RESUME OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR

A. Part of Speech

In English Grammar we recognize at least 9 parts of speech, that is :

1. Noun
2. Adjective
3. Verb
4. Adverb
5. Pronoun
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
9. Article

A.1 NOUN

Noun can be divided into concrete and abstract noun. Concrete noun is noun that can
be recognized by our sense; can be smelled, tasted, held, rubbed, seen, listened,
touched, etc. For example, book, voice, wind, food, etc. Meanwhile the abstract noun,
everything that can not be recognized by our sense, such as information, health, desire,
etc.

Noun can also be divided into countable and uncountable noun.

A.1.1 Countable noun

Countable noun consists of plural and singular nouns that also can be differred
from regular and irregular nouns.

Regular plural nouns are usually in the form of noun with suffix s or es or ies for some
ending with letter y preceded by consonant. Look at this list below!

Regular Noun Irregular Noun

Singular Plural Singular Plural
book books tooth teeth
Pen pens foot feet
Box boxes fish fish
watch watches child children
glass glasses goose geese
pottato pottatoes deer deer
radio radios sheep sheep
Fly flies mouse mice
monkey monkeys louse lice
Leaf leaves
wife wives

A.1.2 Uncountable noun

Uncountable noun is always consider as singular noun, so in building sentence it

follows some rules for singular matters. Look at the list below!

Uncoutable Noun Usage in sentence Note

Water Water flows to the sea Flows.> verb with ending
–s, is for singular subject
Water is necessary for life To be ‘is’ is for singular
subject
Sugar Sugar makes everything sweet
Sugar is needed for getting energy
Butter Butter is made from milk
Money Any money is necessary

A.2 ADJECTIVE

Adjective is one of the part of speech that modifies noun. It can describe or define how
a noun is. It includes colour, description of something, age and size. If an adjective
phrase consists of many kinds of adjectives, you should arrange the adjectives in
special order. Look at this list below!

Article description colour shape Size age Defining Noun

A beautiful tall young Sundanese girl
A sweet red big Bangkok orange
An horrible black long old Phyton snake
The discipline tall old headmaster
A round big wood table

A.3 VERB
Some English verbs have two functions, that is an auxiliary and ordinary. In some
sentences auxiliary verb is used to build negative and interrogative sentence. The
verbs that have two functions are :
1. To do, in the form of do, does and did. The other form of to do, that is done and
doing are only known as ordinary verb.
2. To be, in the form of is, am, are, was, were, be, been and being. To be is, am, are,
was and were, are always auxiliary, be, been and being are either as auxiliary and
ordinary verb.
3. To have, in the form of have, has, had and having. All to have can be as auxiliary
and ordinary verb
4. Modals. All modals are auxiliaries
5. To need, in the form of need, needs and needed (either as auxiliary and ordinary
verb.)
6. To dare, in the the form of dare, dares and dared (either as auxiliary and ordinary
verb)

In some literature, the phrase used to, also is considered as auxiliary. While the other
verbs have only functions as ordinary verbs.

Auxiliary to be and to do do not have special meaning in sentence. In Yes No question,

that is always started with an auxiliary, auxiliaries to do and to be are meant as
‘apakah’ in Indonesian word.
Example : Are you student? (Apakah anda seorang siswa?)
Did you go to Bandung yesterday? (Apakah anda pergi ke Bandung kemarin?)

Meanwhile, because the other auxiliaries have special meaning, they are a bit different
from to do and to be,

1. To have (as auxiliary means ‘sudah’ in positive form and ‘belum’ in negative
form). In Yes No Question, to have means sudahkah or belumkah :
Example : Have you ever been to Mecca? (Sudah pernahkah kau pergi ke
Mekkah?)
Haven’t you finished? (Belum selesaikah anda?)

2. Modals
a. Can (dapat, sanggup)
Can you speak English? (Dapatkah anda berbahasa Inggris?)
b. May (boleh, mungkin)
May I go home? (Bolehkah saya pulang?)
c. etc.

3. To need (perlu, butuh)

Need you go now? (Perlukah kau pergi sekarang?)

4. To dare (berani)
Dare you say that …….? (Beranikah anda mengatakan bahwa ………?)
Besides as auxiliaries, except modals, the verbs above also have function as ordinary
verbs, that is verbs that show activities. For example, to do means ‘mengerjakan’ and
other activities meaning, to have means ‘mempunyai’ and other activities meaning, to
be means ‘menjadi’ or ‘berada’, to need means ‘memerlukan/membutuhkan’ and to
dare means ‘berani/memberanikan’.

Ordinary verb has some forms, that is present verb (Verb one/V-I), past verb (Verb
two/V-II/ freterite), past participle verb (Verb three/V-III) and ing-verb. The use of the
kind of verbs can be seen in the following list :

Kind of Verb Example Can be found in : The use in sentence Note

1. Verb- Go, goes a.All Present a. 1. I go to school In positive
I study, Simple every day present
studies Sentence a.2. She goes to school simple
etc. every day . sentence,
a.3. I don’t go to if the
school every day subject of
a.4. She doesn’t go to the
school day sentence
a.5. Do I go to school The
every day? singulsr
a.6. Does she go to thing or
school every day singular
third
person the
b. In negative and b.1. He did not go verb-1
interrogative anywhere yesterday may be
Past Simple b.2. Did he go ended with
Sentence anywhere yesterday? letter s, es
or ies
c.1. I will go
c. After somewhere
modals tomorrow (modal
auxiliaries ‘will’ is used in
(can, could, Present Future
may, might, Simple Tense)
will, would, c.2. We shall not do it
shall, should, tomorrow
must, ought to) c.3. Can you help me?
c.4. etc.

d.1. Go away!
d.2. Don’t go away
d. In positive d.3. Help me, please!
and negative d.4. Would you please
 command and help me!
request

To study is our duty

e. In to infinitive

II. Verb-II a. Re Only in Positive 1. My The

gular Past Simple father went to regular
Verb: Tense Bandung yesterday verb of
Studied, 2. We verb-II and
wanted, studied math two Verb-III
etc. hours ago have the
b.Irregular same
verb: forms, that
Went, is ending
did, etc. with -ed
III. Verb-III a. Regula a. All forms 1. Udin has had 0r –d. To
r Verb: of Perfect breakfast differ
Studied Tense Sentence 2. I have just them, look
wanted, (There are 8 wanted to go aat
etc. kinds of 3. She has been whether
b.Irregular Perfect Tense). living in Jakarta for before the
verb: In Perfect 3 years verb there
Gone, Continuous 4. He has been is
done, and Nominal sick since three days auxiliaries
etc. Perfect Tense, ago or not. If
the verb-III is there is
represented by auxiliaries,
‘been’, third specially
form of to be. to be or to
have, it
b. Passive means that
Voice b.1 The flower is the verb is
picked by the girl verb-III
b.2 The munument was and if
built in 1990 there is no
b.3. The foundation has auxiliaries,
been founded since it means
3 years ago that the
verb is
c. Past Participle The boy helped by me verb-II
gave me a gift.

IV. VERB- Going, a. Contin a.1. We are studying

ING Studying, uous Tense (to English now
Being, dsb be + V-ing) a.2. While I was
studying English,
my mother was
cooking in the
kitchen
a.3. She has been
studying English
since she used to
study in Kinder
Garten
 b. Gerund b.1. Swimming is my
hobby
b.2. I like swimming
b.3 I am thinking of
finding my own
way of life

c.Present Parti- c.1. Having been sick

ciple for three days, she

is still absent today

c.2. The boy standing
under the tree is
waiting for
somebody

A.4. ADVERB

Adverb is one of part of speech that modifies a verb. It shows us how, when and
where something happens. We recognize adverb in three kinds, that is adverb of time,
such as now, tomorrow, yesterday, etc.; adverb of place, such as here, in Jakarta, over
there, etc., and adverb of manner, such as quickly, beautifully, etc. Most of adverb of
manner are formed by adding suffix –ly to an adjective, such as beautiful (an adjective)
+ -ly = beautifully. Look at the difference between adjective and adverb below!

She is a beautiful singer. The word beautiful modifies the word singer (a noun), so it
is an adjective.

She sings beautifully. The word beautifully modifies the word sings (a verb), so it is
an adverb.

Some adverbs of manner are not formed by adding suffix –ly, such as well, hard, fast,
etc.

Some words with suffix –ly, also do not express adverbs but adjective, such as lovely,
lifely, etc.

A.5. CONJUNCTION

Conjunction is one of part of speech that relates one word with another word or
sentence with other sentence. It can be a word or phrase.
 Words includes as conjunction are and, or, with, then, but, when, while, where, which,
that, who, whose, because, whom, what, whatever, whenever, wherever, if, if only, as
if, as though, though, although, in spite of, despite, because of, on account of, due to,
owing to, for the simple reason that, etc.

A.6. PREPOSITION

Preposition is one of part of speech that expresses position of something, etc.

Words include as preposition are on, in, of, off, under, over, above, below, back,
behind, about, against, beyond, up, down, etc.

A.7. PRONOUN

Pronoun is one of part of speech that can replace a kind of word or phrase with other
word without changing meaning.

Words include as pronoun can be seen in the list below

Personal Impersonal Possessive Possessive pronoun Demonstrative Indefinite Reflexive

pronoun Pronoun adjective Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun
Subject Object Subject Object Personal Impers. Personal Impers. Subject Object Personal
Singular Singular Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun Singular Personal Singular
I Me It It My+N Its+N Mine Its This It Somebody Myself
You You Your+N Yours That It Anybody Yourself
He Him His+N His Everybody Himself
She Her Her+N Hers Someone Herself
Plural Plural Plural Anyone Plural
You You They them Your+N Their+N Yours Theirs These Them Everyone Yourselves
We Us Our+N Ours Those them Ourselvbes
They them Their+N Theirs Thing Themselves
Something
Anything Impersonal
Everything Itself
Themselves

A.8. INTERJECTION

Interjection is usually used to show admiration, calling somebody or surprise, such as

Hi!, Hello!, Wow!, Oh dear!, Oh my God!, etc.

A.9. ARTICLE

English language recognizes only three articles, that is a, an and the. A and an is used
to show indefinite (tidak tentu) noun, while the is used to show any noun that is
 considered there is only one, such as the sun, the sky, the earth, etc. Article ‘the’ is
also used show definite (tertentu) noun. Look at the example beloq!

I saw a cat. (a cat here is an indefinite noun)

The cat had a long tail and brown colour. (The cat here is meant cat that I saw/
definite noun)

B. BUILDING ENGLISH SENTENCES

English sentence is built by some elements. Look at this resume below!

EnglishTerms Indobesian
Terms
a, b, c, ………. letter huruf
Ex-pen-sive syllable Suku kata
expensive word Kata
Expensive phrase Frase/kelompok
book kata
That is book Simple sentence Kalimat
Sederhana
The book that Complex Kalimat
is on the table Sentence kompleks
is expensive

A group of word can be called as sentence if we can divide them at least Subject and
Predicate. In other case it consists not only of subject and predicate, but also added
with Object and adverb. To build a good English sentence, we should pay attantion to
the following items.

Based on the predicate involved, we recognize two kinds of sentences, that is

Nominal/nominative sentence and Verbal sentence. Verbal sentence means a
sentence that has a verb as its predicate, i.g.:

I study English everyday.

(Predicate of this sentence is ‘study’, a verb. The sentence includes Subject, Predicate,
Object and Adverb as one)

Nominal/nominative sentence means sentences whose predicates are not a verb. The
predicate can be a noun, an adjective, an adverb or a pronoun. Look at the list below!

Subject Auxiliary Predicate Object Adverb Note

I study English Everyday A verbal sentence
She goes To school A verbal sentence
We Do not Like Swimming In the river A verbal sentence
 That Is a book A nominal sentence
with noun as
predicate
He is A lazy boy A nominal sentence
with adjective phrase
as predicate
I am tired A nominal sentence
with adjective as
predicate
My father Is at the office now A nominal sentence
with adverb as
predicate
That is mine A nominal sentence
with pronoun as
predicate

Based on the change of time, English sentence can be changed from one form into
another that we call it depending on the tense. According to the tense, we can differ
one kind of sentence by watching the followings:
1. The time signal,
2. The auxiliary verb involved,
3. The ordinary verb as predicate involved (in verbal sentence) and the
predicate in nominal sentence, and
4. The situation or sentence expression

Look at the list below!

Verbal Sentence

Subject Auxiliary Ordinary Object Adverb Expression Name of

and of time tense
adverb
I study English everyday Habitual Present
action Simple
She is studying English now Action is Present
happening Continuous
at the time
of speaking
He has lived here for two A piece of Present
years news about Perfect
what has
happened
We have been waiting here for two An action Present
hours that started Perfect
in the past Continuous
 time, now
is still
happening,
and will
still go on
in the
future time
Etc.

Nominal Sentence

Subject Auxiliary Nominative Adverb Expression Name of tense

Predicate of time
She is a beautiful Fact of the Present Simple
girl world or
general
thruth
Abdul is sick now Action is Present
happening Continuous
at the time
of speaking
They have been off for three A piece of Present
days news about Perfect/Present
what has Perfect
happened Continuous
Etc.