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Readings On Tejeros Convention

The two documents provide accounts of the Tejeros Convention in 1897 from different perspectives. Santiago V. Alvarez's memoirs describe the key events and locations of the convention, as well as the personalities involved like Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano Alvarez, and Andres Bonifacio. Teodoro A. Agoncillo's book focuses on Bonifacio and the rise of the Katipunan rebellion, mentioning the tension between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions that led to the convention. Both documents discuss the split in leadership between Bonifacio, Aguinaldo, and the other revolutionary figures during the transition of the Katipunan government.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
643 views12 pages

Readings On Tejeros Convention

The two documents provide accounts of the Tejeros Convention in 1897 from different perspectives. Santiago V. Alvarez's memoirs describe the key events and locations of the convention, as well as the personalities involved like Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano Alvarez, and Andres Bonifacio. Teodoro A. Agoncillo's book focuses on Bonifacio and the rise of the Katipunan rebellion, mentioning the tension between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions that led to the convention. Both documents discuss the split in leadership between Bonifacio, Aguinaldo, and the other revolutionary figures during the transition of the Katipunan government.

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Readings in Philippine History: Readings on Tejeros Convention (1897)

The Katipunan and the Revolution: The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of
Memoirs of a General Bonifacio and the Katipunan
By: Santiago V. Alvarez (1992) By: Teodoro A. Agoncillo (2002)

Author’s Background

Santiago V. Alvarez Teodoro A. Agoncillo


Born: July 25, 1872 in Imus, Cavite Born: November 9 1912 in Lemery,
Died: October 30, 1930 in San Pablo City Batangas
Died: January 14, 1985

Santiago V. Alvarez was a revolutionary He was a prominent 20th-century Filipino


general and a founder and honorary historian. He and his contemporary Renato
president of the first directorate of the Constantino were among the first Filipino
Nacionalista Party. He was known as historians renowned for promoting a
"Kidlat ng Apoy" (Lightning of Fire) distinctly nationalist point of view of
because of his inflamed bravery and Filipino. He was also an essayist and a
dedication as commander of Cavite's poet.
famous battles particularly that in
Dalahican where the victory was crucial for Agoncillo's "History of the Filipino People"
the revolutionary cause, since it prevented was first published in (1960). To date, it
the Spanish send reinforcements across remains a popular standard textbook in
the isthmus from Cavite to reconquer the many Filipino universities, as are many of
province, the main Philippine bastion. For Agoncillo's other works.
this reason, he was rejoiced in the present-
day Cavite City as the “Hero” of the Battle
of Dalahican.
Prior to the outbreak of the revolution, Some of his other well-known works
Santiago was already a delegado general include Revolt of the Masses (1956),
of the provincial council of the Katipunan in Malolos: the Crisis of the Republic (1960),
Cavite. He became captain general and the Fateful Years (1965), and History of
later, commander-in-chief, of the the Filipino People (1960) which are all still
Magdiwang forces and valiantly fought the being used as textbooks in many schools.
Spaniards from 1896 to 1897. With his For this outstanding works as a historian,
father, Mariano Álvarez, and cousin, he was conferred as a National Scientist in
General Pascual Álvarez, they liberated (1985).
Noveleta from the Spaniards on
August 31, 1896. Agoncillo obtained a bachelor's degree in
philosophy from the University of the
In 1902 he was appointed Chairman of the Philippines in (1934) and a master's
Commission of the peace, an organization degree in the arts from the same university
created by U.S. authorities to promote the the following year.
material reconstruction of the country and
the reconciliation between the two He became linguistic assistant at the
countries. In this same line created in 1912 Institute of National Language and as an
the Association Makabuhay. instructor at the Far Eastern University and
the Manuel L. Quezon University and a
faculty member of U.P., chairing the
Department of History from 1963 to 1969,
until his retirement in 1977.

When was the account written?


According to Journal of Southeast Asian The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of
Studies, the Original Tagalog text of Bonifacio and the Katipunan was written in
General Alvarez’s memoirs was published 1947 as the authorʼs winning entry in a
in 36 installments, from July 24, 1927 to national Bonifacio biography contest held
April 15, 1928, in the Tagalog weekly, in 1948. Another focus of inquiry is the
Sampaguita. publication of the manuscript in 1956 by
the College of Liberal Arts of the University
The translation of “Ang Katipunan at of the Philippines.
Paghihimagsikan” by Paula Caroline Malay
in English was published in Quezon City,
Ateneo de Manila University Press on
1992.

Mention of Dates

 March 25, 1897 - A convention was  Middle of December 1896 - Bonifacio


held in Tejeros in order to settle the with his wife and two brothers, Ciriaco
dispute between the two councils, The and Procopio, left Cavite because
Magdalo and The Magdiwang group, Bonifacio accept the request of Mariano
and to decide on what type of Alvarez his uncle-in-law.
government should be installed.
 January 2,1897 - Bonifacio wrote from
 March 27, 1897 - Those elected at the San Francisco de Malabon to Mariano
Tejeros convention secretly gathered Alvarez. Written in that letter was
in the Tanza parish house. They knelt "President Mainam: Don't fail to come
before a crucifix and solemnly took this very moment for I want to talk to you
their office despite the Supremo, privately about what happened to me in
Andres Bonifacio’s claim of the Magdalo and so that you might explain
votings as null and void. their organization to me."

 January 1897 - The feast of San


Francisco de Malabon and is when the
rebels enjoyed the fiesta and relaxed.

 March 22,1897 - General Emilio


Aguinaldo's Birthday. Also it is when the
battle raged between the Spaniards and
the Magdalo soldiers and the assembly
convened the Tejeros.

Mention of Place

 Tejeros - The place where the assembly  Cavite - The Tejeros Convention was the
took place. meeting held on March 22, 1897
 San Francisco de Malabon - The place between the Magdiwang and Magdalo
where the election for the new factions.
government took place.  Mountains of Montalban & Mariquina -
 Tanza (Santa Cruz de Malabon) - A delegate was sent in the mountains to
(parish house of the Catholic Church) look for the Supremo to apprise to him of
many attested seeing Messrs. Mariano the urgent necessity of mediating of the
Trias. Daniel Tirona, Emiliano R. de Dios, widening rift between the two popular
Santiago Rillo and others, and that they councils.
were conferring with the priest, Fr. Cenon
Villafranca. The former summer resort of  Noveleta - The place where Esteban
the friars that witnessed the first San Juan invited Bonifacio to attend the
important election held under the demonstration of the Magdiwang rebels.
auspices of the Katipunan government
 Estate house of Tejeros - The place
where the leaders of the Magdiwang
planned to hold another convention.

Towns under the sovereign power of each  Town of Kawit, Bakood, and Imus –
faction: The place where the Spanish army
 Kin Batangas and other towns (Magdalo) seriously threatened it for battle.
 Nasugbu, Tuwi and Look, in the same
province (Magdiwang)  Barrio between the towns of Imus and
Dasmarinas - General Emillio Aguinaldo
 Mountains of Montalban and lead the Magdalo Soldiers to face the
Mariquina - The search for Supremo, to Spaniards.
apprise him of the urgent necessity of
mediating of the widening rift between  Santa Cruz de Malabon - The place
the two popular councils. where a bridge is connected to San
Francisco de Malabon and is the place
 Zapote - Emilio Aguinaldo, Candido where the former summer resort of the
Tirona and Edilberto Evangelista were on friars, that witnessed the first important
hand to meet the Supremo and and his election held under the auspices of the
entourage Katipunan government.
 San Juan del Monte/Laguna - The
 Imus (house of Juan Castaneda) - place where they were going to attack
Bonifacio was brought by the rebel the Spaniards.
leaders where he was visited by
Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona,
Vicente Fernandez and others. Bonifacio
ordered the arrest of Fernandez.

Key Personalities
 Andres Bonifacio - Leader of the  Andres Bonifacio - Supreme Head of
Katipunan the Katipunan
- Magdiwang president elected  Artemio Ricarte - Magdalo's military
as the Secretary of the Interior commander brigadier-general

 Emilio Aguinaldo - Elected as  Mariano Alvarez - Magdiwang's chosen


President of the Katipunan President
 Baldomero Aguinaldo - Magdalo  Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo - Leading the
President Magdalo Soldiers, faced the Spaniards in
 Mariano Trias - Elected as Vice Salitran
President  Candido Tirona - Magdiwang's minister
 General Vibora - Elected as Captain of war
General  Edilberto Evangelista - Magdalo's
 Emiliano de Dios - Elected as Secretary elected Lieutenant General
of War  Baldomero Aguinaldo - Made the
 Daniel Tirona - He went against the proposal to establish a revolutionary
result of the votings when Andres government
Bonifacio was elected as Secretary of the  Daniel Tirona - Magdalo man
Interior  Esteban San Juan - Invited Bonifacio to
 Ariston Villanueva - Previous Secretary attend the demonstration of the
of war Magdiwang rebels in Noveleta
 Apoy - Previous Captain General  Ariston Villanueva - Magdiwang's
- He was insulted by Antonio Minister of War who stood up and said
Montenegro’s remark about the that if new government was to be
revolution and made an order to established, Andres Bonifacio who had
arrest him organized and planned the entire
 Antonio Montenegro - He was arrested revolutionary movement, must of right
by General Apoy because he compared occupy presidency without any election
the revolution to a pack of bandits or of  Santiago Alvarez - Magdalo's
wild, mindless animals if they did not commander in chief
agree on the kind of revolutionary  Pascual Alvarez - Magdalo's executive
government they were to have secretary
 Luciano San Miguel - Magdiwang
representative

 Trining & Josephine - Pleaded with  Mariano Trias - Magdalo's minister of


Apoy not to arrest Montenegro but to let grace and justice
him stay at the estate house  Severino de las Alas - Magdiwang
 Jacinto Lumbreras - Previous Chairman representative
of the Katipunan  Santos Nocon - Magdiwang
 Fr. Cenon Villanueva - Officated the representative
oath taken by the newly elected officers  Cayetano Topacio - Magdiwang's
 Severino de las Alas and Daniel minister of finance
Tirona- Witness of the oath taking  Antonio Montenegro - Magdiwang
representative
 Jacinto Lumbrera - Acting president of
magdiwang in the meeting

Sequencing of Events

In the Philippine Revolution of 1896, there The Katipunan of Cavite, divided into two
was a conflict that emerged between factions, the Magdiwang and the Magdalo,
Andres Bonifacio, the supremo of the and each factions exercised sovereign
Katipunan, the secret society that power over a number of towns. Leaders of
launched the uprising against Spain in each council never got together to elect
August 1896, and Emilio Aguinaldo, a their leader; they proceeded independently
leader of the Filipino forces in Cavite their elected leader. Both factions
province who replaced Bonifacio as head attempted to make their uniform to
of the revolutionary movement in March recognized their council, however the plan
1897. did not go beyond the paper stage due to
lack of budget.
In hopes of uniting the conflicting factions When Cavite led by its two factions,
and establishing a new government of the successfully rose in their revolt, disputes
Katipunan, Andres Bonifacio and Emilio arises between the leaders of rival factions
Aguinaldo agreed to hold the Tejeros for their desire to control the other faction.
Convention. The assembly at Tejeros took But neither both sides would bow nor allow
place on March 25, 1897, which was the other faction to rule the other faction,
initially presided by Secretary Jacinto and this led to rebel's defeat at the hands
Lumbreras of the Magdiwang Council. of Polavieja and the Spaniards. The
Magdiwang men initiated to invite Andres
Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras announced Bonifacio to visit Cavite and intervene in
the main topic of discussion, which was the conflict of the two factions. A delegate
how to bolster the defenses in the areas was sent to look and inform him, but he
under Magdiwang control. Severino de las refuses to heed the request.
Alas interrupted and announced that the
major issues should be tackled first such Periodic exchanges of communication
as what kind of government should we between Bonifacio and Magdiwang
have and how should we establish it. chieftains led to accepting the third
Secretary Lumbreras emphasized that the invitation written to Bonifacio. Bonifacio left
Katipunan now holds authority over the for Cavite in the middle of December 1896.
island that has a government of law and a A misunderstanding arose between
definite program. Severino de las Alas Magdalo leaders and Bonifacio at the
disagreed otherwise. preliminary meeting, that they regarded
Bonifacio's behavior and "acted as if he
A disorder ensued between General Apoy were a king". After the meeting, Bonifacio
and Antonio Montenegro, which disrupted met Fernandez, who was his comrade in
the assembly. Antiono Montenegro said the battle of San Juan, promised to help
the they who were in the Revolution would him, but didn't carried out his promise had
be no better than a pack of bandits or of led to their defeat, ordered his arrest. But
wild, mindless animals. Hurt by the words Magdalo chieftains, whom Fernandez had
of Montenegro, General Apoy emphasized run for shelter, refused to give him up and
that they are true revolutionaries fighting Bonifacio concluded that he had little
for the freedom of the native land and they influence in Magdalo area.
are not bandits who rob others of their
property and wealth. General Apoy then Bonifacio was invited to attend an event in
ordered the arrest of Antonio Montenegro. Noveleta. A parade took place and Emilio
Aguinaldo, a Magdiwang, observed the
When order was restored, Andres parade, while having a plan to nominate
Bonifacio presumed the chairman of the Edilberto Evangelista, with the intention of
assembly, for he is the Father of the his faction to propose an establishment of
Katipunan and the Revolution. Secretary a revolutionary government. Bonifacio
Lumbreras thought Bonifacio to be the knowing the plan of Aguinaldo was hurt for
rightful chairman because the as the the presidency must be given to him for he
leader of the Katipunans, he was is the founder of Katipunan. After, an
responsible for the spread of the assembly was opened with Bonifacio as
revolutionary movement throughout the chairman. And both factions have different
Philippines. sides that never come to understanding.
Magdalo proposes to have a government
An election took place for the following with the Katipunan for it was no longer
positions: President, Vice President, necessary, and Magdiwang opposes the
Minister of Finance, Minister of Welfare proposal. At the end the assembly was
and Justice, and Captain General. The adjourned, but as tension between the
Supremo Bonifacio emphasized that all Magdiwang and Magdalo continues to rise.
decisions discussed and approved in the
meetings should be respected and all The leaders held another convention at the
should abide by the wished of the majority, estate-house in Tejeros. This was during
no matter what his station in life or his Aguinaldo’s birthday March 22,1987 and
educational attainment. The Magdiwang when he was facing the Spaniards in
secretary of the treasury warned Bonifacio Salitran. The convention was mostly
that the ballots were tampered and some attended by Magdiwang soldiers. The
were already filled out, however, Bonifacio convention was opened by Jacinto
ignored this and proceeded with the Lumbreras, however Severino de las Alas
election. took the floor and wanted to discuss on
what kind of government should be set up.
In the voting for the presidency position in Andres Bonifacio explaining that the K in
the revolutionary government, Emilio the Katipunan flag already identified the
Aguinaldo prevailed over Andres type of government but de las Alas was
Bonifacio. The next most important posts not satisfied. The tension was heated up
went to members of the Magdiwang: as Antonio Montenegro insulted the
Mariano Trias was elected Vice President, Katipunan which was not taken lightly by
Artemio Ricarte, and Emiliano Riego de Santiago Alvarez. Lumbreras then
Dios was elected Secretary of War. Andres proceeded to gave the seat to Andres
Bonifacio was elected to a position, the Bonifacio in spearheading the convention.
Secretary of the Interior. After that, an
argument broke out between Bonifacio and An election was held where whoever
Daniel Tirona, where the later insisted that elected was to be recognized and
the position of Secretary of the Interior respected regardless of social status and
should be entrusted to a lawyer and elect education. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected
Jose del Rosario instead. Bonifacio President, Mariano Trias as Vice
adjourned the meeting, announcing that all President, Ricarte as Captain General,
matters approved in the meeting are null Emilio R. de Dios as director of war and
and void. Andres Bonifacio as Director of Interior.
The position of Bonifacio was opposed by
Baldomero Aguinaldo, the Magdalo Daniel Tirona, which offended the
president, convinced the Magdiwang Supremo, that led him to call the assembly
leaders to reconvene the disrupted off and all that was discussed as null.
meeting at the same friar estate house in
Tejeros the following day to continue and Bonifacio believed that that he should
revalidate the proceeding of the election; have been given the presidency but was
however, the Magdalo members did not not due to the dirty work of the Magdalo
came. It was rumored that a meeting had men. In his letter to Mariano Alvarez he
taken place at the Tanza parish house and also said that he would not recognize the
Bonifacio’s decision regarding the election chiefs elected during the Imus Convention
being null and void were not respected. At and should not be recognized by the
the gathering in the Tanza parish house, people either.
those elected at the Tejeros Convention
took their oaths office, which was officiated
by Fr. Cenon Villafranca. Unknown to the
Magdiwang Council, the Magdalo posted
troops to guard the Tarzan parish house
and not to admit any unwanted Magdiwang
partisans.

Differences between the two accounts


Date of the Tejeros Convention:
According to historian Teodoro Agoncillo,
Revolutionary leader, Santiago Alvarez
the Tejeros Convention occurred on
stated that the Tejeros Convention
March 22, 1897, which was Aguinaldo’s
occurred on
birthday.
March 25, 1897.
Details of the Events:
Alvarez’s account of the events that Agoncillo’s Seeds of Discontent was
transpired during the Tejeros Convention comprehensive since it has many details
was short and brief but clear; expressing and facts; giving the full particulars of the
what needs to be conveyed without events.
unnecessary words.
This account started with the The
This account started with the assembly at Katipunan of Cavite, which was divided
Tejeros that convened on March 25, 1897. into two factions, the Magdiwang and the
Alvarez’s missed to account the events Magdalo. The disputes between the two
that lead to the assembly. factions lead the need to unite the
conflicting factions and establish a new
government of the Katipunan.

Events after the Tejeros Convention:


In Agoncillo’s account, he did not mention
In Alvarez’s account, he did not mention
that the Magdalo President Baldomero
that Andres Bonifacio wrote a letter to his
Aguinalo intended to continue the
uncle-in-law, Mariano Alvarez venting his
disrupted assembly, however the Magdalo
anger which was triggered by Daniel
members did not show up on the agreed
Tirona and in his letter he reiterated his
place. Rather, the Magdalo members
nullification of all that had been agreed
secretly gathered in Tanza to take their
upon.
oaths of office.

Analysis
Alvarez’s account was not detailed enough The group thinks that it was unfair for
to really understand about what happened Bonifacio to die when he wrote the letter to
even before and even after of that event. It his uncle in law.
only briefly explained the situation unlike
the 2nd reading that is much more detailed
Agoncillo’s account was very detailed and
of the occurrences.
everything was described on how the
election became a null and later on was
Alvarez’s account focuses more on the dismissed.
election that occurred and how the officers
opposed to Bonifacio’s decision of
The significant events that happened in
declaring it as null and void.
Agoncillo’s account were more on the
conflicts they encountered and what the
outcome of the election was.

Sources:
Readings in Philippine History Handouts (Readings on Tejeros Convention – 1897)
Author’s Background:
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1245/today-in-philippine-history-july-25-1872-
santiago-alvarez-was-born-in-imus-cavite
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/737/today-in-philippine-history-november-9-1912-
teodoro-a-agoncillo-was-born-in-lemery-batangas

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