B O NG A U N IV E R SI T Y

C O L L E G E O F E NG I NE E R I NG A ND
T E C HN O L O G Y D E P A R T ME NT O F E L E C T R IC A L A ND
C O M P U T E R E NG I NE E R IN G
C O MM U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M 5 T H Y E A R I N T E R NS H I P R E P O R T

ON
I N T E R NS H I P R E P O R T

IN

E T HIO T E L E C O M W E ST E R N R E G IO N D I ST R IC T

AT

O & M ( O P E R A T I O N A N D M A I N T E NA N C E ) S E C T I O N

BY

N AM E ID NO

D e be la D ir ib a R u 1 57 3/ 1 5

A dv i s o r : M r . M i s g h a na ( M S c )

J an uar y , 20 25 G . C

N e k e m t e , E t hio pia.
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

D E CL AR AT I O N
The engineering internship is about 120 Days full time work placement with an
industrial partner conducted as an alternative pathway to an engineering thesis for
final year engineering students at Bonga University. The purpose of internship is to
provide engineering students with experience to the world of engineering practice
through a period of work place employment. This report details the work performed
during a 120 days internship placement with the western region Ethiotelecom. The
report features Western region Ethiotelecom description including several
telecommunication sectors, to make clear communication for subscribers by
solving communication challenges of this region. The future work required to be
completed as the continuation of a work performed during internship placement is
presented. Fifth year Electrical and Computer Engineering students who have
prepared a semester internship report at Western region Ethiotelecom Company. I
here by certified that my work is original and compiled.

N am e ID No Si g nat ur e D at e

Debela Diriba RU/ 1573/13 ----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- -

Approved By:

Name of the Advisor: Mr. Misghana

Signature---------------------------

Head of the Department

Mr. Misghana (MSc)

Signature: ---------------

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M i
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

P age

A C K N O W L E D GM E NT
Frist of all, I would like to express thanks to Almighty God. Second, I would also like
to thank Bonga University for organizing the internship program at all for his
Engineering Students alike. Again, show appreciation Western regional Ethiotelecom
for permitting the semester internship to be train with their company. I would like to
express gratitude to Mr. Misghana the Electrical and Computer Engineering
department Head. Their passion for electrical and computer engineering really
inspired us. Next, I would like thanks workers in the different department of western
region telecommunication that they were willing, to assist us during the intern ship
semester, in all cases by sharing their experience and psychological support.
Especially in this company, I would like to express thanks the individuals who were
always with me like Eng. Telaku (manager of Radio access network)

Finally, I would like to show gratitude to other western regional Ethiotelecom

workers that gave their knowledge and other efforts to make us perfect with works.
Last but not least, I would like to say thank to my university supervisor, Mr.
Misghana for his support, guide, advices and determination in guiding to finish my
internship period.

ii
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

L I ST O F A C R O NY MS
ADS-----------------------------------------------asymmetric digital subscriber line

AM------------------------------------------------administration module

CM------------------------------------------------communication module

CDMA--------------------------------------------code division multiplexing access

DRMAS------------------------------------------digital radio multi access system

DWDM- -----------------------------------------Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

ETA- ---------------------------------------------Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority

ETC--- -------------------------------------------Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation

FWA----------------------------------------------fixed wireless access

GPRS---------------------------------------------General Packet Radio Service

GSM----------------------------------------------global system for mobile access

ITU -----------------------------------------------International telecommunication

MS-------------------------------------------------mobile station

MSC-----------------------------------------------mobile switching control

NGN-- ---------------------------------------------Next Generation Networking

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page iii
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

NOC- ----------------------------------------------network operation center

ODU-----------------------------------------------optical de multiplexer unit

PTO------------------------------------------------Public Telecommunications Operator

SDCCH--------------------------------------------Stand-alone dedicated control channel

P age

SDH-------------------------------------------------Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SM--------------------------------------------------switching module

SPM------------------------------------------------service processing module

TCH------------------------------------------------traffic channel

TSM------------------------------------------------trunk switching module

TTS------------------------------------------------trouble ticket system

UHF- ---------------------------------------------Ultra High Frequency

USM -------------------------------------------- user switching module

VC------------------------------------------------virtual container

ZTE----------------------------------------------zhengozian telecommunication equipment

iv
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

T A BL E O F C O N T E NT S

T A BL E O F C O N T E NT S
DECLARATION i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii
LIST OF ACRONYMS iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix

CHAPTER-1
.......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTIONS
...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Background of Ethio Telecom
.......................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Mission, Vision and value of Western Region Ethio Telecom
.................................................... 2
1.3.1 Mission
.................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.2 Vision
.................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.3 Values and principles
............................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Objective of Ethio Telecom
.......................................................................................................... 3

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M P age v
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

1.4.1 Telecommunication theory

.................................................................................................... 4
1.5 main products or services of Ethio
telecom.................................................................................. 5
1.4.2 Mobile services
...................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.3 Broadband Internet services (BBI)
........................................................................................ 7
1.4.4 Fixed Line service
................................................................................................................. 8
1.4.5 End User (Stakeholders) Of Ethio-Telecom
.......................................................................... 9
1.4.6 over all organizational work flow
.......................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER-2 ........................................................................................................................................
11
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE ..................................................................................
11
2.1 Objective of the Internship
..................................................................................................... 11
2.1.1 General object
...................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.2 Specific objective
................................................................................................................ 11
2.2 How to get into the
company...................................................................................................... 11

P age

2.2.1The Section of the Company I Have Been Working

............................................................ 11
2.2.2 Work Tasks
......................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Procedures Used to Perform Work Tasks
................................................................................. 13
2.4 Western region Telecommunication Network operation center (NOC)
.................................... 13
vi
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

2.5 GSM Introduction ................................................................................................................

17
2.5.1 GSM Network Areas
........................................................................................................... 18
2.6 Network control and management devices
................................................................................ 19
2.6.1 E1 channel
theory................................................................................................................ 19
CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................................................................
20
3.1. OVER ALL WORK FLOW OF THE ORGANIZATION ....................................................... 20
3.1.1. O&M (operation and maintenance)
................................................................................... 20
3.1.2 Performance Section
........................................................................................................... 20
3.1.3 RAN (radio access network) section
................................................................................... 21
3.1.4 Transmission section
........................................................................................................... 22
3.1.5 Core network and local switching section
.......................................................................... 26
3.1.6 Internet protocol (IP) and IT section
................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................
30
4. OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE GAINED ............................ 30
4.1 Power and environmental section
.............................................................................................. 30
4.1.2 GSMA (Global system for mobile access)
.......................................................................... 33
4.2 Code division multiplexing access (CDMA)
............................................................................. 36
4.3 Challenges I face while performing my work tasks& measures I have taken to solve the
challenges
......................................................................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................................
B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page vii
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

42
5. BENEFITS GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP ..............................................................................
42
5.1In Terms of Improving my Practical Skills
................................................................................. 42
5.2. In Terms of Upgrading my Theoretical Knowledge
................................................................ 43
5.3. In Terms of Improving Our Interpersonal Communication Skills
............................................ 43
5.4. In Terms of Improving Our Team Working Skills ..................................................................
44
5.5. In Terms of Improving Leadership Skills
................................................................................ 44
5.6. In Terms of Understanding Work Ethics Related Issues
........................................................... 45
5.7. Entrepreneurship skill
............................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER SIX
.................................................................................................................................... 47
6.1. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 47
6.2. RECOMMENDATION .............................................................................................................
48
REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................................
49

viii
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

E X E C U T IV E SU M MA R Y
I spent my internship at Western region telecommunication program, a
communication stream trainee. The internship started in and ended in this report
September up to December 2025 respectively. I occupied in different section of the
company like Radio access network, power room, and transmission room. My
internship activities can be divided into different practical aspects. In this case, I
carried out like E1 line installation, identifying the network connection problem by
using Network Analyzer and software configured computers.

Generally, the internship thought us a great deal. Technically, I learned about

structure and relevant operation of some part of the transmission. Despite, some
challenges, the internship was success.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page ix
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

P age

CHAP T E R - 1

1 .1 I N T R O D U C T I O N S
Western Region Ethio telecom is situated in the West of Ethiopia which is found at
Nekemte town 330 km from Addis Ababa. This region includes six departments,
such as indirect channel, direct channel, fixed access network, operation and
maintenance, Business partner, finance and physical security and 12 shops in
different areas. This is the final report for Electrical and Computer Engineering
communication focuses area for semester internship. This specific internship was
undertaken at western region Ethio telecom, where duties were assigned providing
the experience as a product specialist. During the course of internship technical and
process related activities were experienced. This provides a useful knowledge and
valuable job skills for the interns.

1 .2 B a c k g r o u n d o f E t h i o T e l e co m
The introduction of telecommunication in Ethiopia dates back to 1894.Ethiopian
Telecommunications Corporation is the oldest public telecommunications operator
in Africa. In those years, the technological scheme contributed to the integration of
the Ethiopian society when the extensive open wire line system was laid out linking
the capital with all the important administrative cities of the country. After the end of
the war against Italy, during which telecommunication network was destroyed,
Ethiopia re-organized the Telephone, Telegraph and Postal services in 1941. In 1952
the Imperial Board of Telecommunications (IBTE) was established by proclamation
No. 131/52 in 1952. The Board had full financial and administrative autonomy and
was in charge of the provision and expansion of telecommunications services in
Ethiopia. The Imperial Board of Telecommunications of Ethiopia, which became the
Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority in 1981, was placed in charge of both the
operation and regulation of telecommunication services in the wake of the market
reforms. In 1996, the Government established a separate regulatory body, the

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M
1
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

Ethiopian Telecommunication Agency (ETA) by Proclamation 49/1996, and during

the same Year, by regulation 10/1996, the Council of Ministers set up the Ethiopian
Telecommunications Corporation (ETC).

1 .3 M i s s i o n , V i s i o n a nd va l u e o f W e s t e r n R e g i o n E t h i o T e l e co m

1 .3 .1 M i s s i o n
To provide world class, modern and high-quality Telecom service accessible
to all citizens there by to support the multifaceted development of country to
the highest level.
Develop and maintain a modern Information and communications network
infrastructure capable of supporting voice data and video services, equitably
across the country and with high-capacity digital connectivity to the rest of
the world.
Provide world class telecommunication services including basic telephony,
mobile, internet and multimedia services.
They wish to implement state of the art processes, to develop reliable
network infrastructures and to provide the best quality of services to their
customers.

1 .3 .2 V i s i o n
Ethiotelecom envisions an information-based Ethiopian society were all our people
have access to information infrastructure on equitable basis.

Ethiotelecom shall be an internationally recognized, moving quickly, strong

and vibrant world-class. Ethio Telecom will achieve its goal of both providing
a reliable network and of improving Customer Services through a range of
different levers that are part of its development strategy.
Ethio Telecom will develop and enhance the information system. This will
help to decrease the delay for provision, sales and activation as well as to
provide more reliable information to Customers.
Ethio Telecom will develop a world-class human resources management.
This will help to improve employees‟ ability to meet the needs and

2
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

expectations of Customers.

Ethio Telecom will implement control standard processes. This will help to
increase reactivity and to faster Customer access to services.
Ethio Telecom will develop better sourcing & facilities processes. This will
help to faster delivery and repair and will offer more transparency to
Customers.

1 .3 .3 V a l u e s a n d p r i n c i p l e s
Lead with vision: -Be committed to understand, meet and exceed the
telecom needs and expectations of the country at large and of customers in
particular.
Respect:
Respect customers and recognize that the revenue generated allows Ethio
telecom to operate
Recognize employees of Ethio telecom as most valuable assets and create
conducive working environment that allows them to develop and grow.
Excellence: -Be committed to high-level performances, customer service
quality, organizational excellence and continuous improvement of Quality of
Services.
Integrity: -Be ethical and honest in all assignments
Accountability: -Be accountable to all stakeholders

1 .4 O b j e ct i ve o f E t h i o T e l e co m
The main objective of Ethio telecom citizen charter is to:
Being a customer centric company.
Offering the best quality of service
Meeting world-class standard.
Building financially courtesy, non-decimation and respect
Create awareness on products & services provided by Ethio telecom and help

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M P age 3
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

citizens understand the subscription requirements to get those services

Establish feedback mechanism from the citizen to improve service quality
Enhance citizen’s satisfaction through continual improvement of produce
and service delivery process.

1 .4 .1 T e l e c o m m u n i ca t i o n t h e o r y
Telecommunications is the exchange of information over significant distances by
electronic means. Also Telecommunications is the transmission of information over
significant distances to communicate. In earlier times, telecommunications involved
the use of visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs,
signal flags, and

Optical heliographs, or audio messages via coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, or

sent by loud whistles, for example. In the modern age of electricity and electronics,
telecommunications now also includes the use of electrical devices such as the
telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, as well as the use of radio and microwave
communications, as well as fiber optics and their associated electronics, plus the
use of the orbiting satellites and the Internet.

A revolution in telecommunications began in the 19 century with pioneering

developments in radio communications by Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi.
Marconi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for his efforts. Other highly notable
pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic
telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse (telegraph),
Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio), as
well as John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth

A basic telecommunication system consists of three primary units that are always
present in some form:

✓ Transmitter: is that takes information and converts it to a signal.

✓ Transmission medium: is also called the "physical channel" that
carries the signal. An example of this is the "free space channel".
4
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

✓ Receivers: is that takes the signal from the channel and converts it
back into usable information.
1 .5 m a i n p r o du c t s o r s e r vi c e s o f E t h i o t e l e c o m
Ethio-telecom offers a wide range of product and services tailored market
Enterprise customers. They offer fixed wireless services, mobile Internet and data
services as well as 3G services like WCDMA and CDMA through newly deployed
NGN to our nationwide huge capacity. They provide Enterprise customers a reliable
affordable Internet and data services which facilitate their business increase
productivity by connecting them to local and international patterns.

Ethio-telecom is institutionalized with the objectives of promoting the development

of high quality, efficient, reliable and affordable telecommunication services in the
country. The services that are provided by Ethio-telecom are: -

Fixed line telephony

Fax service
GPRS (general packet radio service)
Mobile telephone
Internet both broadband and narrowband
Multimedia services
CDMA both voice and data

1 .4 .2 M o b i l e s e r vi c e s
Are defined as portable communications devices. The primary purpose of which is
the transmission and receipt of spoken messages via wireless or a public electronic
communications service. It’s Hardware also Telephone and SIM card
GSM Mobile
WCDMA
GOTA Service (Global Open Trucking Architecture)
Satellite Mobile Telephone
Roaming Service
4G LTE Mobile service

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M P age 5
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

SMS (short message services) Voice

G S M M o b i l e ( pr e p a i d /p o s t p a i d )
The service is given using Subscriber Information Module (SIM). It has voice, data,
SMS, and other value-added services. (SMS), Call diverts, Call waiting, General
Packet Radio Service (GPRS), USSD Command Service and so on.
W CD MA
It offers a wide range of advanced services; high speed internet access, video and
high-quality image transmission, video conversion, online chat, etc.

G O T A SE R V IC E ( Glo b al O p e n T r u ck ing Ar c h it ect ur e )

GOTA is a service given using the CDMA2000 wireless network for group
communication, the service allows two or more individuals to communicate and use
for private and group calls and the service also allows the subscriber to make
external calls after subscribing to the mobile wireless service. It is also allowing the
following functionalities:
Sat e llit e Mo bile T e le ph o n e
Satellite Mobile Telephone service enables customers in every part of the globe to
be beneficiaries of telecom services through satellites stationed on the universe.
This kind of service needs special telephone apparatus.
R o a m i n g S e r vi c e
Mobile roaming is a service that helps subscribers automatically to make and
receive voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services when travelling
outside the geographical coverage area of Ethio telecom, by means of using a
visited country’s operator’s network. Outbound Roaming: it is a service given to
Ethio customers who wants to use their mobile phone abroad (out of Ethio network
coverage).
Inbound Roaming: it is a service given to customers of foreign operator who has a
roaming agreement with Ethio telecom (like tourists, foreigner investors …)
4G LT E
The fourth-generation mobile service offered very high speed up to 100Mbps.The
important feature of 4G LTE high quality audio and video streaming along with ultra-
6
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

broadband internet accesses which were not present in 3G. 4G LTE is current
technology used in Ethiopia.
1 .4 .3 B r o a db a n d I n t e r n e t s e r vi c e s ( B B I )
Wired broadband internet
Wireless broadband internet
Broadband data (MPLS-VPN)
W ir e d b r o adb and in t e r ne t

The wired broadband is provided through copper or fibber with different Access
methods ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+ and VDSL2). It can be provided with different speed
depending on customer requirement and the access they use. Customer can buy
Customer Premises Equipment (CPEs) or rent from Ethio telecom. Through ADSL
customers will get a better, affordable, reliable and faster internet connection. The
ways of giving services are, EPON, GPON, ADSL and FIBER/COPPER customers.

W ir e le s s b r o adban d in t e r n e t

The wireless can be given through EVDO, VSAT and AIRONET.

EVDO is a Broadband mobile Internet service with high speed using CDMA
technology.it is like flash and plunge in our computer to access services. This
service works wherever CDMA network is available. Currently the service is available
in Addis Ababa and more than 200 cities and town throughout the country.

VSAT need satellite to get the services and have high security. Mostly it is used in
rural areas. It has Avery small aperture antenna that connect the satellite.

AIRONET the customer dish needs dedicated connection with Ethio-telecom or face-
to-face without any interface block between them. It works only 25-mile distances.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M P age 7
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

1 .4 .4 F i x e d L i n e s e r vi c e
Fixed line telephone service (PSTN)
ISDN –E1 service

F i x e d l i n e t e l e p ho n e s e r v i ce ( P ST N )
Fixed Line is traditional wired phone service, it delivers voice, fax and Internet
services, and it is fixed in locations such as homes and offices, no mobility. It is
most importantly reliable and cheap alternative for businesses. It is defines
communication device, the primary purpose of which is the transmission and
receipt of spoken messages via a cabled or wired public electronic communications
service.

Fig.1 Call processing from mobile to fixed phone

I S D N - E 1 ( I n t e g r a t e d s e r vi c e s di g i t a l n e t w o r k )

Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications

standard for sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal
telephone wires. ISDN supports data transfer rates of 64 Kbps (64,000 bits per
second

Generally, Telecommunication offers wide range of products and services tailored

made for Enterprise customers, The offer fixed wire line and wire service, mobile

8
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

services, internet services and data services, as well as 3G service like WCDMA and
CDMA through newly developed next generation.
1 .4 .5 E n d U s e r ( S t a k e h o l d e r s ) O f E t h i o - T e l e c o m
End users as the term tells us provide the inputs to the network and are recipients of
Network out puts. Ethio-telecom provides its different services including fixed line
telephony, mobile telephone and Internet to government organizations, private and
commercial companies, international institutions and individuals.

1 .4 .6 o v e r a l l o r g a n i z a t i o n a l w o r k f l o w
Beside the main office structure, the company has 11 regional offices throughout
the country.
These regional offices are located in main cities and they are also used as a regional
gateway (regional exchange).

T h e Na m e o f t h e R e g i o n a l O f f i c e s A r e L i s t e d Be l o w

1. Addis Ababa 1 regional office (Addis Ababa)

2. Addis Ababa 2 regional office (Addis Ababa)
3. North Eastern &Semera regional office (Dessie)
4. Northern regional office (Mekelle)
5. North Western regional office (Bahir Dar)
6. Eastern &Jijiga regional office (Dire Dawa)
7. South Western regional office (Jimma)
8. Southern regional office (Shashemene)
9. South Eastern regional office (Adama)
1 0. Western regional office (Nekemte)

1 1. Assosa regional office (Assosa)

Ethio Telecom‟s organizational structure can be broadly viewed as technical
division, commercial division, support division and others.

There are many divisions in Ethio-telecom.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M P age 9
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

Marketing and communication.

Customer service.
Enterprise.
Network.
Information system.
Finance.
Legal division.
Human resource &Security.

10
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 1G . C

C HA P T E R 2
2 . O V E R A L L I N T E R N S H I P E X P E R I E NC E
2 .1 O b j e ct i ve o f t h e I n t e r ns h i p
The two-month internship program comprises of general and specific objectives, both
added to produce skilled man power in engineering aspects.

2 .1 .1 G e n e r a l o b j e ct
Bonga University aims that this internship program enables engineering students
under the company to relate their theoretical knowledge to the real-world works.

2 .1 .2 S p e ci f i c o b j e ct i ve
The students, during the internship, are aimed to play a great role in improving their
practical, theoretical, interpersonal communications, team playing, entrepreneurship
and leader ship skills, understanding about work ethics related issues, responsibility
etc.

To allow the student to prepare for their future non- internship job by seeking potential
places of employment, practicing resume and cover latter preparation, gaining
references, and interviewing if applicable to adapt working environment

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 10
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

2 .2 Ho w t o g e t i n t o t h e co m p a n y
How I get into the company was not a simple task for us. This is because of the
company is required by many students for the internship experience. The way I used
to get in this company is by my selves. I give my request paper to the company and
receive an acceptance.
Generally, how I get into the company is only by my effort.

2 .2 .1 T h e S e ct i o n o f t h e C o m p a n y I Ha v e B e e n W o r k i n g
In my internship period what I have seen (the components of each sections) and what
I have learned there is described next in each of the sections. The working section I
stay are
Transmission section and Core section,

Therefore, first of all I would like to explain the highlight of the other working sections
and finally I will explain Transmission section and Core section in detail.

Ethio Telecom has different departments in different regions. At western region I

assigned to work in operation and maintenance department for all session. This
department covers all operation and maintenance in case of western region.
Operation and maintenance department have its own manager. Under the western
region Ethio telecom, I have been working in the O & M department and the
department is consists of six working sections. Each section has its own supervisor.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 11
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

Figure 2.1 The General work flow in Western Region Ethio telecom Company

2 .2 .2 W o r k T a s k s
In my internship period the work task I have been done are:

Observing different components

Knowing the operation of the components

2 .3 P r o c e d u r e s U s e d T o P e r f o r m W o r k T a s k s
To perform the above work tasks, I used some procedures by the help of the O & M
department manager at WR Ethio telecom. To do this work tasks efficiently and
effectively the schedule is given for us from the manager. One day I observe the
component of one working section and learn how it is operating. On the next day I
continue to observe the component of another working section and how the
component is operating by the help of worker of the section suited for us. After
observing the components of the six working sections for the first round, I come
together with all of the intern’s and with the advisor of each section. At that time the
time is given for us to ask the advisors if there is a question and after the question is
explained for us, ahighlight is given from the advisors again on the operation of the

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 12
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

component I observe past days. Like this we perform the work tasks in my internship
duration.

2 .4 W e s t e r n r e g i o n T e l e co m m u n i ca t i o n N e t w o r k o p e r a t i o n ce n t e r ( NO C )
A network operations center (NOC) is a place from which administrators supervise,
monitor and maintain a telecommunications network. Large enterprises with large
networks as well as large network service providers typically have a network
operations center, a room containing visualizations of the network or networks that
are being monitored, workstations at which the detailed status of the network can be
seen, and the necessary software to manage the networks. The network operations
center is the focal point for network troubleshooting, software distribution and
updating, router and domain name management, performance monitoring, and
coordination with affiliated networks. Ethiotelecom NOC system also contains
different software for maintaining and controlling of network. these are UAC (unified
authentication center), SOC (security operation center), UNMS (unified network and
management system), E-guard, URP (uniform report plat form), RMS (resource
management system), SMS (service management system), FMS (fraud management
system), TTS (trouble ticket system).

UAC (unified authentication center): is software that Provide unified application

registration, account maintenance, account authorization, and account audit function.
SOC (security operation center): is industrial security product which integrates variety
of security system and devices as well as analyses the logged events to provide the
information security over view.

UNMS (unified network and management system): it provides the unified

management function for various kinds of network devices under different network
and provided by different vendors.

TTS (trouble ticket system): it can provide a full process close loop management
complaint, assignment, handling acknowledgment and achieving of troubles and
alarms from different sources.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 13
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

E-guard: is special monitoring and management system for power equipment series
and environment.

RMS (resource management system): it provides functions such as inventory

management, resource assignment and resource pre warning.

URP (uniform report plat form): is plat form on which each NOC subsystem will
implement its own reporting flexibility.

SMS (service management system): is Ethiotelecom NOC system used to realize

automatic management of service process by means of effective management of
work flows with less manual intervention so as to cater to telecommunication.

FMS (fraud management system): is system effectively prevents fraud phenomena,

detects and processes various fraudulent behavior roots out all kinds of possible
fraud phenomena in time.

Earlier Nekemte telecommunication uses nokia and Ericson equipment’s. However

today Nekemte telecommunication uses Huawei and ZTE equipment’s which are
Chinas company tools. During our practice we observe that these equipment’s are
contained in exchange room of Nekemte telecommunication. Those devices are:

PSTN ([Public switched telephone Network): It is global collection of inter connected

originally designed to support circuit switching voice communication. It consists of
telephone lines, fiber optic cables, micro wave’s transmission links, cellular network,
communication satellites and underground telephone cables. All of these are
interconnected by switching center, thus by allowing any telephone in the world, to
communicate with any other. These devices consist two areas known as access area
and control area. Control area consist CPU a section, CPU B section, Node1 section
and Node2 section.

Subscriber Sides (SS): At subscriber (receiver) side I use small receiving antenna. At
the antenna down converter is involved to the micro wave frequency to normal UHF
B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 14
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

and VHF signals. There are different regions of Subscriber Sides, such as :SS0,SS2
and SS3.SS2 is by hardware known as magazine and by software known as Extent ion
Module Group(EMG).Also SS3 Contains EMTS(extension Module Time Switching)and
Integra module.

Digital Distribution Frame (DDF): DDF is the first stage for transmission, also micro
wave terminates at this stage. The frames are used for inter connection, cross
connection and supervision of digital transmission equipment and which terminates a
cables and fibers by allowing arbitrary inter connection to be made as well as it
occupies very thin space inside exchange room.

Broad banding: It is a device in Tele communication with highest band width in some
sense than other standards or usual signal. It consists of Power control and Rack.
Rack consists of Edge routers and Core routers Edge. Router is a router in computer
network that routes data between one or more network while Core router is a router in
computer network that routes data within network but between networks.

Huawei: Is Chinese multinational network and telecommunication equipment and

services. Earlier Nekemte Ethio telecom used NOKIA network, but now it is replaced
by HUAWEI network. Its software name is C and C08 maintains system. C and C08
software are brought by telecommunication and

Downloaded on computer for all regions of country and under nekemte Ethiotelecom
branches. All the branches which share network from Nekemte telecommunication
have their own module number, then when we click on that module window will be
displayed. If connection is normal a displayed window contains tables with
abbreviation such as:

ALS, DRU, TSS, NOD, SIG, EMA, MPU, NET and LPM. If there is connection problem the
displayed window contains without abbreviation written on it. The horizontal part of
these windows is called slot, while vertical part is known as frame.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 15
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

BSC (Bas e St at io n C o nt r o l)

It is responsible for control, management and maintenance of one or more BTS (Base
Transceiver Station) connected to it. It also provides traffic channel with mobile
switching center. It has three phases, these are: primary switching, control shelf and
resource shelf. One
BSC rack contains four shelf’s each of which has 17 front and real slots. Every front
and real slot is for one front or real board.

Im p o r t an t f un ct io ns p e r f o r m ed b y t h e BSC

Processing of signals
Controlling signals to the connected BTSs and control of handover of signals
from one BTS to another within a BSS
Control of handover of the signals from BSC to MSC (Mobile switching center)
Mapping a signal of a channel at a given instant receives signals from a BTS
at 16 kbps through and interface to MSC at 16 kbps
Alternatively, may have to interface to a PSTN switching center at 64 kbps
through a fixed line network
Reserving radio frequencies and frequency hopping (For example, multiple
BTSs operate simultaneously by using the different frequencies at a given
instant)
Location registry for the MSs
Authentication, encryption, and decryption of data

BT S ( bas e t r ans c e i v e r s t at i o n)
Is piece of equipment that facilitates wireless communication between user
equipment and networks, It is associated with mobile communication technology like
GSM and CDMA. It also contains equipment for encryption and decryption
communication spectrum filtering tools (band pass filtering), antenna and etc. BTS
have transceiver which allows it to serve several different frequencies and sec for of

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 16
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

the cell.
Main f un ct io n p e r f o r m ed b y t h e BT S

Formation of cells using appropriately directed antennae

Processing of signals
Amplification of signals to acceptable strength so that they can be
transmitted without loss of data.
Channel coding and decoding (for example, coding voice into bits so that it
can be transmitted at 13kbps and decoding received coded signals back to
voice).
Frequency hopping so that multiple channels for various mobile stations can
operate simultaneously using different channel band frequencies

Figure 2.3 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

2 .5 G S M I n t r o d u ct i o n
GSM is the short form of Global System for Mobile Communications. It is called 2G or
Second-Generation technology. It is developed to make use of same subscriber units
or mobile phone terminals throughout the world.

2 .5 .1 G S M Ne t w o r k A r e a s
In a GSM network, the following areas are defined: Cell: -Cell is the basic service area;
one BTS covers one cell. Each cell is given a Cell Global Identity CGI, a number that
uniquely identifies the cell.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 17
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

Location Area: -A group of cells form a Location Area LA. This is the area that is
paged when a subscriber gets an incoming call. Each LA is assigned a Location Area
Identity LAI. Each LA is served by one or more BSCs. MSC/VLR Service Area: -The
area covered by one MSC is called the MSC/VLR service area. PLMN: -The area
covered by one network operator is called the Public Land Mobile Network PLMN. A
PLMN can contain one or more MSCs.

GSM network is consisting of Mobile station, Base station subsystem, Network

subsystem and Operation subsystem.

Figure 2 – GSM Network

2 .6 Ne t w o r k co n t r o l a n d m a n a g e m e n t d e vi c e s
Network Device Management is the set of responsibilities associated with
maintaining the proper functioning and security of network devices. Network Device
Management includes tasks such as ensuring that routers and switches have up-to-
date configuration data. Network Device Management may also entail ensuring that
network firewalls are functioning correctly.
Network control and management devices include:

✓ hubs,
✓ switches,

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 18
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

✓ routers,
✓ modem

2 .6 .1 E 1 ch a n n e l t h e o r y
E1 (or E-1) is a European digital transmission format used to carry data between links.
The E1 line frame is composed of 32 time slots. Those time slots are:
• Time slot 0 is used for synchronization and alarm.
• Time slot 16 is used for signaling
• Timeslot 1-15 and 17-31 are used for carrying data
• It's the equivalent of the North American T-carrier system format. E2 through
E5 are carriers in increasing multiples of the E1 format.
The E1 signal format carries data at a rate of 2.048 million bits per second and can
carry 32 channels of 64 Kbps each. E1 carries at a somewhat higher data rate than T-
1 (which carries 1.544 million bits per second) because, unlike T-1, it does not do bit-
robbing and all eight bits per channel are used to code the signal. E1 and T-1 can be
interconnected for international use.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 19
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

CHAP T E R T HR E E
3. 1. O V E R A L L W O R K F L O W O F T HE O R GA NI Z A T I O N
3 .1 .1 . O & M ( o p e r a t i o n a n d m a i nt e n a nc e )
O&M (operation and maintenance): is the centralized application of various unit in the
system and function needed to maintain the subsystem also it is dynamic monitoring
and controlling of the network. In Nekemte telecommunication under operation and
maintenance there are many sections. These are core and local switching, RAN (radio
access network), transmission section, power section, performance section.
Ethio Telecom has different departments in different regions. At western region we
assigned to
Work in operation and maintenance department for all session. This department
covers all Operation and maintenance in case of western region. Operation and
maintenance department Have its own manager.
Under the western region Ethio telecom, we have been working in the O & M

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 20
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

department and the department is consists of six working sections. Each section has
its own supervisor.

3 .1 .2 P e r f o r m a n ce S e c t i o n
This section is a section which has a high responsibility to manage and hold the other
work section of the WR Ethio telecom. The major responsibility of the performance
section is following the work which is done under the other working sections. As an
example if the BTS site alarm is there in the RAN section, the performance section
manager follows whether the site problem is maintained or not within a given days to
be maintained. If the site is not maintained or if it is down the RAN section manager is
asked the reason why it is not maintained. If the problem is the inefficiency of the
materials used for maintaining that site, the performance section will provide the
component and the site will be maintained. Like this the performance section will
manage the works of the other sections and this helps the service to be provided
continuously.

3 .1 .3 R A N ( r a di o a c c e s s ne t w o r k ) s e c t i o n
Radio access network is base station and switching associated function. It is part of
mobile telecommunication system used to implement radio access technology as
well as resides between devices such as mobile phone a computer or any other
controlled machine and provides connections with its core network .Radio access
network section include GSMA(global system for mobile access)and CDMA(code
division multiplexing access).
Under global system for mobile access (GSMA) there is nokia, ZTE, Ericson and
Huawei. But now ZTE is applicable for Nekemte telecommunication due to its cost is
cheap. In Nekemte branch there is only two BSC (base station control) and 240 BTS
(base transceiver station) for GSM. Also, MSC (mobile switching control) of GSM is
located at Jimma telecommunication.
Major activities to be done in RAN (radio access network) section are:
Maintenance of critical alarm that affect the communication
Expansion of the network

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 21
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

Optimizing of the network

Checking and clearing current alarms in the BSC.
Dealing about down sites with ZTE guys and solve the problems accordingly.
Dealing about down sites with EEPCO.

W o r k f l o w o f t h e o f R A N s e ct i o n :

In all section there are three types of employees based on their performing work task.
Those supervisor, technician and technical operator.

Supervisor: coordinate the technician to perform their task.

Technician: repair and install the connection of problem.
Technical operator: observe and record the problem when and where
occurred.

W o r k t as k s I h ave e x e c u t e d i n R A N s e ct i o n
Maintenance during my internship while we are in RAN section we executed different
works tasks.

Observing the alarm from the software which has connection with base station
controller (BSC) through LAN.
When sites (BTS) are down i.e. stop working due to different factor it can be
seen in BSC, this BSC is connected to the computer through LAN, then all
Activities on BSC can be operated using computer by software which is
prepared for this hardware (BSC).

3 .1 .4 T r a n s m i s s i o n s e ct i o n
In telecommunications, Transmission is the process of sending, propagating and
receiving an analogue or digital information signal over a physical point-to-point or
point-to-multipoint transmission medium, either wired, optical fiber or wireless.
Transmission technologies and schemes typically refer to physical layer protocol
duties such as modulation, demodulation, line coding, equalization, error control, bit
synchronization and multiplexing, but the term may also involve higher-layer protocol

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 22
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

duties, for example, digitizing an analog message signal, and source coding
(compression). There are two types of transmission. These are guided and unguided.
Guided transmission medium uses a "cabling" system that guides the data signals
along a specific path. The data signals are bound by the "cabling" system. Guided
Media is also known as Bound Media. Cabling is meant in a generic sense in the
previous sentences and is not meant to be interpreted as copper wire cabling only.
Example of guided medium is twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fibers.
Unguided Transmission Media consists of a means for the data signals to travel but
nothing to guide them along a specific path. The data signals are not bound to a
cabling media and as such are often called Unbound Media. Examples of unguided
medium are terrestrial microwave, satellite microwave and broadcast radio
Now today telecommunication uses two types of transmission medium. These are
micro wave and optical fibers.
Microwave :-transmission refers to the technology of transmitting information or
energy by the use of radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in
small numbers of centimeter; these are called microwaves. Microwaves are widely
used for point-to-point communications because their small wavelength allows
conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed
directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to use
the same frequencies without interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio
waves do. Another advantage is that the high frequency of microwaves gives the
microwave band a very large information-carrying capacity; the microwave band
has a bandwidth 30 times that of all the rest of the radio spectrum below it. A
disadvantage is that microwaves are limited to line of sight propagation; they
cannot pass around hills or mountains as lower frequency radio waves can.
Microwave used to transmit up to 8E1/16E1 /32E1 channels (combinations of E1
channels plus an Ethernet channels) up to a distance of 40kms in a “line of sight”
installation. To8E1/16E1 /32E1 channels (combinations of E1 channels plus an
Ethernet channels) up to a distance of 40kms in a “line of sight “installation.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 23
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

Figure 6. micro wave repeater link

C h ar act e r i s t i cs o f Mi c r o w ave

Can be rapidly installed

Can cross complicated terrains (Rivers, Lakes and Mountains) ❖ Used for
long-haul telecommunications.
Microwave antennas must be in "line of sight"
Still viable for right-of-way bypass and geographic obstruction avoidance.

Mi c r o w ave A p pl i c at i o n s
Television distribution.
Long-distance telephone transmission.
Private business networks.

A dv a nt a g e s :
No cabling needed between sites.
Wide bandwidth.
Multichannel transmissions.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 24
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

D i s ad van t age s :
Line of sight requirement.
Expensive towers and repeaters.
Subject to interference -e.g. passing airplanes, rain.
Mi c r o w ave I m p ai r m e n t s
Equipment, antenna, and waveguide failures.

Fading and distortion from multipath reflections.

Absorption from rain, fog, and other atmospheric conditions.

Interference from other frequencies.

C o m p o n e n t s o f a Mi c r o w ave Sy s t e m
Digital Modem: -Information Signal comes from different part is called Baseband
signal. The digital modem modulates the baseband signal and intermediate frequency
(IF) signal is obtained IF signal are Upper 350/850 MHz and the lower 140/70 MHz

Radio Frequency (RF) Unit: -To transmit the signal with the microwave IF signal
should be converted to Radio frequency (RF) signal. Up conversion is a process to mix
IF signal and a high-frequency local oscillation signal and output RF signal.

Antenna: The antenna is a passive device that radiates the modulated signal. It is
fed by direct connect of the RF unit, coaxial cable, or waveguides at higher
frequencies

An optical fiber: is a flexible, transparent fiber made of a pure glass not much
thicker than a human hair. It functions as a waveguide, or light pipe to transmit light
between the two ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering
concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics.
Optical fibers are widely used in fiberoptic communications, which permits
transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 25
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals
travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference.
Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so that they may be
used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces. Specially-designed
fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.
Fiber optics has many advantages. Those are:
✓ High band width over long distance,
✓ easy for installation,
✓ nonconductive,
✓ data security,
✓ resistance to electromagnetic interface,
3 .1 .5 C o r e n e t w o r k a n d l o c a l s w i t ch i n g s e c t i o n
Core network and refers to the main switching function and high-capacity
communication between switches. Under these sections we observe:
Network topology
Transmission mode
Switching
IP address

❖ Ne t w o r k t o p o lo gy
In communication networks, a topology is a usually schematic description of the
arrangement of a network, including its nodes and connecting lines. There are two
ways of defining network geometry: the physical topology and the logical topology.
The physical topology of a network is the actual geometric layout of workstations. It
refers ways in which network is laid out either physically or logically. There are
different types of topologies. These are star, mesh, bus, tree, and ring.

❖ T r a n s m i s s i o n m o de
In telecommunication transmission is process of sending, propagating and receiving
analogue or digital information signal over physical point-to-point or point to multi
point transmission medium, either wired, optical fibers or wireless. Transmission
mode refers direction of signal flow between two linked devices. There are three types
of Transmission mode. These are:

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 26
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

✓ Simplex ✓ half
duplex and ✓ Full
duplex.
Among this telecommunication uses full duplex mode of transmission. These types
of transmission mode can send and receive at the same time.
A simplex connection: is a connection in which the data flows in only one direction,
from the transmitter to the receiver. This type of connection is useful if the data do
not need to flow in both directions (for example, from your computer to the printer or
from the mouse to your computer).

A half-duplex connection (sometimes called an alternating connection or semi-

duplex): is a connection in which the data flows in one direction or the other, but not
both at the same time. With this type of connection, each end of the connection
transmits in turn. This type of connection makes it possible to have bidirectional
communications using the full capacity of the line.
A full-duplex connection: is a connection in which the data flow in both directions
simultaneously. Each end of the line can thus transmit and receive at the same time,
which means that the bandwidth is divided in two for each direction of data
transmission if the same transmission medium is used for both directions of
transmission.

❖ S w i t ch i n g
Switches are hard ware devices which are capable of creating connection between
two or more devices. A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking
device that connects network segments or network devices. The term commonly
refers to a multi-port network bridge that processes and routes data at the data link
layer of the OSI model. A switch is a telecommunication device which receives a
message from any device connected to it and then transmits the message only to that
device for which the message was meant. This makes the switch a more intelligent
device than a hub (which receives a message and then transmits it to all the other
devices on its network.) The network switch plays an integral part in most modern

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 27
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

Ethernet local (LANs).

There are two types of switches. These are: circuit switching and packet switching.
Among these types of switching Nekemte telecommunication uses circuit switching.
Advantage of switching system is:
One end user for each user
Flexibility of connection to different locations and
saving of lines. Circuit switching: is a methodology of implementing a
telecommunications network in which two network nodes establish a
dedicated communications channel (circuit) through the network before the
nodes may communicate. The circuit guarantees the full bandwidth of the
channel and remains connected for the duration of the communication
session. The circuit functions as if the nodes were physically connected as
with an electrical circuit.

Packet switching: is a digital networking communications method that groups all

transmitted data – regardless of content, type, or structure – into suitably sized
blocks, called packets. Packet switching features delivery of variable-bit-rate data
streams (sequences of packets) over a shared network. When traversing network
adapters, switches, routers and other network nodes, packets are buffered and
queued, resulting in variable delay and throughput depending on the traffic load in the
network.

3 .1 .6 I n t e r ne t p r o t o c o l ( I P ) a nd I T s e ct i o n
Ethio telecom’s IP Network is constructed in such a way that it can provide NGN
(including GSM, Fixed NGN, CDMA, IP/Broadband Access Network services including
Value Added
Services) at regional cities, major cities, sub cities, and towns. To understand easily
this IP network let us show you its topology.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 28
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

Figure 5. Over all ETC IP NGN network Topology

I P ne t w o r k l aye r s and t h e i r f u n ct i o ns
1. Gateway layer: This layer deployed in four sites and contains routers mainly
functions to connect to an external network /internet/
The Ethio Telecom has built extensively Ethiopia’s internet infrastructure to give
better and quality internet service. Currently; we have fifteen international internet
links from Bole, Bahirdar, Diredawa and Shashemene gateways. The Total Upstream
/downstream bandwidth are 6475.5/6775.5 in Mbp.
2. Back bone layer: Totally 10 sets of BRS (T8000), distributed to five cities and
each city deploys two sets of BRS, full meshed connection. This layer is mainly
responsible for service traffic forwarding and high-capacity communication facilities.
3. Core layer: This layer is mainly responsible for service traffic forwarding,
convergence and high-capacity communication facilities.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 29
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

CHAP T E R FO U R
4 . O V E R A L L IN T E R NSH IP E X PE R IE NC E A N D K NO W L E D G E
GA IN E D
4 .1 P o w e r a n d e n vi r o n m e nt a l s e c t i o n
Western region telecommunication and corporation uses three different types of
power sources (AC power from ELPA, from solar, generators and batteries). Power
and environmental section is a one section of Western region telecommunication that
performs the management of the following devices such as: Transformers, Generator,
Rectifier, Air conditioner, water sensor, temperature sensor and Tele communication
battery.

The main job of this section is managing and facilitating power supplies for this
company, especially for equipment’s. To do this in a best condition this section uses
different equipment’s and limit power specification of equipment’s. This equipment
includes: -
1. Commercial AC Power
2. AC Generators
3. Batteries

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 30
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

Figure 2.6 General power distributions in telecom

Power and environmental section is a one section of Nekemte telecommunication,

which performs the management of the following devices such as: transformer,
Generator, Rectifier, Air conditioner, water sensor, temperature sensor and Tele
communication battery.

❖ Generator: is a device that converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy.

Generator has different types, for example Nekemte telecommunication has
model of GSW154and voltage capacity of 415v which can set by Auto (it can set by
itself) and by man. In the generator operations there are two major devices such
as: Auto Transfer switches (ATS) controller and Automatic Transfer System (ATS).

Au t o T r ans f e r s wit ch ( A T S) co nt r o lle r :

The ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) control products are designed to monitor the
AC mains supply for under / over voltage, under / over frequency and voltage
unbalance and forward a start command on detection of mains supply disproportion.
The family of models provides a wide choice of control features and user
configurability options. An ATS is normally connected to an AMF (Auto Mains
Function) generator controller.

The AMF controller reads the current of the incoming power from the national grid
constantly. If the controller senses a dip or power failure from the main supply it will
give a signal to the generator set to start up. The power will then be automatically
transferred by the ATS to the generator supply side. When the mains power supply is
restored it will automatically transfer the incoming power back to the main power
supply, and give a signal to the generator set to switch off. The AMF panel is normally
supplied with a slow charging battery charger which constantly keeps the battery
voltage at optimum and thus avoids having run down batteries in` the event of the
generator starting up from standby.

Au t o m at ic T r an s f e r Sys t e m (A T S) :

ATS is the self-controlling transport system for automatic loading and unloading of
B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 31
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

parallel switched washer disinfectors. The role of ATS (Automatic Transfer System) is
to provide the automatic transfer power for its associated load group from a normal
power source,

Such as utility service, to an alternate power source, such as stand by generation, in

the event the normal source fails.

Rectifier: is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which

periodically reverses direction to direct current (DC), which flow only in one direction.
The conversion of
AC to DC is needed in telecommunication, because of all equipment’s are operate by
direct current (dc).

Air conditioner: An air conditioner (often referred to as AC) is a home appliance,

system, or mechanism designed to dehumidify and extract heat from an area. The
cooling is done using a simple refrigeration cycle. In construction, a complete system
of heating, ventilation and air conditioning is referred to as "HVAC". In Nekemte
telecommunication there are different types of air conditioner in the exchanger room,
those are regulating the temperature of all equipment’s in the exchanger room. It
maintains precise temperature for reliable equipment performance, Emerson network
power delivers cooling with comprehensive range of labret data center cooling
solutions, protecting mission critical application from slightest increase in
temperature.
Water sensor: In telecommunication damage occurred by water is probably the least
known threat within system room. The water often cannot be detected, but if it is
detected on time, it is possible to prevent a catastrophic damage to the system and
the data. This sensor warms about leakages in a system room.
Temperature sensor: an increased temperature within server and communication
equipment rack can cause loss of data or incur damage to electronic equipment.
Temperature sensor monitors the temperature, and the user defines range between
the minimal and maximal values. The device notifies the user when temperature
exceeds the defined range.
B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 32
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

This sensor is ideal for controlling of the computer room temperature and detecting
of an error in air conditioning system, sudden temperature changes and rack
overheating.
Tele communication battery: In the application of stationary battery systems for
telecommunications equipment, the equipment is operated on DC power (typically 48
volts in a central office - main telephone switching center or remote office). During
normal operation when utility power is available,
The telecommunications (load) equipment is operated from the DC power supplied
from the rectifiers, which also serve to maintain full charge on the battery systems. In
the event of a utility failure, the load is supported from the battery until an emergency
power source can be applied, such as a generator.
Automatic transfer power for its associated load group from a normal power source,
such as utility service, to an alternate power source, such as stand by generation, in
the event the normal source fails.
The typical design of a battery in the telecommunications application is to provide DC
power to the load equipment for a minimum of four hours if a generator is also
installed at the site. If a generator is not installed at the site, the typical design of a
battery system is to support the load equipment for eight hours.

4 .1 .2 G S M A ( G l o b a l s ys t e m f o r m o b i l e a cc e s s )
Global system for mobile access is most widely used of the three digital wireless
telephone technologies which is 2nd generation cellular standard developed to cater
voice services and data delivering using digital modulation. The aim of global system
for mobile access services is to replaces incompatible analog system. It uses
variation of TDMA (time division multiplexing access) and FDMA (frequency division
multiplexing access). It digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down channel
with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates between
frequency range of 900MHZ and 1800MHZ.

GSM together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless mobile
telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD),
General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 33
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).global system for mobile

access services include:

Tele services
Bearer or data services
Supplementary services

Tele services: is a telecommunication service that enables voice communication via

mobile phone and offered services such as mobile telephone and emergency calling.
Bearer or data services include:
Various data services for information transfer between GSM and other network
link such as PSTN, ISDN
Short message service (SMS)
Unified message services (UMS)
Voice mail box
Electronic mail

Supplementary services: is calling related services such as:

Call waiting
Call holding
Call barring
Call forwarding
Multi party call conferencing

A r ch i t e c t u r e o f G SM n e t w o r k

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, and divided in three broad
parts.

1. Mobile station: The Mobile Station Performs the switching of calls between the
mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The mobile station
(MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a smart card called the
B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 34
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the
user can have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. By
inserting the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls
at that terminal, make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed
services. The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile
Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile
Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret
key for authentication, and other information.

2. The Base Station Subsystem (BSS): Controls the radio link with the Mobile
Station. The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base
Transceiver Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). These
communicate across the standardized Abis interface, allowing (as in the rest of the
system) operation between components made by different suppliers. The Base
Transceiver Station houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and handles the
radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station. In a large urban area, there will
potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed, thus the requirements for a BTS are
ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost.

The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It
handles radio-channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers, as described below.
The BSC is the connection between the mobile station and the Mobile service
Switching Center (MSC).

3. The Network Subsystem: Network subsystem includes the MSC (mobile

switching center), VLR (Visitor location registrar) and HLR (home location
registrar).

The Mobile Station and the Base Station Subsystem communicate across the Um
interface, also known as the air interface or radio link. The Base Station Subsystem
communicates with the Mobile services Switching Center across the A interface.
The central component of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile services Switching
B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 35
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

Center (MSC). It acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN, and
additionally provides all the functionality needed to handle a mobile subscriber, such
as registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, and call routing to a
roaming subscriber.

Global system for mobile access system architecture is given below

Fig7.Block diagram of GSMA structure

4 .2 C o d e di v i s i o n m u l t i p l e x i n g a c c e s s ( C D M A )
Code division multiplexing access uses code division multiplexing. It is channel
access method used by various radio communication technologies. Code division
multiplexing access refers to any of several protocols used in so called 2nd and 3rd
generation wireless communication. Code division multiplexing access is a forming
multiplexing which allows a numerous signal to occupy a single transmission channel,
optimizing the use of available bandwidth. So, in a way, CDMA multiplexes various
signals to be fit into a single given bandwidth. Usually, CDMA operates in the ultra-
high-frequency region, which is mostly between 800 MHz to 2 GHz.

Code division multiplexing access employs analog to digital conversion or ADC in

combination with spread spectrum. In code division multiplexing access different
user uses the same frequency at the same time but with different spreading code.

C o de d i vi s i o n m u l t i p l e x i n g a c c e s s h a s t w o p a r t s

1) Access network: contain mobile station, base transceiver station and base
station controller
2) Core network: contains components such as MSC (mobile switching control),

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 36
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

HLR (home location control), VLR (vocation location register), AUC

(authentication center) and OAM operation and administration.
Ethio Telecommunication uses a type of CDMA that of technology 2000 1x and
frequency of 450 and 800 MHZ. These types of CDMA service are the core of
CDMA2000 wireless air interface standard which support packet data speed up
to 153kb\s with real world data transmission averaging 60-100kb\s in most
commercial application.

A d v a n t a g e o f c o d e di v i s i o n m u l t i p l e x i n g a c c e s s

Frequency re use is one

Network design and expanding became much easier
Good voice quality

High spectrum capacity at least 4 up to 6 times than GSMA

Large coverage almost 2 times than GSMA, save money for operator, for
example for cover area of 1000 sqr.km GSMA needs 200 BTS while CDMA
needs only 50 BTS

C o m p ar is o n be t we e n G SM an d CD MA

Call Quality: This is an area where CDMA scores substantially over GSM. Statistics are
hugely in favor of CDMA. Various factors such as echoes, call dropping, or voice
distortion are almost non-existent in CDMA, whereas in GSM, there is a high
probability of errors. To give you an analogy, the bus on the street will continue to ply
even when it's full, but if the honeycomb has reached full capacity, the honey cannot
be deposited.

Carriers: A major difference between GSM and CDMA cell phones is the fact that GSM
cell phones use SIM cards, while CDMA cell phones are directly linked to the carrier.
So, GSM is one step on CDMA as far as carriers are concerned. The law requires
CDMA carriers to provide handsets to users, for which the users cannot change their
carriers. Whereas, GSM users can change their carriers whenever they want. On the

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 37
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

other hand, in case of handsets that are enabled by CDMA, you need to change the
handset in order to change your service provider.

Network: It's an ongoing battle between the two. Both the technologies are
continuously improving the qualities of their network and adding various aspects to it
as well. So, coverage is no more an issue with both the technologies reaching virtually
all corners of the world.

Worldwide: There is a special number that every GSM compatible device in the world
can call in case of an emergency. That number is 112. But in CDMA, this cannot be
implemented because of certain technological limitations.

Battery Life: GSM, being a relatively simple technology, uses less amount of cell
phone battery than CDMA.

Coverage: GSM and CDMA, both have similar network coverage areas. They are
present almost everywhere. The service providers of both technologies are striving
hard to cover whatever areas are left.

Speed: Both GSM and CDMA are rapidly improving their capabilities in this regard.
Both have introduced 3G mobile phones in their fold. The CDMA has introduced EVDO
or CDMA2000 to cement its position in the market and GSM has introduced EDGE
(Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) to do the same. Both are competing to gain
space in this area.

Building Penetration: Again, during the initial days, both technologies couldn't find
building penetration, but after research in signaling systems, and through experience,
service providers of both technologies have been able to give decent service to the
mobile phones in buildings.

Roaming: Most of the GSM carriers have contract with other carriers, because of
which they provide the roaming service to their customers without roaming charges.
On the other side, very few CDMA carriers provide this facility to their users; and those
who do provide it, charge more as compared to their GSM counterparts.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 38
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

N e t w o r k t o p o l o gy o f G SM and C D M A

In GSM the BSC (Base Station Controller) is the “brains” of the system because it
makes many decisions that include assigning the following for a mobile customer.
BTS, frequency, and time slot. One BSC will manage between 100 and 200 BTSs. a
BTS can handle about 60 mobile customers at the same time.

There is no BSC in CDMA networks. Some of its functions, such as the assignment of
Walsh codes are handled by the BTS. Other BSC functions are handled by the MSC
(Mobile
Switching Center). CDMA could be said to use “decentralized intelligence” compared
to the “centralized intelligence” used by GSM. Both GSM and CDMA use an MSC.

W o r k f l o w o f t h e o f R A N s e ct i o n :
In all section there are three types of employees based on their performing work task.
Those supervisor, technician and technical operator.
Supervisor: coordinate the technician to perform their task.
Technician: repair and install the connection of problem.
Technical operator: observe and record the problem when and where occurred.
Major activities to be done in RAN (radio access network) section are:

o Maintenance of critical alarm that affect the

communication o Expansion of the network o Optimizing of
the network o Checking and clearing current alarms in the
BSC.
o Dealing about down sites with ZTE guys and solve the
problem

o Dealing about down sites with EEPCO

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 39
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

W o r k t as k s I h ave e x e c u t e d i n R A N s e ct i o n

Maintenance during my internship when I see in RAN section, I executed

different works tasks.

1) Observing the alarm from the software which has connection with base
station controller (BSC) through LAN.
When sites (BTS) are down i.e. stop working due to different factor it can be
seen in BSC, this BSC is connected to the computer through LAN, then all
Activities on BSC can be operated using computer by software which is
prepared for this hardware (BSC)

4 .3 C h a l l e ng e s I f a ce w h i l e p e r f o r m i n g m y w o r k t a s k s & m e a s u r e s I h a ve
t ak e n t o s o l ve t h e ch al l e n g e s
1) Fiber optic cable problem: the fiber optic cable is usually transmitted
underground, if certain damage happened to them due to many reasons such
as road constructions
, corrosion’s etc. I do not easily know where the problem is.
To overcome this problem the fiber optic which is buried underground used
must have high quality and have enough strength to overcome these situations
2) Sometimes there is network fluctuation and distortion, people cannot easily
call or send SMS, the network is so busy.
To overcome this problem, I take measure to build additional Base Transceiver
station
(BTS) in the city, because there is no enough BTS’s in the city to give all
services properly.
3) Many words of Ethio telecom software name are abbreviations. Due to this it is
difficult to do any task without knowing that abbreviations. Also, computer
cannot open this software without knowing user name and password of a
person who perform that task. Also, some computers are inactive due to this it
is difficult to do work rapidly.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 40
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

To overcome these problems, I take measures:

✓ As soon as I face abbreviation word, I refer it from the manual or searching it
from internet as well as asking workers in that section.
✓ Asking and remembering of username and password of computer on which I
performing work task.
4) Sometime MW dish bend from its original position due to wind and high rain
then unwanted signal or interference should be occurred.
To overcome this situation the antenna technicians must have to check the
microwave dishes while bad weather occurs.
5) The most problem in this company are the fluctuation and disturbance, of
commercial power which come from EPCCO, sometimes this power also
totally off. Usually, due this disturbance the devices can easily burnt.

To overcome such a problem the solution I suggest is to distribute enough

Generators in all sites while this problem occurs. Hence the devices cannot
easily be burned.
6) The transformer problem. Sometimes the transformer can be out of use, stop
working, due to many things such as thunders and due to losses, once the
transformer stops working it cannot be easily replaced because it is so
expensive, while this happen power is off, and hence the devices in the
company Stop working, this means that the customers cannot get the service.
To overcome this problem the transformers must have to check by 6 months,
especially Grounding. Because transformers around this company is out use
damaged most probably due to grounding problem.
7) Many devices in the company such as microwave dishes, antennas, BTS are
built on higher altitude and also these devices are made up of conductors
which have high conductivity. Hence this device can be easily damaged or
attacked by different environmental condition such as thunders. There they can
be out of use if I use conductors’ copper as grounding purpose.
To overcome this problem what I suggest as solution is Plate grounding rather
than copper grounding. This plate grounding is use by huge flat metal which

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 41
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

have higher conductivity than which the devices made up of. Plate grounding is
done by digging the
Ground two meter down and fill the hole by sodium chloride (NaCl) and water
then bury the plate.

CHAP T E R FI V E
5 . B E N E F I T S G A I N E D F R O M I N T E R N S HI P
Internships provide opportunities to experiment and pursue careers that match
academic and personal interests. There are many benefits completing an internship
including the development of strong teamwork skills balanced with the exercise of
individual responsibility, the opportunity to experiment with jobs that match academic
and personal interests, the chance to develop industry-specific abilities while enjoying
the advantages of administrational systems. Internships also increase the likelihood
of building professional networking, contacts and mentoring relationships. Internships
help students become viable, experienced job applicants when seeking employment
after graduation. In fact, many employers consider internship experience in the hiring
process, and often look to their own interns as the best potential candidates for full-
time positions.
In general, I able to implement my theoretical knowledge on the real world and also I
able to understand what the real world looks like. I had the opportunity to improve my

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 42
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

practical skills, theoretical knowledge, my interpersonal communication skills, team

playing skills, leadership skills and etc. I also had the opportunity to understand about
the work ethics and gain a great knowledge in entrepreneurship skills.
Generally, what I have learnt in the different aspects of practice were mention below
briefly as follows.

5 .1 I n T e r m s o f I m p r o v i ng m y P r a ct i c a l S k i l l s
On this two month of internship, I able to get and develop different aspects of
practical skill. These are: -
• I get the chance to introduce our selves to some engineering equipment used for
telecommunication such as: -
BTS
BSC
Microwave antennas
Generators
Rectifiers
Transformers

5 .2 . I n T e r m s O f U p g r a d i ng m y T h e o r e t i c a l K n o w l e d g e
I have been able to gain a great deal of knowledge in this internship experience.
Among them I will try to mention some of them.
In addition to the practical skills this program helped us to strengthen my
theoretical knowledge and gain meaningful engineering experience to
complement my academic studies. These are:

The communication between mobile equipment, BTS, BSC and MSC.

How mobile equipment communicates every time with around BTS.
Wavelength used in DWDM and CWDM.
Understood the Architecture of GSM.
What is transmission?
What type of power we are using in telecom?

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 43
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

5 .3 I n T e r m s O f I m p r o vi n g O u r I n t e r p e r s o na l C o m m u n i ca t i o n S k i l l s
During my stay at this site work and office in the past two months I had been able to
know different kinds of people from all walks of life.During the internship experience I
had improved our communication skills in very good manner which we could talk to
any person at the staff with confidence and as easily as possible. During this time, I
have gained confidence on how: -
• to tolerate with each other’s students
• to make discussions as not to harm others
• to accept the ideas of the others
• To respond superior and etc.
As we are working at different parts of the company work, I got the chance to
contact with different people including administrator and labourer. I got a
chance to contact and share ideas and experience with them on their working
time.

5 .4 . I n T e r m s o f I m p r o vi n g O u r T e a m W o r k i ng S k i l l s
It is known that one hand cannot wash itself alone but the two of them can do that. So
that team work is so much important than doing some work alone because this can
simplify the tediousness of the work and save the time. Teams need people who
speak up and express their thoughts and ideas clearly, directly, honestly and with
respect for others and for the work of the team. That's what it means to communicate
constructively. Such a team member does not shy away from making a point but
makes it in the best way possible in a positive, confident, and respectful manner.
Teamwork has a dramatic effect on organizational performance. An effective team
can help an organization achieve incredible results. A team that is not working can
cause unnecessary disruption, failed delivery and strategic failure. Nowadays it is
almost impossible to avoid being a member of team. If you're not on an official team
at work, chances are you function within one in one way or another. So, it's important
for my personal and career development to know our team working strengths and
weaknesses. This implies that team work skill is the backbone of team playing skills.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 44
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

And I completed my tasks on time and without any complexity of the work. So that we
developed our team playing skills by working every works as a team.

5 .5 . I n T e r m s o f I m p r o vi n g L e a de r s h i p S k i l l s
The modern view is that through patience, persistence and hard work, I can be a highly
effective leader. At the site I have been able to see different engineers in hierarchy
work and lead the site workers and the engineers under them. During this time, I have
been able to observe that one should have great skills to be a leader.
Among them: -
Good speaking ability.
To have the ability to listen to others.
To be decisive.
Good management skills.
To know the subject one is working on thoroughly and etc.

I have observed that leadership is a great responsibility that one has to make the team
he is leading initiated and encouraged. This will enable you to get a good result, so
that your work is as perfect as or more than the expected.

5 .6 . I n T e r m s o f U n d e r s t a n d i n g W o r k E t h i cs R e l a t e d I s s u e s
Work ethics are very important part of our personal as well as professional life. With
the proper work ethics, a person become more responsible and focused towards
his/her job. The person also cultivates a sense of achievement around his work. This
definitely has some positive effects on his/her career growth as well as on the
progress of the company. Work ethics means: - How one looks at his job,
What he expects from his job and
How would he/she go ahead with his/her professions?
Respecting and accepting other’s opinion
Ethics at the work place means the positive aspect that makes the work force
companion, like Honesty, integrity, dedication, determination, commitment etc.
On my stay on the site, I have very punctual, daily attendant of the work & responsible
to my profession. During this program I had been developed my work ethics.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 45
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

5 .7 . E n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p s k i l l
After this internship program I strongly believe in entrepreneurship; that means
learning technology without entrepreneurship is nothing.

I understood that being an entrepreneur is not as simple as I have imaged before,

rather it is difficult to run because so many problems are expected to be faced. But it
is also profitable, if you are strong enough to face those problems, and a well-
mannered and experienced managers and human resource are assigned. The great
thing that I have learned in terms of entrepreneurship skill is to be bold to set up any
kind of business and become profitable from it, after you understand the concept of
the business and get yourself familiarized with it.

A wide range of skills are seen as entrepreneurial and useful to entrepreneurs, these
include both personal traits and skills:

✓ Management skills - the ability to manage time and people (both

yourself and others) successfully
✓ Communication skills and the ability to share ideas and persuade or the
ability to work both as part of a team and independently
✓ Able to plan, coordinate and organise effectively
✓ Financial literacy
✓ Able to research effectively, for example available markets, suppliers,
customers and the competition
✓ Self-motivated and disciplined
✓ Adaptable
✓ Innovative thinking and creative
✓ The ability to multi-task
✓ Able to take responsibility and make decisions
✓ The ability to work under pressure
✓ Perseverance
✓ Competitiveness
B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 46
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

✓ Willingness to take risks

C H AP T E R SI X
6 .1 . C O N C L U S I O N
In My intern ship program, I have tried to experience how the working method they use
with respect to the theoretical knowledge I have. It is great to join the Ethiotelecom
and get experienced for the last four months of this year. From this intern I learnt a lot
of things relating with practical works which I know only theoretically on my academic
course. Above all, the main and crucial thing I noticed in this intern is the ways of
management.
Coordinating the entire above thing is not an easy thing; it needs special leadership or
capability of management to handle over all possible difficulties that could encounter
on progress of Electric Power Corporation. So, being an engineer, one is expected to
have the following qualities

Sociable (have good communication skill)

Actionable (fast responding)
Problem solving
work focused
reliable and responsible for his work
Reasonable for any fault encountered and Active at any time.
The purpose of this Internship program was to introduce students with working
condition and mostly it helps students to grasp knowledge from practicing the theory

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 47
I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

which they have been learning in the class. I have been working in Host Company.
This program gave me good practical skills and made me familiar to the outside real
construction world.

In this paper, I have listed out the major benefits I gained during my internship practice.
Internship is very interesting and gives a lesson on how work is practically flowing and
a way of developing intrapersonal skills with co-workers.

6 .2 . R E C O M M E N D A T I O N
Now I would like to recommend the internship to be improved as internship student
from what I face when I am on intern.
First of all, the university must have facilitated the place of internship for his
student strictly that is favorable to follow them while on work. There was a
problem with my university concerning this in fact. Most of intern students are
searching company by themselves with some challenges I know.
The internship students must have followed in related by the University
advisors at least once per month. The problem I mentioned above favorable is
here useful for my advisors to perform these actions easily.
The internship student must be evaluated or have a report what they have been
working every month in the form of hard copy or through e-mail to university
advisors. Also, there must be a neat communication between the Organization
and University advisors to do this type of evaluation.
Every help and supports are throughout the duration of internship placement is
strictly required from every department internship concerning body.

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 48
 I N T E R N S HI P R E P O R T O N W E S T E R N R E G I O N E T H I O T E L E C O M 2 0 2 5G . C

R E F E R E NC E S
[1]. ethiotelecom.et

[2]. Transmission basic training for operation and maintenance, NAP Transmission
Teams, July 27, 2015

[3]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethio_telecom

[4]. https://en.ethiotelecom.et access date:

[5]. Toni Janevski, Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP Networks, Artech House
Boston, London, 2003

[6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network

[7]. http://blog.circuits4you.com/

[8]. http://H.N.biometric-solutions.com/biometric-fingerprint.html

[9]. Each section (RAN, core, IP and transmission) training manuals of Ethio telecom

[10]. Ethio telecom and ZTE training manual

[11]. ZTE NGN overview training manual

B U D E P A R T M E NT O F E C E ; C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R E A M Page 49