INTERNSHIP REPORT ON

“FIBER CABLE SYSTEM OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE”

at

EZECOM-Cambodia's Premium Internet Provider

Submitted By:
Mr. Chhoun Sivgora
Under the supervision of:
Mss. Cheat Morokot
Date of defense: ____/ ____/ 2020
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Internship Program
for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Telecoms and Networking

School of Telecoms &Networking

National Institute of Posts,
Telecoms &ICT
 វិទ្យាស្ថា នជាតិប្រៃសណីយ៍ ទូរគមនាគមន៍
បច្ចេកវិទ្យាគមនាគមន៍ និងព័ត៌មាន
មហាវិទ្យាល័យ បច្ចេកវិទ្យាទូរគមនាគមន៍ និងបណ្ដា ញ
គម្រោងសញ្ញា បត្របរិញ្ញា បត្រ
របស់និស្សិត៖ ឈួន ស៊ីវហ្គោ រ៉ា
កាលបរិច្ឆេទការពារនិក្ខេបបទ៖ _____/ ________/ ២០២០
អនុញ្ញា តអោយការពារគំរោង
ប្រធានវិទ្យាស្ថា នជាតិ៖ __________________
ថ្ងៃទី ខែ ឆ្នា ំ២០២០
ប្រធានបទ៖ ប្រព័នប្រ្ធ តិបត្តិការខ្សែកាបអ៊ុបទិច និងការថែរក្សាប្រព័ន្ធខ្សែកាប
សហគ្រាស៖ ក្រុមហ៊ុនផ្តល់អ៊ិនធឺណិតលំដាប់ខ្ពស់ អីហ្ស៊ីខម
ព្រឹទ្ធបុរស៖ លោក ឡេង ប៊ុន្នី
គ្រូដឹកនាំគម្រោង៖ អ្នកស្រី ជាតិ មរកត
អ្នកទទួលខុសត្រូវក្នុងសហគ្រាស៖ លោក ជិម ឡាយ ហ៊ឺ
រាជធានីភ្នំពេញ

National Institute of Posts, Telecoms &ICT

School of Telecoms &Networking
A thesis submitted by:
Mr. Chhoun Sivgora
Defense Date: _____/ ___, 2020
Thesis defense authorization

President: ________________
_____/ ___, 2020
Topic: Fiber Cable System Operation and Maintenance

Enterprise: EZECOM-Cambodia's Premium Internet Provider

Dean: Mr. Leng Bunny
Advisor: Mss. Cheat Morokot
Supervisor: Mr. Chim Lay Heu

PHNOM PENH
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I would like to express greatly appreciation to His Excellency Dr. Seng
Sopheap, Director General of National Institute of Posts. Telecommunications and
Information Communication Technology, for his good management in facilitating the
mechanism of this higher education establishment and his efforts to help the students to write
their final thesis effectively.

Second, I would like to thank Mr. Leng Bunny; Faculty of Telecom and Networking.
And, I would like to express my utmost gratitude. And I would like to thank the Senior of
Fiber Engineer Mr. Chim Layheu and the entire staff members who worked hard to make
this training success.

I would like to extend thanks go to all the employees of EZECOM who warmly
welcomed and provided well-planned training program for me with useful guidance ideas and
encouragement. I got a good working environment with great help for me to work in that
place without any disappointment. My stay at EZECOM was one of the most memorable
times in my life thus far, and I believe a huge part of it being memorable is the people from
EZECOM with whom I met and interacted with throughout my stay and its culture as a
EZECOM.
In addition, the success and outcome of this training required a lot of guidance and assistance
from many people and I am extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of
this courses. All that I have done is only due to such supervision Ms. Cheat Morokot.
Finally, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited time frame. I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in
my career development. I will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible
way, and I will continue to work on their improvement, in order to attain desired career
objectives. Hope to continue cooperation with all of you in the future.

i
 ABSTRACT

Industrial training program offered by faculty of Telecom and Networking, National Institute
of Post Telecommunication and ICT is an opportunity for an undergraduate student to apply
his theoretical knowledge gained during the university academic program into real world
industrial based Telecom Networking and experience professional engineer. The objectives
of such programs are to enhance participants’ skills, and to enrich their industrial knowledge
by keeping them updated with the latest technologies. This opportunity has extremely helped
me to expose into an environment where I could see my future is bright in this fields.

After completing the Semester 2 of Year 3 as an undergraduate student of Faculty of Telecom

and Networking, NIPTICT, I got the opportunity to carry out my industrial training
EZECOM. Worked as Underground and Overhead for 4 months starting from 01st of March
2019. This report documents the knowledge and experience I have gained through my
industrial training program at EZECOM. It will contain fully details of my progress of
deployment real time project into EZECOM Company.

II
 មូលន័យសង្ខេប

កម្មវធ
ិ ីបណុ ្ត ះបណ្តា លឧស្សាហកម្មដែលបានផ្តល់ដោយមហាវទ្យាល័
ិ យទូរគមនាគមន៍និង

បណ្តា ញវទ្យាស្ថា
ិ នជាតិ ប៉ុសិ៍្ត នង
ិ អាយស៊ី ធទ
ី ូរគមនាគមន៍ គជា
ឺ ឱកាសសម្រាប់នស
ិ ្សត
ិ ថ្នា ក់
បរញ្ញា
ិ បត្រមួយដម
ើ ្បអ
ី នុវត្តចំណេះដង
ឹ ខាងទ្រស
ឹ ី ្ត ដែលគាត់បានទទួលអំឡុងពេលដែលកម្មវធ
ិ ី

សិក្សាសកលវទ្យាល័
ិ យចូលទៅក្នុងបណ្តា ញ ទូរគមនាគមន៍ដែលមាន មូលដ្ឋា នលើប្រពន្ធអេ
័ ឡិចត្រូ

នច
ិ នង
ិ បទពសោ
ិ ិ ករជំនាញ។
ធន៍វស្វ គោលដៅបំណងនៃកម្មវធ
ិ បែ
ី បនេះគដ
ឺ ម
ើ ្បប
ី ង្កន
ើ ចំណេះដង
ឹ

ខាងឧស្សាហកម្មរបស់ពួកគេដោយរក្សាវាអោយទាន់សម័យជាមួយ នឹងបច្ចកវទ្យាចុ
ិ ងក្រោយ

បង្អស់។ ឱកាសនេះបានជួយខ្ញុំ យ់ា ងខ្លា ង

ំ ក្នុងការបង្ហា ញអោយ ឃញ
ើ នូវបរយាកាសមួ
ិ យដែល ខ្ញុំ

អាចឃើញអនាគតរបស់ខុ ្ញំមានភាពរងមាំ
ឹ នៅក្នុងវស័
ិ យនេះ។

បន្ទា ប់ពបា
ី នបញ្ច ប់ Semester ទ២
ី នៃឆ្នា ំ ទ៣
ី ជានស
ិ ្សត
ិ បរញ្ញា
ិ បត្រជាន់ខ្ពស់នៃ
មហាវទ្យាល័
ិ យ ទូរគមនាគមន៍និងបណ្តា ញ NIPTICT ខ្ញុំបានទទួលឱកាសដើម្បអ
ី នុវត្តវគ្គ
បណុ ្ត ះបណ្តា លឧស្សាហកម្មរបស់ខុ ្ញំនៅ Ezecom ធ្វកា
ើ រជាមួយក្រុមខ្សែកាបក្រោមដី នង
ឺ ខ្សែកាប
លើអាកាស អស់រយៈពេល ៤ ខែ គិតចាប់ពីថ្ងៃទី ០១ ខែ មនា
ី ឆ្នា ំ ២០១៩។

របាយការណ៍នេះចងក្រងចំណេះដឹងនង
ឹ បទពសោ
ិ ធន៍ខុ ្ញំបានទទួលតាមរយៈកម្មវធ
ិ ី

បណុ ្ត ះបណ្តា លឧស្សាហកម្មរបស់ខុ ្ញំនៅ Ezecom វានង

ឹ មានព័តមា
៌ នលំ អត
ិ អំពកា
ី រវវឌ្ឍនរបស់
ិ ខុ ្ញំកុ ង
្ន

ការដាក់អោយដំណើរការគម្រោងនៅ Ezecom ។

Student: Chhoun Sivgora Fiber Cable System Operation and Maintenance

III
Student: Chhoun Sivgora

TABLE OF CONTENT

IV
 KEYWORD

FTTH : Fiber Optic cable to the home

ODF : Optical Distribution Frame

DWDM : Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

SDH : Synchronous digital hierarchy
SP : Splitter

V
LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

VI
 I. INTRODUCTION
1. Presentation of the Internship
In the final year 3rd of studies, students of Telecoms and Networking at
NIPTICT have to get internship in the related field companies such as Internet
services provider (ISP). Now a day there are many ISPs in Cambodia that serving
Internet to customer in accordance with the requirements of modern technology for
communication, entertainment, especially online business, also known as E-
commerce, the sector is highly competitive, which necessitates the use of the internet
indispensable.
Therefore, I have chosen an Internet service provider EZECOM-Cambodia's
Premium Internet Provider for my internship program on the topic of “Fiber Cable
System Operation and Maintenance”.

1.1. Objective

To be able to continue to study in year four, students of NIPTICT requires to internship in

partner companies or non-partner companies, which allow students for training about how the
company works on its various projects related to the student's academic training in college. In
this internship, students will get training on various practical skills that will strengthen their
theoretical and practical skills. Students will be empowered to work in teamwork, patient
tolerance, and corporate responsibility. And the completion of this internship, the student
must prepare the report, also preparing documents for description and thesis defense.

1.2. Duration

I have 3 months for internship, the internship program that started from March 1 st, 2020 and
will end on June 1st, 2020.

2. Presentation of the Organization

2.1. History

EZECOM was founded in 2007 to serve the expanding business and private market in
Cambodia. Since then EZECOM has rapidly established itself as one of Cambodia’s leading
providers of communication solutions and services. Besides being nominated for “Best
Operator in a developing Market”, EZECOM has won the Best ISP award in 2011 and 2012
consecutively, chosen by the public and a panel of industry experts.
EZECOM’s principal activities include network IT services, local, national and international
telecommunications services, higher value broadband and internet products and a world class
Data Centre compliant to TIA -942. To maintain these services, EZECOM has built a

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National Institute of Posts, Telecoms & ICT Academic Year 2017-2018

comprehensive Fibre-optic network, the latest technology connectivity with VAS service to
meet the demand of enterprise solutions such as CSP, ibizcloud, and Beedoo.
With our technical expertise and experience EZECOM has fast become the shining start in
Cambodia’s fibre-optic market – to the extent of providing wholesale to competitors – as well
as building an impressive portfolio of high end clients. To ensure the quality of the services
on offer, EZECOM has established and introduced its own quality management system. After
an independent audit we were awarded the Organization for Standardization’s (ISO)
9001:2008 certifications. EZECOM is the first ISP in Cambodia to have gained this
international recognition.
In parallel with the rapid expansion of the technical side of the business, EZECOM has also
broadened the scope of its customer service network. In Phnom Penh where we have our
headquarters, the company has established a key sales office along with two dedicated
business centers within the city. Outside of the capital we have six satellite offices in Siem
Reap, Sihanoukville, Battambang, Koh Kong, Bavet, and Poipet. With a further hierarchy of
agents who serve other key provincial markets in Sisaphon, Kampong Cham, Bavet, Pursat,
Prey Veng and Poipet.

2.2. Company Organization Chart

2.3. Service of Ezecom

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National Institute of Posts, Telecoms & ICT Academic Year 2017-2018

 Internet Access

 Enterprise Network

 Cloud Services

 Data Centre & Hosting

 Value Added Services

2.4. Vision

To lead as a partner of choice for regional communications services while continuing to

improve the quality of communication infrastructure and services in Cambodia.

2.5. Mission

To be Cambodia's premium Solutions provider of communications services through constant

innovation & improvement while contribute to society.

2.6. Address and Contact

Address: Cambodia Chamber of Commerce, 7D Russian Boulevard, Phnom Penh.

Contact: 023 238 181
Website: https://www.ezecom.com.kh/

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II. PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT

1. General Presentation of the Project
The Fiber Optic cable transmit data via fast-traveling pulses of light. Another layer of glass,
called “cladding,” is wrapped around the central fiber and causes light to repeatedly bounce
off the walls of the cable rather than leak out at the edges, enabling the single to go farther
without attenuation. Nowadays almost of company, school, bank …. etc. use fiber optic is
better than Ethernet because can carry 10 Gbps to 100 Gbps.

2. Objectives of the project

 Using high speed of bandwidth: Fiber cables offer several advantages over
long-distance copper cabling. Fiber optics support a higher capacity. The
amount of network bandwidth a fiber cable can carry easily exceeds that of a
copper cable with similar thickness. Fiber cables rated at 10 Gbps, 40 Gbps,
and 100 Gbps are standard.
 Point to point and Multi-point service: is communication which is
accomplished via a distinct type of one-to-many connection, providing
multiple paths from a single location to multiple locations.
 Easy connection to the site and hundred sites: Site connects to other site by
fiber optic.
 Stability of Service: the state of being stable of the service.
 Long life span and long distance: Fiber cable long life span from 5 to 10
years.

3. Planning
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
Month Month Month Month Mont Month Month
Task h
Training and
Researching
Project
Implement
Testing and
Maintenance
Result
Presentation

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III. ANALYSIS AND GENERAL CONCEPT

1. Technology
2.7. Hardware Requirement

Underground cable placement is characterized by pulling or blowing

cables into underground conduit systems with conduit access in manholes or
handholes. Standard size fiber cables are normally placed in innerducts which are
housed in the conduit system. Micro-duct cables are placed into micro-ducts
which are housed directly in innerducts or micro-ducts in the larger diameter
telecommunications conduit that make up the conduit system. Placing equipment
is specially tuned to be effective placing standard fiber cables or the smaller
micro-duct cables. Procedures and equipment are used to keep bending and tensile
stresses under the threshold values that could begin to be a problem if violated.

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National Institute of Posts, Telecoms & ICT Academic Year 2017-2018

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National Institute of Posts, Telecoms & ICT Academic Year 2017-2018

2.8. Software Requirement (Cacti and U2000)

Cacti is a web-based network monitoring and graphing tool designed as a

front-end application for the open-source Cacti allows a user to poll services at
predetermined intervals and graph the resulting data. It is generally used to graph
time-series data of metrics such as CPU load and network bandwidth utilization.

3. Project Topology
The Project topology is related to 24 Province, the red point is cable that cut and the green is
working as normal.

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National Institute of Posts, Telecoms & ICT Academic Year 2017-2018

IV. IMPLEMENTATION
In process of the checking and monitoring the fiber cable system operation and maintenance,
I am merely responsible for link connection. In case the link down, I need to take action as
steps below:
1. Monitoring
Base on the software NMS as Cacti, we can notify the all the connections is up or
down, it can alert and popup message to me by mail or color on the screen.
2. Before the Technical on side:
For this step, it is more important before we arrange the team to check on problem
side. To dive in depth on the root cause of issue, the technical team try to recheck with
many methods as: using the OTDR, Power Meter, Power Light Source.
3. On side checking (Troubleshooting)
Regarding to the above step, we can arrange the technical team to fix and
troubleshoot the connecting as soon as possible or we inform the NOC team about the real
problem such as the link cutdown by the construction, power issue, equipment issue,
patch-cord, thirds party, etc.
4. Check and Report
On the other hands, after the technical team finish troubleshooting the problem,
then they try to recheck the latency, packet loss, jitter of connection to make sure the
connection is smooth and reliable. The last thing is, report to NOC team and inform the
costumer to recheck.

1. Preparation for Cable Placing

Survey one of the most important steps in the engineering and placement
of optical cable is the preconstruction site survey. During this visit the placing
supervisor and/or OSP engineer will be able to observe any unusual situations that
require special attention. The proposed placing route will be evaluated for its
ability to support the planned placing procedure. One of the main objectives of the
survey is to discover all potential pit-falls in the proposed placing operation so
they may be accounted for in the final procedure.

3.1. General Issues

 If possible, select a route that follows existing telecommunications

infrastructure.
 Before any visit is made to a prospective construction site, an up-to-date plot
plan showing the location of existing utilities shall be obtained from each of
the utilities that will affect the construction operation. The plot plan shall be

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National Institute of Posts, Telecoms & ICT Academic Year 2017-2018

noted with details characterizing each utility and phone numbers to call if
there are problems.
 Select a route that provides easy access for workers, equipment, and materials.
 The placing route shall have a spacious and safe staging area convenient to the
job site.
 The staging area shall be a location in which cable reels can be unloaded and
stored prior to use with an all-weather surface. It shall also be a location at
which fiber measurements can be made. It shall be secure from vandalism and
theft.
 Cable under no load, Minimum bend radius 15 × Cable Diameter
 Cable Diameter Cable under load, Minimum bend radius 20 × Cable Diameter
 All splice locations and points where human contact may result in exposure to
metallic components in the cable, splice closure, or underground infrastructure
need to be properly bonded and grounded to an earth ground.
 Sufficient space must be provided around the start of the cable placement
location (manhole or handhole) to provide a gentle transition for the cable
being placed to feed from the reel into the sub-duct system

3.2. Underground Pre-Construction Survey

 If possible, select a conduit with empty innerducts or micro-ducts already

installed.
 If any new excavation is anticipated, underground and buried utilities should
be marked on the ground surface so the construction crew can easily determine
where it is safe to dig. Most areas have a “Call before You Dig” phone
number to call for contractors to use to avoid damaging underground utilities
during construction.
 The pre-construction survey of feed, pull, intermediate assist, and back feed
manholes must include an inspection of the respective manhole to be assured
that the appropriate equipment is chosen and the appropriate tie down
hardware is available to enable these manholes to function as required
 Intermediate manholes are those manholes where cable is expressed through
without being spliced. They often require considerable “rigging” to setup
sheaves, quadrant blocks, or pulling frames to accommodate any conduit
misalignments in the route of cable placement. All of the hardware used to
assist in safely making these directional changes need to be securely chained
or tied in place.

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Figure 1 - Schematic Showing Different Types of Manholes

 Intermediate-feed manholes are those manholes where cable is pulled to in the

first stage of a multi-stage cable placing operation. The remaining cable not in
place (for use beyond the intermediate-feed manhole) is stored on the ground
at these manholes. Finally, the intermediate-feed manhole is the location from
which the stored cable is fed into the remainder of the conduit system in the
next stage of the pulling operation.

Figure 2 - Schematic Showing Intermediate-Feed Manhole


Back feed manholes are located within the cable run from which cable is fed in
both directions. Normally, back feed manholes are located at major changes in
direction of the cable run, often closer to one end of the cable run than the

Figure 3 - Schematic Showing Backfeed Feed Manhole

other.
 Intermediate-assist manholes are those manholes near mid-span to provide an
assist to the cable placing operation. The assist can either be a manual push
assist or a mechanical push assist. More than one assist manhole can be used.
It is possible to use mechanical assist equipment to place micro-duct cables
that provide air pressure and a push force to assist the cable placement.

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National Institute of Posts, Telecoms & ICT Academic Year 2017-2018

Intermediate-assist manholes require considerable “rigging” to properly align

the assist equipment with the sub-duct system.

Figure 4 - Schematic Showing Intermediate - Assist Manhole


The plan developed as a result of the pre-survey along with comments shall be
summarized in drawings made available to the placing crew.
 Cables and sub-duct (if required) shall be delivered to a staging area
designated in the preplacement survey by the service provider or contractor
installing the cable.
 All Sterlite cables are shipped with loss information on each fiber. The
information is provided electronically or as a hard copy attached to the cable
reel.
Cable on all reels need to be inspected for damage as they are received. As
a precaution and to avoid costly extra cable removal operations, all fibers should
be measured on the reel using an OTDR. Measurements on single-mode fiber
cables should be made at 1550 nm and 1300 nm on multimode fiber cables.

2. Cable Staging Area

 New cables, sub-ducts, and micro-ducts will be staged at selected areas in a
safe, convenient location with respect to the right-of-way prior to their
installation.
 Staging locations shall be safe from vandalism and free of pedestrian and
vehicular traffic interaction. If possible, the staging area shall be flat and
covered with an all-weather surface.
 The staging location shall be large enough to store the reels and placing
equipment and materials being used in the construction operation.
 Reels shall be stored on the edge of both of their flanges with access to the
side of the reel for pre-construction testing of the cable on the reel.
 The thermal wrap shall be kept on the cable reel as long as possible to provide
thermal and solar protection to the cable as long as possible.

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 Pre-Construction measurements shall be made on all fibers in each new cable

reel at the staging location.
Tools and Materials Using Underground and Overhead
Underground cable placement is characterized by pulling or blowing cables
into underground conduit systems with conduit access in manholes or handholes.
Standard size fiber cables are normally placed in innerducts which are housed in
the conduit system. Micro-duct cables are placed into micro-ducts which are
housed directly in innerducts or micro-ducts in the larger diameter
telecommunications conduit that make up the conduit system. Placing equipment
is specially tuned to be effective placing standard fiber cables or the smaller
micro-duct cables. Procedures and equipment are used to keep bending and tensile
stresses under the threshold values that could begin to be a problem if violated.

Table 1 - Standard Fiber Optic Cable Underground Placing Equipment

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Table 2 - Typical Placing Equipment Used to Place Micro-Ducts and Micro-Duct Cables

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4. Inner duct and Micro-Ducts

Conduit systems are generally made from formations of 3.5 inch to 4-inch
diameter single-bore telecommunications conduit that is arranged into multiple
duct conduit systems. Innerduct is often smooth wall polyethylene tubing ranging
in diameter from 1 inch to 2 inches in diameter. Micro-ducts are small bore
polyethylene tubes ranging in diameter from 6 mm to 14 mm.

Table 3 - Typical Placing Equipment Used to Place Micro- Ducts and Micro - Duct Cables

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Figure 5 - HDPE Inner duct

Table 4 - Geometry of Most Common Micro-Ducts

3. Lubricant
As always, the encasing conduit, sub-duct, innerduct, or micro-duct must
be lubricated prior to the start of any placing operation following the lubrication
schedule in Table 7 or Table 8. Once the placing operation begins, lubrication
must continue to be applied to the cable being placed as it is placed.
American Polywater provides this formula for estimating the quantity of
lubricant that should be used to place a standard size optical cable or micro-duct
into a sub-duct.

 Quantity of Lubricant in Gallons = 0.0015 × D × L

 Where: D = Diameter of Conduit in Inches Housing the
 Item Being Placed L = Length of Placement in Feet

Polywater also provides the information contained in Table 7 showing an

estimate of the volume of lubricant used to place standard size fiber optic cable or

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micro-ducts in various size subducts or innerducts. Approximately 75 percent of

the lubricant should be placed in the sub-duct ahead of the swivel and the
remainder of the lubricant placed on the cable or micro-duct as it enters the sub-
duct.
Table 5 - Approximate Volume of Lubricant Required to Place Standard Fiber Optic Cable or Micro-Duct into
Inner duct or Sub-Duct

Polywater offers the micro-duct cable placing lubrication estimate shown

in Table 8 to jet micro duct cable into various size micro-ducts. Pour
approximately 75 percent of the lubricant indicated in Table 8 directly into the
micro-duct ahead of the missile with the remainder of the lubricant being placed
on the cable during the placing operation. Note, the actual quantity of lubrication
used in any placing operation varies and is dependent upon the size, condition,
length, wall type of the micro-duct, and the material in the duct and cable jacket.
Table 6 - Approximate Volume of Lubrication Required For Cable Jetting Micro - Duct Cable in Various Size
Micro - Duct

3.1. Sheaves, Quadrant Block and Manhole Frame

The cable manufacturer's recommended minimum bend diameter shall be

maintained. If no minimum bend diameter is recommended, use the minimum
diameter recommended below.
Cable under no load, Minimum bend radius 15 × Cable Diameter
Cable under load, Minimum bend radius 20 × Cable Diameter

4. Winches

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Since optical cables are lighter in weight and smaller in diameter than their
copper counter parts, smaller winches are generally used to place optical cables.
Most standard size optical cables have a maximum cable placing force of 600
pounds or greater (some optical cables do have higher loads and some lower,
consult the cable specification provided by Sterlite to determine the maximum
placing load for each cable

5. Cable Blowing and Pushing Engine

The micro-duct system is based on the use of a combination of smaller
diameter subducts and more compact optical cables using more efficient placing
methods and equipment specifically tuned to micro- duct and micro-cables. It is
possible to use equipment similar to that used to place micro-duct cable to place
standard size optical cables; it is specially tuned to the standard diameter optical
cables and innerduct.

6. Line construction

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Before starting to lay the overhead fiber optic cable, the first thing should
be to plan the line of overhead fiber optic cable, so as to effectively avoid the
unexpected situation in the cable installation process. As shown below:

Figure 6 - Line Construction

Routing requirements:
1. Safe and secure, the road is located in the place without flood, erosion or
landslides and other places, considering the development planning, to avoid the
existing development planning of the reservoir area, mining, industrial areas, roads
and so on.
2. The economy is reasonable, saving investment: choose flat terrain, the
distance is closer, the path is straight, reduce the angle of the bar, to avoid S-bend
line routing and cutting fewer trees routing.
3. Construction and maintenance of convenience: route routing should be along
the railway, river, highway, across the river, choose the narrow river, riverbed
stability, hard soil, the two sides of the terrain and terrain is relatively open terrain.

7. Pole Installation

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When the overhead cable line plan is finished, you need to install poles. It
should be noted that the overhead cable can be laid on the existing poles, but if
there are no available poles, you need to install a new pole on the line. The
installation of the new poles is a relatively cumbersome work; there are a number
of considerations, as shown below:

Figure 7 - Pole Installation

Don’t stand the pole in the below position:

(1). Where may affect the traffic or is vulnerable to the vehicle collision.
(2). Where is harmful to the underground construction.
(3). the passageway that may affect the opening and closing of the doors or
windows.
(4). Unsafe places.
(5). It is necessary to pay attention to the horizontal distance and vertical
distance of the empty line with other buildings.

5. Pole Installation

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Wait until the lines and poles are planned and installed, you can start
laying overhead cable, and in this process, there are four main steps, including the
above-mentioned pole, as well as the production of cable and hanging line, the
installation of fiber optic cable As well as to provide protection for the cable, see

below:
Figure 8 - Overhead Fiber Optic Cable Installation

6. Pull line and hanging line splicing

In addition to hanging wire and cable need to be spliced, the cable also
needs to be spliced, which is accomplished by the splicing box. Because the cable
is fragile, in the use of splicing box to connect fiber optic cables, we need to pay
attention to the following:

Figure 9 - Fiber optic cable splicing

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7. Pull line and hanging line splicing

We know that the overhead fiber optic cable line is generally longer, so the
splicing of the pull cable and hanging wire are the necessary steps to install the
overhead cable. Now, usually with wire winding method to complete the hanging
line connection (see below), the connection can also be drawn from the following
chart:

Figure 10 - Pull line and hanging line splicing

8. Fiber Optic cable to the home (FTTH)

Many fiber entry projects are achieved through the overhead cable, there
are usually two ways to rods on the overhead cable access to the room: one is
from the underground, one is the overhead from the orifice home. As shown

Figure 11 - Fiber Optic cable to the home

below:

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9. ODF (Optical Distribution Frame)

ODF is a frame used to provide cable interconnections between
communication facilities, which can integrate fiber splicing, fiber termination,
fiber optic adapters & connectors and cable connections together in a single unit.
It can also work as a protective device to protect fiber optic connections from
damage. The basic functions of ODFs provided by today's vendors are almost the
same. However, they come into different shapes and specifications. To choose the
right ODF is not an easy thing.
According to the structure, ODFs can mainly be divided into three types,
namely wall mount ODF, floor mount ODF and rack mount ODF.
Wall mount ODF (shown in the following picture) usually uses a design
like a small box which can be installed on the wall and is suitable for fiber
distribution with small counts. Floor mount ODF adopts closed structure. It is
usually designed with relatively fixed fiber capacity and nice appearance.

Figure 12 - Wall Mount Optical Distribution Frame

Rack mount ODF (shown in the following picture) is usually modularity in

design with firm structure. It can be installed on the rack with more flexibility
according to the fiber optic cable counts and specifications. This kind of optical
distribution system is more convenient and can provide more possibilities to the
future variations. Most of the rack mount ODF is 19'', which ensures that they can
be perfectly installed on to the commonly used standard transmission rack.
Rack mount ODF (shown in the following picture) is usually modularity in
design with firm structure. It can be installed on the rack with more flexibility

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according to the fiber optic cable counts and specifications. This kind of optical
distribution system is more convenient and can provide more possibilities to the

future variations. Most of the rack mount ODF is 19'', which ensures that they can
be perfectly installed on to the commonly used standard transmission rack.

10. Splitter
A splitter is a device used to split a cable signal between two or more
devices, providing two coax cables to connect those devices. A splitter weakens
the signal level. This can cause intermittent loss of service or, in rare cases,
complete service failure. We recommend connecting your modem or Spectrum
Receiver directly to a wall outlet rather than using a splitter. If you do choose to
use a splitter, make sure it's rated at 3.5 dBmV.

Figure 14 - Splitter

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11. Cable Placing Methods

The placing methods discussed in this section have been developed to
enable standard size optical cables and micro-duct cables to be placed efficiently,
safely, and economically. Standard size optical cables, inner ducts, micro duct
cables and micro-ducts can be placed using several procedures:

 Pulling -A system to place cables or ducts for shorter length runs of

underground plant and in previously installed underground, buried, and
aerial micro-ducts using a winch and winchline. Both ducts and cables can
be placed with this pulling method. Pulling tends to be more popular for
standard optical cables and in larger diameter communication ducts and
innerducts (sub-ducts). Depending upon the pulling method used and the
geometry of the conduit plant encountered, lengths of 1,500 to 3,000 feet
can be placed using this approach.
 Jetting (blowing) – A system used in longer lengths of underground cable
and in previously installed micro-ducts using air pressure. Standard optical
cables, micro-duct cables, and micro-ducts can be placed using jetting.
Jetting is most effective in smaller ducts of 50 mm diameter or less (micro-
ducts). It is possible to place micro-duct cable using jetting in continuous
lengths of 4,000 to 6,000 feet, depending upon the geometry of the right-
of-way.
The following effects contribute to the pulling force build-up in the cable:

 Cable weight (gravity)- This results in a pulling force that is proportional

to the installed weight of the cable which is directly related to the cable
size, design, and the length of the cable.
 Coefficient of friction- The material property that relates the normal force
to frictional force between cable and duct (or adjacent cable when several
cables are present in the same duct). The coefficient of friction affects the
cable tension linearly in straight runs. In bends and undulations of the duct,
the tensile pulling force increases exponentially with respect to the
undulation's curvature and the coefficient of friction.
This effect is known as the capstan effect. It can dominate most cable pulls.

 Cable tensile force- The resulting pulling load on a cable is the

combination of cable weight, curvature of the bends, location of the bends,
coefficient of friction, and weight of cable (unit weight and length). The
total cable tensile force required to place the cable must not exceed the
rated cable tensile strength.
 Cable stiffness in bends and undulations in the duct trajectory- The greater
the cable stiffness, the larger the frictional force from cable stiffness in
bends and undulations in the duct.

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12. Normal Cable Pulling Method

If cables are pulled into conduit or innerduct, the maximum cable diameter
attempted will normally not exceed 50 to 60 percent of the conduit or innerduct
Id. Table 9 contains the fiber count of the largest conventional Sterlite fiber optic
cable that can be pulled into innerducts of various sizes using a fill ratio of 50 and
60 percent.

Table 7 - Maximum Fiber Count of conventional Sterlite Fiber Optic Cable that can be placed into various sized
Inner ducts

Before the cable placing operation begins, the innerduct or micro-duct

system should be checked to be assured that the cable's minimum bend radius is
not violated during handling, feeding, placing, and final positioning. The placing
equipment and all pressure fittings should be checked. The winch shall be
adjusted to stop placing the cable if the placing load reaches a level close to the
maximum rated cable placing tension. If a placing engine is used, it should be
checked to confirm that the compression limits safely match the limits of the cable
being placed and have been properly and accurately set. Radios should be checked
to confirm that all manned positions along the right-of-way are in communications
and prepared to start the placement. Figure 15 shows a typical unassisted standard

optical cable pulling operation.

Figure 15 - Cable Pulling Showing Placement without Intermediate Assist

The leading end of the cable shall be connected to the pulling line using a
basket grip sized for the cable that slips over the cable end. A wrap of vinyl tape

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shall be wrapped around the grip which has been pulled tight over the cable. The
pulling line shall be connected to the basket grip with a ball-bearing swivel.

Figure 16 - Basket Grip and Ball- Bearing Swivel at Lead End of Cable

Figure 17 - Cable Jetting Schematic Showing Placement without Intermediate Assist

All transitions into and out of manholes shall be direct and smooth, not
violating any of the cable's mechanical or geometrical limits.
Air pressures and hydraulic pressures shall be set according to the winch
and placing engine manufacturer's instructions. The operation of the winch and
placing engine during placement shall follow its manufacturer's instructions.
Once the cable has been placed, sufficient slack cable should be provided
on each end of the cable route to enable the splice to be made to the adjoining
cable, to rack cable in intermediate manholes, and to store the standard amount of
slack at each splice required by the cable's end-user for maintenance operations.
If the placing operation is too difficult to accomplish in a single, unassisted
operation, three alternative methods can be considered:
1. Bidirectional Placement (Figure 17)
2. Back feed Procedure
3. Intermediate Assist (automated or manual)
Individual conduit segments in both the intermediate assist and
bidirectional placement methods need to be kept shorter in length than the
unassisted placement route. As a rule of thumb, placing cable using either
procedure should be limited to 1.5 km or shorter for each pull segment.

13. Bidirectional Figure-Eight Procedure

If necessary, a placing plan listing the pulling locations, intermediate
assist, and figure-8 locations should be developed during the pre-survey of the
placing project. The placing plan will indicate the length of cable to be coiled at
the “figure-17" location. For bidirectional placing, a convenient intermediate
manhole is selected for the figure-8 location. It should be near mid-span and, if
possible, the duct section in both directions out from the figure-8 manhole should
be placeable in a single operation.

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Figure 18 - Cable Pulling Showing Cable Placement with Intermediate Figure-17 Feed
Segment 1 of the cable placing operation requires pulling cable from the
cable feed manhole to the figure-eight manhole. The placing winch must be
positioned at the figure eight manhole for this operation.
Cable is pulled or jetted to the intermediate figure-17 manhole following
the procedures outlined in Figure 18. All cable is pulled off the reel with the
excess cable figure 17 in a coil about 10 meters long at the intermediate figure-
eight manhole. Care is required to avoid damaging the cable as the excess cable is
pulled out of and, in the next step, back into the intermediate manhole. During this
operation, a significant length of cable is being pulled around a capstan winch, so
care must be taken to avoid over bending the cable.
Sufficient cable shall be left in the initial cable feed manhole to complete
the splice to its neighboring cable and to provide cable slack for future
maintenance and racking operations.
After all cable has been pulled off the reel and the excess cable figure17,
the pulling equipment shall be moved from the figure-eight manhole to the end
manhole to complete the cable placing operation from the figure-eight coil at the
intermediate figure-eight manhole as segment 2.
Before the segment 2 placing operation can begin, the figure eight coil
must be carefully turned over (“flipped”) so that the cable that was on the bottom
is now on top. This cable coil “flip” will enable cable to be fed off the top of the
coil to the far manhole to complete the placing operation.
The final segment of micro-duct will be placed from the figure-eight
manhole to the far end manhole. The operation shall be conducted as described
above. As always, the encasing conduit, sub-duct, innerduct, or micro-duct must
be lubricated prior to the start of any placing operation following the lubrication
schedule in Table7 or Table8. Once the placing operation begins, lubrication must
continue to be applied to the cable as it is placed.

14. Placing Assistance

A placing plan determining pulling locations, including the intermediate
assist location should be developed during the pre-survey of the placing project.
Figure 19 and Figure 20 show a cable jetting operation with intermediate assist,
both manual and automatic.

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Figure 19​- Cable Placement Showing Placement with Manual Intermediate Assist
National Institute of Posts, Telecoms & ICT Academic Year 2017-2018

Figure 20 - Cable Placement Showing Placement Using Intermediate Assist Engine

An intermediate manhole can be selected as an intermediate assist
location. It should be near mid-span and, if possible, the duct section in both
directions out from the intermediate assist manhole should be place able in a
single operation. The area around the intermediate assist location should be
sufficient to stage the ground support equipment (air compressor and hydraulic
pump) for the placing operation.
For an automated intermediate assist procedure to be successful, the
placing engines (primary and assist engine) need to be coordinated, so
compressive forces do not build up causing the cable to buckle or kink. This is a
procedure that is difficult to perform safely and should only be attempted by an
experience placing crew. If used, the assist equipment manufacturer's instructions
must be carefully followed.
Once the cable has been placed, sufficient slack cable should be provided
on each end of the cable to enable the splice to be made to the adjoining cable, to
rack cable in all manholes to the assist manhole, and to store the standard amount
of slack at each splice required by the cable's end-user for maintenance operations.
All ducts should be plugged at the conclusion of the placing operation. If
a cable has been pulled into the duct, the duct plug should be sized for both the ID
of the duct and the OD of the cable.
Micro-duct shall be left intact through intermediate manholes during
placing and racking, whenever possible unless the micro-duct was removed to
enable intermediate assistance or a portion of the cable is branched off the cable
route being placed.
Typically, a cable coil will be placed in a manhole or hand-hole to provide
extra cable in the event of network damage or extra cable for splicing fibers. In
certain environments, it may be determined that cable protection for the coiled
slack is required due to the threat of rodent damage.
If possible, protect any slack coils with split flexible conduit and store the
coil in a safe position in the manhole or hand hole.

15. Back Feeding Assist to Cable Pulling

Backfeeding is a placing procedure in which the cable feed truck is set
up at an intermediate manhole. The entire cable is pulled in two operations.

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Generally, the longest and most difficult segment is pulled first. Sufficient cable
must be pulled out of the first pull manhole to accommodate the splicing
operation, racking, and sufficient slack for future maintenance operations.
Once segment 1 has been placed, the remaining cable is spooled off the cable reel and stored
in a figure-8 coil next to the feed manhole.
The cable coiled in the figure-8 is placed in the second segment of the conduit run.
Again, sufficient cable must be pulled out of the second pull manhole at the far-end of the
cable run to accommodate the splicing operation, racking, and sufficient slack for future
maintenance operations.

Figure 21 - Cable Pulling Showing Cable Placement using Backfeed Placement

16. Manhole Housekeeping

16.1. Cable Coiling

Spare cable from the cable placing operation should be stored in

intermediate and splice manholes (end manholes during placing) in a neat coil
wrapped with a radius greater than the minimum bend radius of the cable. Forms
for the cable coiling operation can be commercially purchased. Cable coils should
be stored in a safe location, away from the normal work operations in the
manhole. If possible, the cable coil can be stored behind the racked cable. The
cable coils should be cable tied in place.

16.2. Racking Cable and Inner duct

Once the cable has been placed, sufficient slack cable should be provided
in each end manhole to enable the splice to be made, to rack cable in each
manhole, and to store the standard amount of slack at each splice required by
the cable’s owner to perform maintenance operations. Also, sufficient slack
must be provided in intermediate manholes to rack the cable inside sub-duct
(either innerduct or micro-duct) along the sides of the manhole, away from

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harm and still have sufficient slack stored to accommodate the end-user’s
requirements.
The cable must be properly terminated in a splice closure. The proper
clamping of the cable’s central strength member is necessary to prevent CSM
pistoling. In addition, the jacket must be properly secured to prevent jacket
retraction or cable slippage.
Cable racking normally begins in an intermediate manhole or back
feed manhole and proceeds one manhole at a time toward each end manhole
(or location where cable slack is being stored). Normally slack for cable
racking is pulled by hand or if that becomes too difficult, using a split basket
grip and a hand operated cable hoist. Care must be taken to avoid over
tensioning the cable during slack pulling, or over bending the cable when
forming it to the side wall of the manhole.
When racking cables, the innerduct should be continuous through
intermediate manholes. The innerduct will provide the cable with an extra
layer of protection during future work activities and from rodents. Form the
innerduct and enclosed cable to the sides of the manhole, being careful to
maintain the cable’s minimum bend radius. Pulling slack innerduct from
adjacent manholes is not recommended. Cut the innerduct just beyond the
first manhole rack on both sides of the manhole. The racked, cut innerduct can
be cable tied to the first manhole rack to keep it secured. The opening in the
innerduct should be covered with a split duct.
Expressing micro-duct cable buffer tubes through a splice closure is not
permitted. The buffer tubes should be opened in the splice closure and the
express fibers stored in the closures splice trays or routed in furcation tubing
through the closure. If the buffer tubes are expressed through the splice
closure, an increase in attenuation may occur at colder temperatures.

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V. CONCLUSION
1. Results
2. Difficulties
3. Experiences
4. Perspective
5. Conclusion
The paper gives an overview of the developments in area of Underground
cable. Optical fiber may be used as transceiver information highly speed. Single
mode Fiber enjoys lower signal attenuation than multimode and hence, it can be
used for longer distances up to 100kms while multimode Fiber can be used for
smaller distances up to 6 km. LED and LASER have been discussed as optical
sources.
The laying cable underground is the process which taking the cable in the
pipe or Micro duct for prevent and laying cable with underground. The laying
cable underground partially protecting from any risky cutting and salacity for
future growth purpose.
Overhead is the process of laying of laying or install on the ground, from
one pole to another pole. On the other hand, install the overhead is the benefit
over underground cable because of some place, like mountain are. It’s quite hard
to install, anyway the cost effective is less than underground, flexibility in urban
or city area. Example: the connection from splitter box to customer edge (CE),
overhead is required.

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REFERENCE

1. https://www.cozlink.com/optical-cable-a272-2391-2393/article-73885.html?
fbclid=IwAR2DmwJ_7VuGleVhybA0zBuMiyJLZZND2GHwWWjPe1Kl859BUbX
RiH2_Nc0
2. https://www.spectrum.net/support/internet/splitters/
3. https://community.fs.com/blog/basic-of-optical-distribution-frame-odf.html
4. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber
5. https://blog.biamp.com/anatomy-of-a-cable-optical-fiber/

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