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Lecture 9 Transmission Media

The document discusses different types of transmission media including guided media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables as well as wireless or unguided media such as terrestrial microwave, satellite microwave, broadcast radio, and infrared. It covers the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each type of transmission medium and discusses factors that influence their bandwidth and transmission capabilities such as interference and number of receivers.

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deepak singhal
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89 views34 pages

Lecture 9 Transmission Media

The document discusses different types of transmission media including guided media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables as well as wireless or unguided media such as terrestrial microwave, satellite microwave, broadcast radio, and infrared. It covers the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each type of transmission medium and discusses factors that influence their bandwidth and transmission capabilities such as interference and number of receivers.

Uploaded by

deepak singhal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 5: Lecture No.

#2

Transmission Media

Presented By

DHIVIYA ROSE J
Assistant Professor – Senior Scale
CIT | CoES | UPES
Classes of Transmission Media
• Conducted or guided media
▫ use a conductor such as a wire or a fiber optic
cable to move the signal from sender to receiver
• Wireless or unguided media
▫ use radio waves of different frequencies and do
not need a wire or cable conductor to transmit
signals

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Twisted Pair Cables

Guided Media Coaxial Cables


Transmission Media

Fiber Optic Cables

Terrestrial microwave

Satellite microwave

Unguided Media

Broadcast radio

Infrared
Design Factors
for Transmission Media
• Bandwidth: All other factors remaining constant, the
greater the band-width of a signal, the higher the data
rate that can be achieved.
• Transmission impairments. Limit the distance a signal
can travel.
• Interference: Competing signals in overlapping
frequency bands can distort or wipe out a signal.
• Number of receivers: Each attachment introduces some
attenuation and distortion, limiting distance and/or data
rate.

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


I..Guided Transmission Media
• Transmission capacity depends on the distance
and on whether the medium is point-to-point or
multipoint
• Examples
▫ twisted pair wires
▫ coaxial cables
▫ optical fiber

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


A)Twisted Pair Wires
• Consists of two insulated copper wires arranged
in a regular spiral pattern to minimize the
electromagnetic interference between adjacent
pairs
• Often used at customer facilities and also over
distances to carry voice as well as data
communications
• Low frequency transmission medium

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Types of Twisted Pair
• STP (shielded twisted pair)
▫ the pair is wrapped with metallic foil or braid to
insulate the pair from electromagnetic
interference
• UTP (unshielded twisted pair)
▫ each wire is insulated with plastic wrap, but the
pair is encased in an outer covering

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Twisted Pair Advantages
• Inexpensive and readily available
• Flexible and light weight
• Easy to work with and install

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Twisted Pair Disadvantages
• Susceptibility to interference and noise
• Attenuation problem
▫ For analog, repeaters needed every 5-6km
▫ For digital, repeaters needed every 2-3km

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


B) Coaxial Cable (or Coax)
• Used for cable television, LANs, telephony
• Has an inner conductor surrounded by a braided
mesh
• Both conductors share a common center axial,
hence the term “co-axial”

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Coax Layers
outer jacket
(polyethylene)
shield
(braided wire)

insulating material

copper or aluminum
conductor

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Coax Advantages
• Higher bandwidth
▫ 400 to 600Mhz
▫ up to 10,800 voice conversations
• Can be tapped easily (pros and cons)
• Much less susceptible to interference than
twisted pair

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Coax Disadvantages
• High attenuation rate makes it expensive over
long distance
• Bulky

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


C) Fiber Optic Cable
• Relatively new transmission medium used by
telephone companies in place of long-distance
trunk lines
• Also used by private companies in implementing
local data communications networks
• Require a light source with injection laser diode
(ILD) or light-emitting diodes (LED)

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Fiber Optic Layers
• consists of three concentric sections

plastic jacket glass or plastic


fiber core
cladding

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Fiber Optic Types
• multimode step-index fiber
▫ the reflective walls of the fiber move the light pulses to
the receiver
• multimode graded-index fiber
▫ acts to refract the light toward the center of the fiber
by variations in the density
• single mode fiber
▫ the light is guided down the center of an extremely
narrow core

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Fiber Optic Signals

fiber optic multimode


step-index

fiber optic multimode


graded-index

fiber optic single mode

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Fiber Optic Advantages
• greater capacity (bandwidth of up to 2 Gbps)
• smaller size and lighter weight
• lower attenuation
• immunity to environmental interference
• highly secure due to tap difficulty and lack of
signal radiation

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Fiber Optic Disadvantages
• expensive over short distance
• requires highly skilled installers
• adding additional nodes is difficult

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Wireless (Unguided Media)
Transmission
• transmission and reception are achieved by
means of an antenna
• directional
▫ transmitting antenna puts out focused beam
▫ transmitter and receiver must be aligned
• omnidirectional
▫ signal spreads out in all directions
▫ can be received by many antennas

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Wireless Examples
• terrestrial microwave
• satellite microwave
• broadcast radio
• infrared

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


A)Terrestrial Microwave
• used for long-distance telephone service
• uses radio frequency spectrum, from 2 to 40 Ghz
• parabolic dish transmitter, mounted high
• used by common carriers as well as private
networks
• requires unobstructed line of sight between
source and receiver
• curvature of the earth requires stations
(repeaters) ~30 miles apart

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Satellite Microwave
Applications

• Television distribution
• Long-distance telephone transmission
• Private business networks

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Satellite
Microwave Transmission
• a microwave relay station in space
• can relay signals over long distances
• geostationary satellites
▫ remain above the equator at a height of 22,300
miles (geosynchronous orbit)
▫ travel around the earth in exactly the time the
earth takes to rotate

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Satellite Transmission Links
• earth stations communicate by sending signals
to the satellite on an uplink
• the satellite then repeats those signals on a
downlink
• the broadcast nature of the downlink makes it
attractive for services such as the distribution of
television programming

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Satellite Transmission Process
satellite
transponder

dish
dish
22,300 miles

uplink station downlink station

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Satellite Transmission Applications
• television distribution
▫ a network provides programming from a central
location
▫ direct broadcast satellite (DBS)
• long-distance telephone transmission
▫ high-usage international trunks
• private business networks

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Radio
• radio is omnidirectional and microwave is
directional
• Radio is a general term often used to encompass
frequencies in the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
• Mobile telephony occupies several frequency
bands just under 1 GHz.

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications


Infrared
• Uses transmitters/receivers (transceivers) that
modulate noncoherent infrared light.
• Transceivers must be within line of sight of each
other (directly or via reflection ).
• Unlike microwaves, infrared does not penetrate
walls.

INFO 108 – Computer Fundamentals and its Applications

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