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Mathematical Language & Symbols: Mathematics in The Modern World

Mathematics can be considered a language. It uses precise symbols and notation to concisely express complex ideas and relationships. Some key aspects of math language include precise definitions, concise expression of ideas, and the ability to express powerful concepts. Sets are a fundamental concept in mathematics, where a set is a collection of distinct objects called elements. Sets can be defined using roster notation listing elements or set-builder notation specifying qualifications for membership. Set operations like union, intersection, complement and subset are used to describe relationships between sets.

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145 views39 pages

Mathematical Language & Symbols: Mathematics in The Modern World

Mathematics can be considered a language. It uses precise symbols and notation to concisely express complex ideas and relationships. Some key aspects of math language include precise definitions, concise expression of ideas, and the ability to express powerful concepts. Sets are a fundamental concept in mathematics, where a set is a collection of distinct objects called elements. Sets can be defined using roster notation listing elements or set-builder notation specifying qualifications for membership. Set operations like union, intersection, complement and subset are used to describe relationships between sets.

Uploaded by

Marjorie Oro
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematics in the Modern World

Mathematical Language
& Symbols
IS MATHEMATICS A
LANGUAGE?
What is a language?

Language (n.): a
systematic means of
communicating ideas or
feelings by the use of
conventional symbols,
sounds, or marks having
understood meaning
What is a language?
What is a language?

± ∞ ∅
𝛉 , 𝛃,
𝛜, 𝛔
What is a language?

∀ ‘for all”

∃ “there exists”
∴ “therefore”
෍ 𝒙 ,ෑ 𝒑 𝒙
, න𝒇 (𝒙) ,
sum, product, integral
Language is growing

3x3x3x3x3
𝟓 𝟑
ෑ 𝟑 𝟓
𝒊 =𝟏
Phrase
a group of words that expresses a
concept

Sentence
a group of words that are put together to
mean something
Expression
a group of number or variable with or
without mathematical operation

Equation
a group of number or variable
with or without mathematical operation
separated by an equal sign
Expression vs sentence

Expression
Sum of two numbers

𝑥 + 𝑦
Expression vs sentence

Expression Equation
Sum of two numbers Sum of two numbers is 8.

𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
+ 𝑦 8
Translate the
following to
mathematical
expressions
/equations.
English words to mathematics

English phrase/sentence Mathematical symbols


Product of two numbers 𝐴 × 𝐵 or
𝐴 𝐵
Three more than twice a number 2𝑥 + 3
Two less than half a number is 15. 1
𝑦 − 2 = 15
2
The sum of three distinct numbers is at 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≥ 10
least 10.
He owns at most eight cars. 𝐶 ≤ 8
The price of the house increased by 8%. 𝑃 𝑛 𝑒 𝑤 = 𝑃 𝑜 𝑙 𝑑 +
0.08𝑃 𝑜 𝑙 𝑑
Each kid gets one-eighth of the cake. 1
𝐾=
𝐶
8
In the mathematical
sentence 3x + 4 = 7, the
verb is “ = . If you read the
sentence as “ three plus
four is equal to seven. Then
it’s easy to hear the verb.
Indeed, the equal sign “=“ is
one of the most popular
mathematics verbs
Expression or sentence?

Classify.

(1) The product of two numbers


(2) The sum of three integers is greater than 11.
(3) Half of the sum of 23 and 88
(4)The sum of two numbers is half their product.
(5) 2 𝑥 − 3
Characteristics of math language

• Precise
- able to make very fine distinctions

• Concise
- able to say things briefly

• Powerful
- able to express complex thoughts with
relative ease
Mathematics in the Modern World

SETS
Mathematics in the Modern World

collection of objects,
called as elements

SETS
Set Notation

S
ROSTER
METHOD
1
2
3 𝑺 = 𝟏,
4 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓
5
Set Notation

𝑺 = 𝟏,
𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓
1 ∈ 𝑆 means “1 is an element of set 𝑆 ”

while

6 ∉ 𝑆 means “6 is NOT an element of set 𝑆 ”


Set Notation

𝑺 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, …

𝑆 also contains 6,7,8, and so on – all positive


integers
Set Notation

𝑻 = … , −𝟑, −𝟐, − 𝟏

𝑇 also contains -4,-5,-6, and so on – all negative


integers
Set Notation

𝒁 = … , −𝟐, −𝟏,
𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, …

𝑍 also contains all integers


Set Notation

What if I want to know the set containing


ALL real numbers between 0 and 1
(including 0 and 1)?
Set-builder
notation
𝑆 = 𝑥 | 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝐴 𝑁 𝐷 𝑥 ≤ 1
“such that”
“ 𝑆 contains all 𝑥 ’s such that 𝑥 is greater than or equal to 0
AND
𝑥 is less than or equal to 1”
Set Notation

What if I want to know the set containing


ALL real numbers between 0 and 1
(including 0 and 1)?
𝑆 = 𝑥 | 𝑥 ≥ 0
∩𝑥 ≤ 1
Set Notation

What if I want to know the set containing


ALL real numbers between 0 and 1
(including 0 and 1)?
𝑆 = 𝑥 | 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤1
Some known sets

Empty set ∅ or

Set of natural numbers ℕ = 1, 2, 3, 4,


5, …

Set of integers ℤ = … , −2, −1, 0,


1, 2, …
Using sets

Describe each set.

• {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,


Friday, Saturday}
• {A, E, I, O, U}
• {Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars}
• {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
• {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …}
• {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
• {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}
Using sets

Write in set notation.

• Months with 31 days


• Colors of the rainbow
• Dog breeds that lay egg
• Three core Thomasian values
Subset

Set NOTATION:

1,2, ⊆
3 {1,2,3,4,5
}
{1,2,3} is a subset of
Subset {1,2,3,4,5}
Subset (Examples and Nonexamples)

{1,2,3,4,5} is a subset of {1,2,3,4,5}.

{1,2} is a proper subset of {1,2,3,4,5}.

{6,7} is not a subset of {1,2,3,4,5}.

{1,3,6} is not a subset of {1,2,3,4,5}.

The empty set, ∅, is a subset of


1,2,3,4,5 .
Complement of a set

NOTATIONS: 𝐴 – any set


𝐴 ′ – the complement of
set 𝐴

𝐴 The set 𝐴 ′
′ contains elements
in the universal
� set which are not
� contained in set
𝐴.
Complement of a set (Examples)

Universal set → 𝐔 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0}

If 𝐴 = 1,4,5,6 , then 𝐴 ′

= {2,3,7,8,9,0}.

If 𝐵 = {1,2,3}, then 𝐵 ′ =
{4,5,6,7,8,9,0}.

If 𝐶 = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, then 𝐶 ′ = ∅
Set operation (Union)

The union of sets A a n d B, denoted by U, is the


set that contains all the elements that belong to A
or to B or to both.

A B  x x A or x  B
U
A B

AB
Set operation (Union)

Union of 𝐴 and EXAMPLE:


𝐵
𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 Let 𝐴 =
{1,3,4,5}
� � 𝐵 =
� � Then {3,4,7,8}.
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 =
{1,3,4,5,7,8}
Set operation (Intersection)

The intersection of sets A a n d B, denoted


Is ∩, set of elements c o m m o n to both A a n d
bythe
B.
A  B   x x  A a n d x  B
Set operation (Intersection)

Intersection of 𝐴 EXAMPLE:
and 𝐵
𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 Let 𝐴 =
{1,3,4,5}
𝐴 𝐵 =
𝐵 Then {3,4,7,8}.
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 =
{3,4}
LAST EXAMPLE:

Let U =
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}
A = 1,3,5,7,9,10
B = {1,2,3,5,7}
C = {2,4,6,7,8}
What is A∩(B∪ C)’?

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