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Statically Indeterminate Structures: 1. Degree of Indeterminacy 2. Flexibility Method

The document discusses degree of indeterminacy and flexibility methods for analyzing statically indeterminate structures. Degree of indeterminacy is the number of unknowns minus the number of equilibrium equations. The flexibility method, also called the force method, uses compatibility conditions and constitutive relations to solve for internal forces and reactions in statically indeterminate structures. An example shows using the flexibility method to solve for support reactions in a continuous beam with a uniformly distributed load.

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60 views29 pages

Statically Indeterminate Structures: 1. Degree of Indeterminacy 2. Flexibility Method

The document discusses degree of indeterminacy and flexibility methods for analyzing statically indeterminate structures. Degree of indeterminacy is the number of unknowns minus the number of equilibrium equations. The flexibility method, also called the force method, uses compatibility conditions and constitutive relations to solve for internal forces and reactions in statically indeterminate structures. An example shows using the flexibility method to solve for support reactions in a continuous beam with a uniformly distributed load.

Uploaded by

Tszwun Cheung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 3

Statically Indeterminate Structures

1. Degree of indeterminacy
2. Flexibility method

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 1


1. Degree of indeterminacy

Degree of indeterminacy is the number of


releases to render the structure determinate.
Degree of indeterminacy = the number of
unknowns − the number of equations of
equilibrium
For statically determinate structures,
the number of equations of equilibrium =
the number of unknowns (internal forces &
reactions).
Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 2
1. Degree of indeterminacy
An example
Equilibrium equations
q
R1 Fx=0: R1=0

L L
Fy=0: R2+R3+R4=2qL
R2 R3
R4 Mz=0: R2L−R4L=0

Degree of indeterminacy = the number of unknowns − the


number of equations of equilibrium = 4−3 = 1

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 3


1. Degree of indeterminacy
10kN 10kN

(a) Unstable (b) Stable and statically


determinate
10kN

(c) Stable and statically indeterminate

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 4


1. Degree of indeterminacy

Stable and Statically


Indeterminate

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 5


Simple structures

Beam Truss Frame

1 1 3

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 6


More complicated structures

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 7


1. Plane truss Adding two members and one
pinned joints does not change
the degree of indeterminacy.
This is because each member of
plane truss has one unknown
force, while at each pinned joint
two equations of equilibrium
can be written.
For a plane truss with m members,
j pinned joints (including
supports) and r reactions, the
degree of indeterminacy is
i = m + r − 2j
statically determinate
m=9, r=3, j=6; i=0

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 8


m=21, r=4, j=10;
i=21+4−10 2 = 5

m=31, r=4, j=14;


i=31+4−14 2 = 7

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 9


2. Plane frame with rigid joints
Each member of plane frame has
three unknown internal forces
(axial, shear and moment), while
at a rigid joint three equations of
equilibrium can be written:
Fx=0, Fy=0, Mz=0
m=3, r=6, j=4, i=3
For a rigid-jointed plane frame with
m members, j rigid joints
(including supports) and r
reactions, the degree of
indeterminacy is
i = 3m + r − 3j m=7, r=4, j=6, i=7

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 10


Why Statically Indeterminate Structures?

Advantages of indeterminate structures:


1. Forces/deformations much less in an indeterminate structure;
2. Able to redistribute its load to its redundant supports in cases where faulty
design or overloading occurs; etc.

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 11


Methods to Analyze Statically Indeterminate
Structures

1. Force Method/Flexibility Method


2. Moment Distribution Method (for beams and frames)
3. Matrix Stiffness Method (Displacement Method)
4. Finite Element Method

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 12


2. Flexibility method

Alternative names for this method:

The flexibility method


The force method
Method of consistent deformation (displacements)
Method of superposition equations

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 13


A Simple Example:
q
A B

Primary structure (Determinate) Remove this


redundant reaction

XB

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 14


A Simple Example:

q
A B
XB

q ΔBB

ΔB0 X
RBB
Primary structure under Primary structure under
applied load redundant reaction load

ΔB0 + ΔBB = 0 Compatibility condition

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 15


A Simple Example:

Virtual work method


q
1

ΔB0

Centroid point L

M Mu
P system Q system

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 16


A Simple Example:

Virtual work method


ΔBB
1
R
XBB

Centroid point
L

M Mu
P system Q system

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 17


A Simple Example:

q
A B
XB

q ΔBB

ΔB0 X
RBB
Primary structure under Primary structure under
applied load redundant reaction load
ΔB0 + ΔBB = 0

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 18


A Simple Example:

q
A B
XB

q δBB

ΔB0 1
Primary structure under Primary structure under
applied load unit load
ΔBB = δBBXB
ΔB0 + ΔBB = 0
ΔB0 + δBBXB = 0

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 19


A Simple Example: q
A B
XB

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 20


2. Flexibility method:
Example 2
A two-span continuous beam carries a uniformly distributed
load of q per unit length. The beam has a constant flexural
rigidity EI. Find the reactions.

q
Equilibrium equations
R1
Fx=0: R1=0
L L
Fy=0: R2+R3+R4=2qL
R2 R4
R3 Mz=0: R2L−R4L=0

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 21


The four support reactions R1, R2, R3 and R4 cannot be
determined by the three equations of equilibrium only.

For statically indeterminate structures, the compatibility


conditions and constitutive relations have to be used to
solve the internal and reactions forces.

Compatibility conditions: Displacement and


deformation are compatible with the support conditions.

Constitutive conditions: Relations between


force and displacement, or stress and strain.

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 22


It is convenient to treat the interior support as
the redundant support, and accordingly the
reaction R3 is called the redundant reaction.

1. Release the interior support and consider the


reaction force R3 as an external force.

2. Calculate the displacement caused by the


applied load and the reaction force R3.

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 23


By removing the interior support, the beam becomes
statically determinate as shown below. Its mid
deflection equals to ∆P under the action of
external load
5q( 2 L) 4 5qL4
p = =
384 EI 24 EI
q

2L

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 24


The existence of the interior support prevents any
deflection at that point. The magnitude of this
force must be of such a value that the upward
deflection ∆3 at the mid-span due to R3 totally
eliminates the downward.

R3 ( 2 L) 3 R3 L3
R3 3 = =
48 EI 6 EI

2L

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 25


3. Therefore the condition of geometrical
compatibility is
ΔP − Δ3 = 0
5qL4 R 3 L3
− =0
24 EI 6 EI
the redundant reaction R3 can then be obtained
5qL
R3 =
4
4. The equilibrium equation
3qL
R2 = R4 =
8
Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 26
The bending moment
diagrams of the statically
1
determinate form due to 8
q( 2 L ) 2
external load and the
redundant support reaction
1 5qL
R3 are 4
( 2 L)
4

The final bending moment in


the statically indeterminate
beam can then be obtained
by summing up the two 1 2
qL
bending moment diagrams 8

M = M 0 + M u R3

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 27


Summarize the steps
(flexibility method, or force method, method of
consistent deformation )
1. Select some (redundant) supports and
release them, and consider the reaction
forces corresponding to the released
supports as external forces (redundant
force). The released structure must be
statically determinate (called the
Primary Structure).
Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 28
2. Calculate the deformation of the structure
subjected to the applied loads and redundant
forces (Constitutive relations);
3. Use the compatibility conditions according to
the original structure configuration to solve
for the redundant forces.
4. Finally use the equilibrium equations to solve
the remaining unknown forces.

Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Page 29

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