Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

ORAL
COMMUNICATION IN
CONTEXT

Communication Models

Quarter 1 Week 3 Module 3

Most Essential Learning Competency:
Differentiate the various models of communication
 Hi! I’m Mitch. I will be your facilitator and guide in this
module. Before you start answering the module, I want you to
set aside other tasks that will disturb you while enjoying the
lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully
enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun!

Before we begin, take note of the following:

1. Follow carefully all the contents and
instructions indicated in every page of
this module.
2. Write on your notebook or any writing
pad the concepts about the lessons.
Writing enhances learning, that is
important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the
module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your
answers.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and
apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

By the way, these are the parts of this module:

• Expectations - These are what you will be able
to know after completing the lessons in the
module.
• Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge
and the concepts to be mastered throughout the
lesson.
• Looking Back - This section will measure what
learnings and skills that you understand from the
previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction- This section will give you an
overview of the lesson.
• Activities - These are activities designed to
develop critical thinking and other competencies.
This can be done with or without a partner
depending on the nature of the activity.
• Remember - This section summarizes the
concepts and applications of the lessons.
• Checking your Understanding - It will verify
how you learned from the lesson.
• Post-test - This will measure how much you
 LESSON 3: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

As your facilitator, I expect that you, as a learner, will

understand the nature, elements and process of oral
EXPECTATIONS communication in context.
Specifically, this module will help you to

• describe the models of communication

• differentiate the various models of communication
• describe how each element in the model affect
communication

Let us start your journey in learning more on the Models of Communication. I am sure you are ready and excited to
answer the Pretest. Smile and cheer up!

PRETEST

I. Read each test item carefully. Circle the letter of your answer on the space
provided before each number.

1. Which model of communication vividly explains why the simplest way of communication can
be misunderstood or misinterpreted because of various interferences such as noise?
a. Berlo Model
b. Mutual Understanding Constructivist Model
c. Schramm Model
d. Shannon and Weaver Model

2. Which model of communication emphasizes the field of experiences concept. This field of
experiences refers to the past and present experiences of an individual that help him/her
relate to other communicators.
a. Berlo Model
b. Mutual Understanding Constructivist Model
c. Schramm Model
d. Shannon and Weaver Model

3. Which is the modified version of the Schramm Model where interpretation of the sender’s
message is based on the reciever’s frame of reference and internal and external factors?
a. Berlo Model
b. Mutual Understanding Constructivist Model
c. Schramm Model
d. Shannon and Weaver Model

4. Which model of communication presumes that communication transpires within four factions:
source, message, channel and receiver?

a. Berlo Model
b. Mutual Understanding Constructivist Model
c. Schramm Model
d. Shannon and Weaver Model
 5. Why is there a need to study models of communication?
a. To lay a foundation which may facilitate understanding of the process of communication.
b. To simplify reality in communication, select element and indicate relationship between
elements of communication.
c. To understand how the various elements of communication affect the communication
process.
d. All of the above.

6. What is done with information in all the communication models?

a. Defined
b. Depicted
c. Transferred
d. Understood

7. What is the appropriate term for how a sender transforms a thought into message?
a. Coding
b. Decoding
c. Encoding
d. Recoding

8. Which terms refers to any medium used within the communication process?
a. Channels
b. Decoding
c. Encoding
d. Feedback

9. Which concept is illustrated when one is unable to concentrate on what his/her mother is
saying because he/she is upset about something that happened?
a. Internal Interference
b. External Interference
c. Semantic Noise
d. Physical Noise

10. What term is shown when you ask another person to explain what he/she just said?
a. Channels
b. Decoding
c. Encoding
d. Feedback

Great, you finished answering the questions. You may request your facilitator to check your work. Congratulations and
keep on learning!

LOOKING BACK

I. Listed below are the descriptions of the communication models learned

previously. Identify the model of communication described in each of the
following statements. Write the letter of your answer on the blank before each
number.
a. Interactive Model
 b. Linear Model
c. Transactional Model

_____1. It presents a simple communication act and involves persuasion, not mutual
understanding.
_____2. Its distinction with other model is that its internal and external interference
disturb the understanding of messages.
_____3. One of its governing principle is that all communicators play roles.
_____4. The first model of communication that is unidirectional.
_____5. It is the communication model that considers the situation of the
communication where there is a simultaneous exchange between the sender
and the receiver.
_____6. According to this model, feedback is what makes the communication cycle
interactive or collaborative.
_____7. One of this model’s characteristics is that it values psychological effects over
social effects.
_____8. One principle governing this model is that people react to situation based on
their own past experiences, current status and anticipated future.
____9. It describes elements in the communication model to be unstable when
interference is around.
____10. It tells that people’s diverse perceptions and roles affect our response to
different forms of communication.

Congratulations! Keep on learning.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Communication is a process that is deeply intertwined with human interaction. Since its end
goal is that of creating understanding, it is necessary to know, realize and appreciate its
process. Realizing how communication flows will help us recognize and roles played by
each element in the communication process. The various communication models presented
in this module will give us a glimpse of what contributes to good communication or what
causes breakdown in communication.
 MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SHANNON AND WEAVER

MESSAGE CHANNEL MESSAGE

INFO SOURCE TRANSMITTER DESTINATION

RECEIVER

NOISE
SOURCE

Shannon and Weaver Model- According to Shannon and Weaver, an information begins
from the message source which is transmitted to the receiver. Before the message source is
transmitted to the receiver, the message pass through various interferences such as noise. Then, the
receiver receives the message. This model of communication explains vividly why the simplest way
of communication can be misunderstood or misinterpreted. Sending messages across with so much
complexities increases the possibility for distorted meaning. Noise can be physical, physiological,
psychological and semantic.

Mutual Understanding Constructivist Model- It is a modified version of the Schramm

Model where a common “field of experience’ is emphasized. The way the receiver will decode or
interpret the sender’s message will be based on the light of his/her frame of reference (past
experience, stored knowledge etc) and internal and external factors.

2. SCHRAMM MODEL

FIELD OF EXPERIENCES

SOURCE RECEIVER
 Schramm Model- The emphasis of the Schramm Model is the “field of experiences” concept.
It is assumed that every individual communicator has within himself past and present experiences that
help him relate to other communicators. These experiences form a “field” of experiences from which
he draws meaning at any point of communication.

3. BERLO MODEL
SOURCE MESSAGE CHANNEL RECEIVER

COMM. SKILLS ELEMENT SIGHT COMM. SKILLS

STRUCTURE

ATTITUDES CONTENT HEARING ATTITUDES

KNOWLEDGE TOUCH KNOWLEDGE

CODE

SOCIAL SYSTEM SMELL SOCIAL SYSTEM

CULTURE CULTURE
TASTE

Berlo Model- It presumes that communication transpires within four components and each
component is affected by many factors.

How’s your learning? Don’t give

up, you’re almost done!

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Name the missing element in each model of communication.

A. SHANNON AND WEAVER

MESSAGE CHANNEL MESSAGE

INFO SOURCE TRANSMITTER

DESTINATION
RECEIVER
 ?
SOURCE

B. SCHRAMM MODEL

SOURCE
RECEIVER

C. BERLO MODEL

SOURCE MESSAGE CHANNEL RECEIVER

COMM. SKILLS ELEMENT SIGHT COMM. SKILLS

STRUCTURE

? ? ? ATTITUDES

KNOWLEDGE TOUCH KNOWLEDGE

CODE

SOCIAL SYSTEM SMELL SOCIAL SYSTEM

?
CULTURE TASTE

Activity 2. EMOTIONAL CHARADES. Look at these pictures and describe your thoughts
and emotions.

Activity 3. REPHRASING EXERCISE. Say each word with voice inflection required in a given
context.
 Material: Copy of the statement, “We are not going to take a test today.”

1. Statement indicating surprise.

2. Statement of fact.
3. Statement indicating that we will be doing something other than taking a test today.
4. Statement indicating that we will have more than one test today.
5. Statement indicating that we absolutely will not be taking a test today.

Activity 4. VIEWING AND ANALYZING TV COMMERCIALS. Watch and answer the

questions that follow.

https://youtu.be/RcMi80qKiNY

1. To whom does the commercial appeal to?

2. How does it get the intended audience attention?
3. Do you think it was effective?

Activity 5. COMMUNICATION BARRIERS. Watch and answer the questions that follow.

https://youtu.be/D3a3fgUkw6

1. Who are the individuals engaged in a conversation?

2. What causes the male speaker to be confused?
3. What could the female speaker have done to make him understand?

https://youtu.be/8Ox5LhIJSBE

1. Who are the individuals engaged in a conversation?

2. What makes communication between them difficult?
3. How did they understand each other?

REMEMBER

1. The field of experiences concept assumes that every

communicator has within himself past and present
experiences that help him relate to other
communicators.
2. Having common field of experiences creates
understanding.
3. Noise or interference which can be physical,
physiological, psychological and semantic creates
misunderstanding among the communication
participants.
CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Answer the following questions:
1. The Shannon and Weaver Model explains that during the delivery of a message
through a channel, there may be sources of distractions or noise which would
lead to misunderstanding. Aside from physical noise, what other types of noise
would affect the effective transmission of a message? Give an example.

2. Using Berlo’s Model, what do you think is the most important factor to consider
for effective communication? Why?

3. In light of the concept of ‘field of experiences” in the Mutual Understanding

Model, can two persons interpret the same message differently? Give an
example.

4. Of the communication models presented, which do you think best illustrate the
communication process? Why?

POST TEST
Read each test item carefully. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before
each number.

1. In what element of Shannon and Weaver Model can noise or interference occur?
a. Channel
b. Message
c. Receiver
d. Source

2. What concept makes one interprets a message based on past events and occurences,
observations and stored knowledge?
a. External factors
b. Field of experience
c. Interference or noise
d. Internal factors

3. Which communication model shows that each element is affected by many other factors?
a. Berlo Model
 b. Dance Model
c. Mutual Understanding Constructivist Model
d. Schramm Model

4. In Berlo’s model, what factors will affect receiver’s understanding of a message?

a. Attitude
b. Communication skills
c. Knowledge
d. All of the above

5. Which two models of communication present common ‘field of experiences’ as a means to

interpreting and understanding a message?
a. Berlo and Dance Models
b. Berlo and Schramm’s Models
c. Mutual Understanding and Schramm Models
d. Schramm and Dance Models

6. Which type of noise is shown by a student who was unable to concentrate and understand
her lesson because of hunger and sickness?
a. Physical Noise
b. Physiological Noise
c. Psychological Noise
d. Semantic Noise

7. Which situation illustrates semantic noise?

a. One’s inability to understand because of an illness.
b. One’s inability to comprehend because of differences in language.
c. One’s failure to relate with others because of depressive thoughts.
d. One’s failure to execute a command because of a noisy environment.

8. Two people were talking about their recent trip when one mentions about bringing her
mother to an expensive vacation next time. Before one finishes her talk, the other one
suddenly cries because her mother is too ill to enjoy a vacation with her. Which concept
from Schramm Communication Model is shown by the reaction of one of the speakers in
the example?
a. Decoding of a message
b. Encoding of a message
c. Reacting based on field of experience
d. Giving of Feedback

9. A person was invited to share about farming techniques. Most of the audience as
traditional farmers but were excited to try the new farming techniques at the end of his talk.
Which factors concerning the sender and receiver helped him convinced farmers to try the
new farming techniques?
a. Knowledge and communication skills
b. Attitude and culture
c. Knowledge and attitude
d. Culture and Social System

10. Which term refers to any reaction or response we give to information or message?
a. Attitude
b. Channel
c. Feedback
d. Knowledge
REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET
Reflect on what you have learned after taking up this lesson by completing the chart below.

I thought…
What were your thoughts or ideas
about the process of
communication prior to the
discussion of this lesson?

I learned that…
What new or additional ideas did
you learn after taking up this
lesson?
References:

Dapat, J. R, Sadorra, B. B. & Lumabi, B. C.(2016) Oral Communication in Focus For Senior
High School. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Dividina, Jose B. (2016). Towards Effective Oral Communication for Senior High
School. Manila: St. Augustine Publications, Inc.
https://youtu.be/RcMi80qKiNY

https://youtu.be/D3a3fgUkw6

https://youtu.be/8Ox5LhIJSBE

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Michelle M. Quiambao, Master Teacher II
Editor: Flor M. Derige, Master Teacher II
Graphic Illustrator: Jafet Mercado, STEM 12, VEFMHS SHS
Reviewer: Vicente M. Victorio Jr., Education Program Supervisor
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Regional Director
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS in Charge of
LRMS and Regional ADM Coordinator
Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V, Schools
Division Superintendent-Manila
Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S. Carpio, Division EPS in Charge of LRMS
and Division ADM Coordinator