preferences. In terms of levels of measurement, non-parametric methods result in
"ordinal" data.

As non-parametric methods make fewer assumptions, their applicability is much wider than
the corresponding parametric methods. In particular, they may be applied in situations where
less is known about the application in question. Also, due to the reliance on fewer
assumptions, non-parametric methods are more robust.

Another justification for the use of non-parametric methods is simplicity. In certain cases,
even when the use of parametric methods is justified, non-parametric methods may be easier
to use. Due both to this simplicity and to their greater robustness, non-parametric methods are
seen by some statisticians as leaving less room for improper use and misunderstanding.
Application of statistical method
1. Government Agencies
The government uses statistics to make decisions about populations, health, education, etc. It
may conduct research on education to check the progress of high schools students using a
specific curriculum or collect characteristic information about the population using a census.

2. Science and Medicine

The medical field would be far less effective without research to see which medicines or
interventions work best and how the human bodies react to treatment. Medical professionals
also perform studies by race, age, or nationality to see the effect of these characteristics on
health.
 3. Psychology
Although this is attached to both the science and medical field, success in psychology would
be impossible without the systematic study of human behavior, often analyzing results
statistically.

4. Education
Teachers are encouraged to be researchers in their classrooms, to see what teaching methods
work on which students and understand why. They also should evaluate test items to
determine if students are performing in a statistically expected way. At all levels of education
and testing there are statistical reports about student performance, from kindergarten to an
SAT or GRE.
Introduction To Obesity
Definition
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that
it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when
their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by
the square of the person's height, is over 30 kg/m2; the range 25–30 kg/m2 is defined
as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower values. Obesity is correlated
with various diseases and conditions, particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2
diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. High BMI is
a marker of risk, but not proven to be a direct cause, for diseases caused by diet, physical
activity, and environmental factors. A reciprocal link has been found between obesity
and depression, with obesity increasing the risk of clinical depression and also depression
leading to a higher chance of developing obesity.
Classification
Obesity classification is a ranking of obesity, the medical condition in which excess body
fat has accumulated to the extent that it has an adverse effect on health. The World Health
Organization (WHO) classifies obesity by body mass index (BMI). BMI is further evaluated
in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors. In
children, a healthy weight varies with age and sex, and obesity determination is in relation to
a historical normal group.
Effects on health

1. Osteoarthritis

2.  Gout
3. sleep apnea 

4. Gallbladder disease and gallstones

5. asthma
Causes
1. Calories

2. Poor diet

3. Lack of physical activity

4. Genetics
History
Obesity poses a major public health challenge. Each year, obesity contributes to an estimated
112,000 preventable deaths. Obese adults are at increased risk for many serious health
conditions, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes and its
complications, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea,
and respiratory problems, as well as endometrial, breast, prostate, and colon
cancers. Children with a high body mass index (BMI), an indicator of excess body weight,
are more likely than those with a normal BMI to have insulin resistance (which can lead to
diabetes), high blood pressure, and unhealthy levels of fats and other lipids. Furthermore,
obese children often become obese adults; some studies have found that even 2- to 5-year-
olds with a high BMI are likely to become obese adults. Besides suffering from physical
illnesses, obese adults and children also may experience social stigmatization and
discrimination, as well as psychological problems.

In recent decades, the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in the United States,
tripling among children and doubling among adults. This epidemic increase is the result of
specific changes in our environment and behaviors in susceptible people. High-calorie, good-
tasting, and inexpensive foods have become widely available and are heavily advertised.
Portion sizes have increased, and we are eating out more frequently. Our children drink more
sugar-sweetened beverages than they did in the past, and they are drinking fewer beverages
such as water or low or non- fat milk that are healthier for growing minds and bodies.

However, dietary changes are not completely responsible for the epidemic.

Widespread adoption of multiple technological innovations in the home, workplace, and

schools has reduced our daily physical activity. Similarly, the car-dependent design of our
communities has made it much harder for our children to walk to school—and much harder
for us to shop and do other errands entirely on foot or by bicycle. On top of these changes,
many of our nation’s schools have cut back or eliminated recess and physical education
programs.14

This document highlights the trends, health consequences, and causes related to the obesity
epidemic. Given the multiple social changes behind the epidemic, this brief also proposes
health-promoting actions that can be taken by multiple sectors of society.
Description about Body Mass Index (BMI)

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measurement of a person’s weight with respect to his or her
height. It is more of an indicator than a direct measurement of a person’s total body fat.

BMI, more often than not, correlates with total body fat. This means that as the BMI score
increases, so does a person’s total body fat.

The WHO defines an adult who has a BMI between 25 and 29.9 as overweight - an adult who
has a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese - a BMI below 18.5 is considered underweight,
and between 18.5 to 24.9 a healthy weight .

weight ( kg)
BMI =
height ( m ) ×height ( m)

BMI CATEGORY
Below 18.5 Underweight
18.5 – 24.9 Normal
25 – 29.9 Overweight
30 and above Obese