DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

(GROUP ACTIVITY)
(R OBO
TI CS)

SUBMITTED BY : (GROUP 7)
 (1826025) TUSHAR BASRA
 (1826026) DIPESH YADAV
 (1826027) ADITYA DUBEY
 (1826028) ADITYA RAI
 (1826029) SURAB NAYAK
 INTRODUCTION
Robotics  is an interdisciplinary  research area at the interface of computer
science [ 1 ]  and engineering. Robotics involves design, construction, operation, and
use of robots. The goal of robotics is to design intelligent machines that can help
and assist humans in their day-to-day lives and keep everyone safe. Robotics
draws on the achievement of information engineering, computer
engineering, mechanical engineering, electronic engineering and others.

Robotics develops machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human
actions. Robots can be used in many situations and for lots of purposes, but
today many are used in dangerous environments (including inspection of
radioactive materials, bomb detection and deactivation), manufacturing
processes, or where humans cannot survive (e.g. in space, underwater, in high
heat, and clean up and containment of hazardous materials and radiation).
Robots can take on any form but some are made to resemble humans in
appearance. This is said to help in the acceptance of a robot in certain replicative
behaviors usually performed by people. Such robots attempt to replicate walking,
lifting, speech, cognition, or any other human activity. Many of today's robots are
inspired by nature, contributing to the field
of bio-inspired robotics.

The concept of creating machines that can operate autonomously dates back

to classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did
not grow substantially until the 20th century. Throughout history, it has been
frequently assumed by various scholars, inventors, engineers, and technicians that
robots will one day be able to mimic human behaviour and manage tasks in a human-
like fashion. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances
continue; researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical
purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. Many robots are built to
do jobs that are hazardous to people, such as defusing bombs, finding survivors in
unstable ruins, and exploring mines and shipwrecks. Robotics is also used
in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) as a teaching aid. The
advent of nanorobots, microscopic robots that can be injected into the human body,
could revolutionize medicine and human health.
ROBOTICS ASPECTS :
There are many types of robots; they are used in many different environments and for
many different uses. Although being very diverse in application and form, they all share
three basic similarities when it comes to their construction:

1. Robots all have some kind of mechanical construction, a frame, form or shape
designed to achieve a particular task. For example, a robot designed to travel
across heavy dirt or mud, might use caterpillar tracks . The mechanical aspect is
mostly the creator's solution to completing the assigned task and dealing with the
physics of the environment around it. Form follows function.

2. Robots have electrical components which power and control the machinery. For
example, the robot with  caterpillar tracks  would need some kind of power to move
the tracker treads. That power comes in the form of electricity, which will have to
travel through a wire and originate from a battery, a basic  electrical circuit . Even
petrol powered  machines  that get their power mainly from petrol still require an
electric current to start the combustion process which is why most petrol powered
machines like cars, have batteries. The electrical aspect of robots is used for
movement (through motors), sensing (where electrical signals are used to measure
things like heat, sound, position, and energy status) and operation (robots need
some level of electrical energy  supplied to their motors and sensors in order to
activate and perform basic operations)
 APPLICATIONS
As more and more robots are designed for specific tasks this method of
classification becomes more relevant. For example, many robots are designed for
assembly work, which may not be readily adaptable for other applications. They
are termed as "assembly robots". For seam welding, some suppliers provide
complete welding systems with the robot i.e. the welding equipment along with
other material handling facilities like turntables, etc. as an integrated unit. Such an
integrated robotic system is called a "welding robot" even though its discrete
manipulator unit could be adapted to a variety of tasks. Some robots are
specifically designed for heavy load manipulation, and are labeled as "heavy-duty
robots"
Current and poten tia l appl icati ons includ e:

 Milit ary robots .

 Industri al robots . Robots are increasing ly used in manufact urin g (since the 1960s).
According to the  Robotic Industries Associatio n  US data, in 2016 automotive industry was
the mai n customer of industri al robots with 52% of total sales.  In the auto industry, they
can amount for more than half of the "labor". There are even " lights off " factories such as
an IBM keyboard man ufactur ing factory in Texas that was fully automate d as early as
2003.
 Cobots  (collab orat ive robots).
 Construction robots. Construction robots can be separated into three types: tradit ional
robots,  robot ic arm , and  robot ic exoskeleto n .
 Agricultur al robots  (AgRobots).  The use of robots in agricultur e is closely linked to the
concept of  AI -assisted  precision agricultur e  and  drone  usage.  1996- 199 8 research also
proved that robots can perform a herdi ng  task.
 Medical robots  of various types (such as  da Vinci Surgical System  and  Hospi ).
 Kitchen automatio n. Commercial exampl es of kitchen auto mat io n are Flippy (burgers),
Zume Pizza (pizza), Cafe X (coffee), Makr Shakr (cocktails), Frobot (frozen yogurts) and
Sally (salads).  Home exampl es are  Rotimatic  (flatbr ea ds  baking)  and Boris (dishwasher
loading).
 Robot combat  for sport – hobby or sport event where two or more robots fight in an
arena to disable each other. This has develope d from a
hobby in the 1990s to several TV series worldwide.
 Cleanup of contamin ate d areas, such as toxic waste or
nuclear facilities.
 Domestic robots .
 COMPONENTS
Power source

At present, mostly (lead–acid) batteries are used as a power source. Many

different types of batteries can be used as a power source for robots. They
range from lead–acid batteries, which are safe and have relatively long shelf
lives but are rather heavy compared to silver–cadmium batteries that are
much smaller in volume and are currently much more expensive. Designing a
battery-powered robot needs to take into account factors such as safety,
cycle lifetime and weight. Generators, often some type of internal
combustion engine, can also be used. However, such designs are often
mechanically complex and need a fuel, require heat dissipation and are
relatively heavy.

 pneumatic (compressed gases)
 Solar power (using the sun's energy and converting it into electrical power)
 hydraulics (liquids)
 flywheel energy storage
 organic garbage (through anaerobic digestion)
 nuclear

A c t ua t i o n

Actuators are the "muscles" of a robot, the parts which

convert stored energy into movement. By far the most popular
actuators are electric motors that rotate a wheel or gear, and
linear actuators that control industrial robots in factories.
There are some recent advances in alternative types of
actuators, powered by electricity, chemicals, or compressed
air.

Sensing
Sensors allow robots to receive informatio n about a certain
measurement of the environme nt, or inter nal compon ents. This is
essential for robots to perform their tasks, and act upon any
changes in the environment to calculat e the appr opri ate response. They are used for various
forms of measurements, to give the robots warnings about safety or malfu nctio ns, and to
provide real- time informa tio n of the task it is performing .

Manipulation

Robots need to manipulate objects; pick up, modify, destroy, or otherwise have
an effect. Thus the "hands" of a robot are often referred to as end
effectors, while the "arm" is referred to as a manipulator. Most robot arms
have replaceable effectors, each allowing them to perform some small range of
tasks. Some have a fixed manipulator which cannot be replaced, while a few
have one very general purpose manipulator, for example, a humanoid hand.

Human-robot interaction

The state of the art in sensory intelligence for robots will have to progress through
several orders of magnitude if we want the robots working in our homes to go beyond
vacuum-cleaning the floors. If robots are to work effectively in homes and other non-
industrial environments, the way they are instructed to perform their jobs, and
especially how they will be told to stop will be of critical importance. The people who
interact with them may have little or no training in robotics, and so any interface will
need to be extremely intuitive. Science fiction authors also typically assume that
robots will eventually be capable of communicating with humans
through speech, gestures, and facial expressions, rather than a command-line
interface. Although speech would be the most natural way for the human to
communicate, it is unnatural for the robot. It will probably be a long time before
robots interact as naturally as the fictional C-3PO, or Data of Star Trek, Next
Generation.