source: google images = Learning Outcomes ‘At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: analyze the political changes that occurred in the nineteenth century understand Jose Rizal in the context of his time Scanned with CamScanner‘The Spaniards ruled the Filipinos in the 19* century. The Filipinos became the Spaniard’s slave. The Spaniards claimed their taxes and Filipinos worked under the power of the Spaniards. ‘There was an appointment of officials with inferior qualifications, without dedication ofduty and moral strengthtoresist corruption for material advancement, ‘Through this power and authority the Spaniards possessed, they collected and wasted the money of the Filipinos. ‘There were too complicated functions to the unions of the church and the state. Through the power that the Spaniards possessed, they had the right to appoint the different positions. The appointment of positions is obtained by the highest bidder which is the Govenor-general of the country. The term of officewhich is the length of time a person (usually a politician) serves in a particular office which is dependent on the desire of the King of Spain. ‘The Spanish officials traveled to various places and the needs of the Philippines were ignored. They did not put too much attention to the needs of the other people. There were inadequate administrative supervisions, they were unable to face and solve the problems regarding the Philippines. There were also overlapping of powers and privileges of officials which made them competitive. Personal interest is over the welfare of the State They were corrupt during the 19* century and the Alcaldias/Alcalde is considered as the most corrupt over the other corrupts. The Alcaldias/Alcalde includes the administrators, judges and military commandants. They usually have P25/mo liberal allowances and privileges to take a certain percentage of money from the total amount of taxes. There were also monopoly trades or business practices known as indulto para comerciar. Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and Democracy The principal ideas of liberalism- liberty and equality. realized successfully in the American Revolution and then actreweg, in patt inthe French Revolution. This political and social philosophy challenged. co: atism in the European continent. -Liberalism demanded representative government 26 opposed to autocratic monarchy, equality before the law as opposed to legally separate classes. The idea of liberty also meant to Specific individual freedoms: Democracy became a way of life in Belgium, and Switzerland. -Democracy following means: *promulgation of laws 36 | Se 5p ant Wis of Real Scanned with CamScannerof reforms thru legislation; abolition of slavery; *adoption of a liberal constitution; providing the citizens the *opportunity to propose laws; *adoption of manhood suffrage; and “granting of political, economic and social rights to the people. Impact of the Bourbon Reforms , ‘The Bourbon Reforms (Castilian: Reformas Borbénicas) were a set of economic and political legislation promulgated by the Spanish Crown under various kings of the House of Bourbon, mainly in the 18* century. The st i of the crown's power with clear lines of authority to officials contrasted to the complex system of government that evolved under the Habsburg monarchs. [1] In * particular, the crown pursued state supremacy over the Catholic Church, resulting in the suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1767 as well as an attempt to abolish ecclesiastical privilege (fuero eclesidstico). The reforms resulted in significant restructuring of the administrative structure and personnel. The reforms were intended to stimulate manufacturing and technology to modernize Spain. In Spanish America, the reforms were designed to make the administration more efficient and to promote its economic, commercial and fiscal development. The crown did so, hoping that it would have a positive effect on the economy of Spain. Furthermore, the Bourbon Reforms were intended to limit the power of Creoles and re-establish Spanish supremacy over the colonies such as the Philippines. The reforms achieved mixed results administratively but succeeded in alienating the local elites of the Americas (who called themselves Criollos) and eventually led to the demise of all overseas dominions of the Spanish crown. Cadiz Constitution of 1812 ‘A Spanish constitution, adopted by the constituent Cortes in Cédiz on Mar. 18, 1812, and made public on Mar. 19, 1812, during the Spanish Revolution of 1808-14. ‘The constitution declared that “sovereignty resides in the nation, which retains the exclusive right to establish its own fundamental laws” (art. 3). Spain was proclaimed a hereditary monarchy (art. 14),, with legislative power vested in the Cortes and. the monarch (art. 15) and executive power represented by the monarch (art, 16). The constitution proclaimed individual freedom and the inviolability of domicile (arts.,286 and 307) but declared Catholicism the official religion of Spain and prohibited the practice of any other religion (art. 12). The constitution proclaimed the equality of Spaniards of the mother count nd those of the Spanish colonies (art. 18) and established a national militia in thy |» wvinces (art. 362). On his return to Spain, King Ferdinand VII revoked the constitu») on May 4, 1814, Restored at the outbreak of the Spanish Revolution of 1820-1>- was proclaimed by Riego y Nufiez on Jan. 1, 1820, and Ferdinand VII swor. Bie Lif ant Hots of Read 37 Scanned with CamScannerae Ferdi uphold it on Mar. 9, 1820), it was again abolished on Oct. Harpe papitata VII. On Aug. 12, 1836, the constitution went into effect for a ein response to the demands of the masses and temained in force until the adoption of a new Constitution on June 18, 1837. Related Events Conceming the Cadiz Constitution Ferdinand VII sometimes called “Ferdinand the Desired” or in Spanish name Femando el Deseado was born on October 14, 1784 in El Escorial, Spain but died on September 29, 1833 at the young age of 49. He became the King of Spain in 1808 and from 1814 to 1833 at the time of his death. Between 1808 and 1813, during the Napoleonic Wars, Ferdinand was imprisoned in France by Napoleon. Ferdinand was the son of Charles IV and Maria Luisa of Parma, who placed their whole confidence in Manuel de Godoy. From 1795 Godoy had flaunted the title of prince of the Peace for his capitulation to France in the Peace of Basel. Ferdinand’s tutor stirred up his jealousy and encouraged him to seek the protection of Napoleon. Charles IV was sufficiently alarmed to arrest Ferdinand but forgave him. When Godoy allowed French troops to enter Spain, Charles was overthrown by the Revolt of Aranjuez (March 17, 1808), and he abdicated in favour of Ferdinand. However, French troops occupied Madrid, and Napoleon summoned Ferdinand to the frontier and obliged him to retum the crown to his father, who granted it to Napoleon. Napoleon made his brother Joseph Bonaparte king of Spain and held Ferdinand in France for the duration of the wear. It was left to the Spanish populace to rise against the French invaders in the name of the absent Ferdinand, known as “the Desired.” In 1812 independent Spaniards adopted the Constitution of Cédiz, but in December 1813 Napoleon released Ferdinand expressly to overthrow it. When Ferdinand returned to Spain in 1814 he was urged by reactionaries to abolish the Cortes of Cadiz and al its works, which he did almost immediately. He resumed his obsolete powers and attempted to recover control of Spanish America, now partly indeper dent, But his tinisters could neither reinforce his armies in America nor persnade the British government to collaborate or connive at reconquest. In 1820 a liberal revolution restored the Constitution of 1812, which Ferdinand accepted, but in 189 Leas XVIII of France sent the duc d’Angouléme atthe head of a large army vy eloate Ferdinand from his radical ministers. Ferdinand’s new goverment vsoseet dhe radicals or drove them into exile By 1626 the Spanish possessions in Aree ae all independent. Ferdinand’s government now depended ona mini; ween Volunteers, and the French forces of occupation, eae Ferdinand had no children from his three marr; ‘ ‘ supporters looked to his even more absclutit et Se (Carlos Maria Isidro de Borbén, to succeed him. In 1850 hie ni Oo, C2! Cristina, gave birth to a daughter, the future Isabelle * th wife, Maria Ferdinand to revoke the Salic Law of Succession, which 7 veh romptee revented women 3 | She 596 aad Wits of Ral Scanned with CamScanneracceding to the throne. During Ferdinand’s illness, Don Carlos tried to persuade the queen to recognize his rights, but Ferdinand recovered, banished Don Carlos, and looked for moderate liberal support for his young daughter. When Ferdinand died in September 1833, Isabella was as the sovereign, but his widow was obliged to lean on the liberals as Don Carlos asserted his claims from Portugal and thus began the First Carlist War. (Source: The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica) Be Sih wat Ws of Fel SD Scanned with CamScanner