LENS POLYTECHNIC OFFA KWARA STATE

COURSE CODE: CTE 442

ASSIGNMENT

UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF ROBOTICS

BY

OLADAYO ISRAEL INIOLUWA 24/HND/CET/031

AYODEJI OLAMILEKAN SAMUEL 24/HND/CET/011

SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION

Robotics is a multidisciplinary field that combines engineering, computer science, and

mathematics to design, build, and operate robots. Robots are intelligent machines that can

perform tasks autonomously or under the control of an external device. The field of robotics has

evolved significantly over the years, with advancements in artificial intelligence, machine

learning, and computer vision.

PRINCIPLES OF ROBOTICS

1. Sensing

Sensing is the process by which a robot perceives its environment. Robots use various sensors to

detect and measure different stimuli, such as:

- Light sensors: detect light intensity and color

- Sound sensors: detect sound waves and frequencies

- Temperature sensors: detect temperature changes

- Touch sensors: detect physical contact and pressure

- Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU): measures acceleration, orientation, and angular velocity

2. Actuation

Actuation is the process by which a robot interacts with its environment. Robots use various

actuators to convert energy into motion or action, such as:

- Electric motors: convert electrical energy into mechanical energy

- Pneumatic motors: convert pneumatic energy into mechanical energy

- Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs): convert thermal energy into mechanical energy

3. Control

Control is the process by which a robot's movements and actions are regulated. Robots use

various control systems to process sensor data and control actuators, such as:

- Open-loop control: uses pre-programmed instructions to control the robot

- Closed-loop control: uses sensor feedback to adjust the robot's movements and actions

- Feedback control: uses sensor feedback to adjust the robot's movements and actions in real-time

4. Intelligence

Intelligence is the process by which a robot makes decisions, learns from experience, and adapts

to new situations. Robots use various artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to achieve

intelligence, such as:

- Machine learning: enables robots to learn from experience and adapt to new situations

- Computer vision: enables robots to interpret and understand visual data

- Natural language processing: enables robots to understand and generate human language

5. Autonomy
Autonomy is the ability of a robot to operate independently, making decisions and performing

tasks without human intervention. Autonomous robots use various techniques to achieve

autonomy, such as:

- Sensor-based navigation: uses sensors to navigate and avoid obstacles

- Map-based navigation: uses pre-built maps to navigate and avoid obstacles

- Decision-making algorithms: uses algorithms to make decisions and adapt to new situations

TYPES OF ROBOTS

1. Industrial Robots

Industrial robots are designed for manufacturing and production tasks, such as:

- Welding: uses robotic arms to weld metal parts together

- Assembly: uses robotic arms to assemble parts and components

- Material handling: uses robotic arms to move and handle materials

2. Service Robots

Service robots are designed for tasks that involve interaction with humans, such as:

- Healthcare: uses robotic arms to assist with surgeries and patient care

- Customer service: uses robotic arms to interact with customers and provide assistance

- Education: uses robotic arms to assist with teaching and learning

3. Autonomous Robots
Autonomous robots are designed to operate independently, making decisions and performing

tasks without human intervention, such as:

- Self-driving cars: uses sensors and algorithms to navigate and avoid obstacles

- Drone delivery: uses sensors and algorithms to navigate and deliver packages

- Space exploration: uses sensors and algorithms to navigate and explore planetary surfaces

ROBOTICS COMPONENTS

1. Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers are small computers that control the robot's movements and actions, such as:

- Arduino: a popular microcontroller platform for robotics and DIY projects

- Raspberry Pi: a popular microcontroller platform for robotics and IoT projects

2. Sensors

Sensors are devices that detect and measure various stimuli, such as:

- Light sensors: detect light intensity and color

- Sound sensors: detect sound waves and frequencies

- Temperature sensors: detect temperature changes

- Touch sensors: detect physical contact and pressure

Actuators are devices that convert energy into motion or action, such as:

- Electric motors: convert electrical energy into mechanical energy

- Hydraulic motors: convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy

- Pneumatic motors: convert pneumatic energy into mechanical energy

4. Power Supply

Power supply is the component that provides energy to the robot's components, such as:

- Batteries: provide energy to the robot's components

- Solar panels: provide energy to the robot's components using solar power

ROBOTICS APPLICATIONS

1. Manufacturing

Robotics is widely used in manufacturing to improve efficiency, productivity, and quality.

Robots are used for tasks such as:

- Welding: Robots are used to weld metal parts together with high precision and speed.

- Assembly: Robots are used to assemble parts and components with high accuracy and

efficiency.

- Material handling: Robots are used to move and handle materials with high speed and

precision.
2. Healthcare

Robotics is increasingly being used in healthcare to improve patient care, outcomes, and quality

of life. Robots are used for tasks such as:

- Surgery: Robots are used to assist surgeons during operations, improving precision and

reducing recovery time.

- Rehabilitation: Robots are used to help patients recover from injuries or illnesses, improving

mobility and strength.

- Patient care: Robots are used to assist with patient care, such as bathing, dressing, and feeding.

3. Service Industry

Robotics is being used in the service industry to improve customer experience, efficiency, and

productivity. Robots are used for tasks such as:

- Customer service: Robots are used to provide customer service, answering questions and

resolving issues.

- Food preparation: Robots are used to prepare food, improving speed and quality.

- Cleaning: Robots are used to clean buildings, improving efficiency and reducing labor costs.

4. Space Exploration

Robotics is being used in space exploration to explore planetary surfaces, conduct scientific

experiments, and search for signs of life. Robots are used for tasks such as:
- Planetary exploration: Robots are used to explore planetary surfaces, gathering data and

conducting experiments.

- Sample collection: Robots are used to collect samples from planetary surfaces, providing

valuable insights into the composition and geology of the planet.

- Maintenance: Robots are used to perform maintenance tasks on spacecraft, improving

efficiency and reducing labor costs.

5. Military

Robotics is being used in the military to improve efficiency, productivity, and safety. Robots are

used for tasks such as:

- Surveillance: Robots are used to conduct surveillance, gathering data and providing insights

into enemy movements and tactics.

- Explosive ordnance disposal: Robots are used to dispose of explosive ordnance, improving

safety and reducing risk.

- Logistics: Robots are used to perform logistics tasks, such as transportation and supply chain

management.
FUTURE OF ROBOTICS

The future of robotics holds much promise, with advancements in artificial intelligence, machine

learning, and computer vision. Some potential developments include:

- Increased autonomy: Robots will become more autonomous, making decisions and performing

tasks without human intervention.

- Improved human-robot interaction: Robots will be designed to interact more naturally with

humans, using techniques such as natural language processing and computer vision.

- Expanded applications: Robotics will be applied to new fields, such as healthcare, education,

and transportation.