FIFTH EDITION

Free Study Guide for the NASM CPT Exam

This guide has been created based on what NASM recommends you should know for their exam,
but does not accurately represent what shows up on the actual exam. For study material focused
on what shows up on the exam check out Fitness Mentors Audio Lectures, Study Guide and Practice
Tests for the NASM CPT Exam.

CHAPTER 1

National Academy of Sports Medicine Code of Professional Conduct

Professionalism:

Professionalism should be practiced during all client interactions. Use effective communication
and ensure a safe environment. Maintain good hygiene and wear appropriate clothing. Always
refer your clients to a doctor when unknown conditions arise.

Confidentiality

Secure client documents and respect the confidentiality of your client conversations.

Legal and Ethical

Obey all laws associated with your training location. Keep truthful records and take
responsibility for their accuracy.

Business Practice

Keep adequate liability insurance and practice truth in appropriate advertising. maintain
accurate financial and client records to pay all due taxes for 4 years. Don't get sexually
involved with your clients.

Scope of Practice

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This table shown in the book discusses the guidelines for health and fitness
professionals by displaying what a trainer should do if the client's health is of high-risk.

What should not be done:

• Counsel Clients
• Diagnose Injuries or Conditions
• Physical therapy or rehabilitation
• Give detailed diets / meal plans

What should be done:

• Coach Clients
• Identify past injuries and limit your exercises for the injury
• Recommend client to speak and get medical advice from physician
• General Nutrition Knowledge and refer them to a dietitian or nutritionist for
detailed diets

CHAPTER 2

NASM does not recommend knowing any of the material from Chapter 2, but does ask about 3
questions from the chapter. Check out our Study Guide for the NASM CPT to see what you
should focus on from this chapter.

CHAPTER 3

Know all definitions throughout the chapter

• Biomechanics: the study of the action of external and internal forces on the living
body, especially on the skeletal system.

Location Terminology

• Superior: referring to a point higher or above

• Inferior: referring to a point lower or below
• Proximal: referring to a point closer to the origin of a limb
• Distal: referring to a point farther from the origin of a limb
• Anterior (or ventral): referring to a point nearer to the front of the body
• Posterior (or dorsal): referring to a point nearer to the back of the body
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 • Medial: referring to a point nearer to the mid-line of the body
• Lateral: referring to a point further from the mid-line of the body
• Contralateral: referring to a point on the opposite side of the body
• Ipsilateral: referring to a point on the same side of the body

Planes of Motion, Axes and Joint Motions

• Anatomic position:
the erect position of the body with the face and gaze directed anteriorly, the uppe
r limbs at the side, and the palms of the hands directed anteriorly.

• Sagittal plane:
a longitudinal plane that divides the body of a bilaterally symmetrical animal into r
ight and left sections.
• Flexion: the act of bending a limb in the sagittal plane that typically decreases a
joint angle.
• Extension: the act of extending a limb that typically increases a joint angle.
• Hyperextension: the extension of a part of the body beyond normal limits.

• Frontal Plane:
a vertical plane at right angles to a sagittal plane, dividing the body intoanterior a
nd posterior portions. Also called frontal plane .
• Abduction: the act of moving a limb in the frontal plane that typically moves the
limb away from the mid-line of the body.
• Adduction: the act of moving a limb in the frontal plane that typically moves the
limb back toward the mid-line of the body.

• Transverse
Plane: a plane across the body at right angles to the coronal and sagittal plane a
nd perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a body or object; also, a plane dividin
g the body into an upper and lower section.
• Internal Rotation: the act of rotating a limb in the transverse plane toward the
mid-line of the body; or counter-clockwise when viewed from a superior view.
• External Rotation: the act of rotating a limb in the transverse plane away from
the mid-line of the body; or clockwise when viewed from a superior view.
• Horizontal Abduction: transverse plane movement similar to that of a rear deltoid
fly.
• Horizontal Adduction: transverse plane movement similar to that of a chest fly.

• Scapular Retraction: the act of sliding the shoulder blades toward the mid-line of
the body.
• Scapular Motion: the act of sliding the shoulder blades away from the mid-line of
the body.
• Scapular Depression: the act of sliding the shoulder blades inferiorly
• Scapular Elevation: the act of sliding the shoulder blades superiorly
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Muscle Actions

*Eccentric

• Eccentric muscle action: when a muscle contraction is accompanied by

lengthening muscle tissue.

*Concentric

• Concentric muscle action: when a muscle contraction is accompanied by

shortening muscle tissue.

*Isometric

• Isometric muscle action: when a muscle contraction is accompanied by no

change in the length of the muscle tissue.

*Isokinetic

• Isokinetic muscle action: when a muscle maintains a constant speed during

contraction.

• Force: movement that results in the slowing down or speeding up of an object.

• Length-Tension Relationships: optimal length of a muscle results in optimal force

production.

• Force-Couple: a group of muscles that work together to produce force on a joint.

• Rotary Motion: rotational movement of the joints.

• Torque: something that produces or tends to produce torsion or rotation; the mo
ment of a force or system of forces tending to cause rotation.

Compare to - Three Planes of Motion

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Compare to - Planes, Motions, and Axes

Frontal

• Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

• Anterior-Posterior Axis
• Abduction and Adduction

Plane Joint Motion Axis of Rotation Exercise

Adduction/Abduction Abduction:

& Barbell shoulder

press Cable hip
Ankle Eversion/ abduction
Frontal Anterior-Posterior
Inversion
Adduction:
&
Pull up, Cable hip
Lateral Flexion adduction

Transverse

• Divides the body into top and bottom portions

• Longitudinal or vertical axis
• Movements include all rotation, pronation, supination, horizontal abduction and
adduction.
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Plane Joint Motion Axis of Rotation Exercise
Internal Rotation Internal Rotation:
External Rotation Band Internal
Rotation
&
Trunk Rotation:
Longitudinal
Horizontal Wood chop
Adduction
Transverse or
Horizontal Horizontal
Abduction Adduction: Cable
Vertical
Chest Fly
&
Horizontal
Pronation Abduction: Rear
Supination delt fly machine

Sagittal

• Divides the body into left and right halves

• Coronal or medial-lateral axis
• Flexion and extension

Plane Joint Motion Axis of Rotation Exercise

Flexion:

Hamstring curl
Flexion Medial-Lateral
Barbell curl
Sagittal & A.K.A.
Extension:
Extension Coronal
Quad Extension,
Triceps Skull
Crusher

Compare to Common force couples

Muscles Movement Created

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Shortening of the biceps brachii,
Elbow flexion in a Bicep Curl
brachioradialis, and brachialis
Shortening of the Psoas major
and minor, rectus femoris and Hip Flexion in a leg lift
illiacus
Shortening of the Pectoralis
Major, Subscapularis and Shoulder internal rotation
latissimus dorsi

Different muscles pull from different angles but all work to produce the same joint
movement. The biceps, brachioradialis and brachialis muscle all insert into different
locations, but all work to flex the elbow.

Compare to Levers

There are three types of levers.

A first-class lever is a stick where the fulcrum is between the weight and the energy
moving the weight (your hands, for example). Some common first-class levers are see-
saws, crowbars, pliers, scissors (which use two first-class levers together), and a
hammer pulling a nail.

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A second-class lever is a stick where the fulcrum is at one end of the stick, you push on
the other end, and the weight is in the middle of the stick. Some common second-class
levers are doors, staplers, wheelbarrows, and can openers.

A third-class lever is a stick where the fulcrum is at one end of the stick, you push on
the middle, and the weight is at the other end of the stick. With a third-class lever, you
have to put in more energy than you would just lifting the weight, but you get the weight
to move a longer distance in return. Some common examples are a broom, a hoe, a
fishing rod, a baseball bat, and our own human arms.

CHAPTER 4

Definitions

Human Movement

• Human Movement System:(Kinetic Chain) is composed of three related systems:

Nervous(central and peripheral nerves), Muscular (muscles, tendons, ligaments
and fascia), and Skeletal (joints) systems.

Nervous System

• Nervous System: the system of nerves and nerve centers in an animal or human,
including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.
• Sensory Function: The human body's ability to recognize changes in the
environment within the body or outside of the body.
• Integrative Function: the nervous system processes and interprets the sensory
input and makes decisions about what should be done in each moment.
• Motor Function: The human body's ability to respond to the information received
from the sensory nervous system.
• Proprioception: the total nervous system input to the central nervous system
creating the awareness of the position of one's body
• Neuron: a specialized, impulse-
conducting cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of the
cell body and its processes, the axon and dendrites
• Sensory (afferent)
neurons: a nerve cell that conducts impulses from a sense organ to the central n
ervous system
• Interneurons: a nerve cell that transmits nerve impulses between neurons.

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 • Motor (efferent)
neurons: a nerve cell that conducts impulses to a muscle, gland, or other effector

• Central Nervous
System: the part of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord.
• Peripheral
NervousSystem: the portion of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spi
nal cord that includes the cranial and spinal nerves
• Mechanoreceptors: any of the sense organs that respond to vibration, stretching,
pressure, or other mechanical stimuli.
• Muscle Spindles: a
proprioceptor that conveys information on the state of muscle stretch or
length, important in the reflex mechanism that maintains body posture.
• Golgi Tendon
Organs: A proprioceptive sensory nerve ending embedded among the fibers of a
tendon that is sensitive to muscle tension.
• Joint Receptors: sensory receptors in joint capsules
that contribute (along with other sensory inputs) to awareness of joint position an
d movement (proprioceptive sensation).

Skeletal

• Skeletal
System: The framework of the body, consisting of bones and other connective
tissues, which protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs.
• Bones: the hard connective tissue forming the substance of the skeleton, compos
ed of a collagen-
rich organic matrix impregnated with calcium, phosphate, and other minerals.
• Joints: the movable or fixed place or part where two bones or elements of a skele
ton join.

• Axial Skeleton: the skeleton of the head and trunk including the skull, vertebral
column and rib cage.
• Appendicular
Skeleton: The bones of the limbs, including the bones of the pelvic girdles.

• Remodeling: mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process

called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process
called ossification or new bone formation).
• Osteoclasts: cells that take away or remove mature bone tissue.
• Osteoblasts: cells that are responsible for building up new bone tissue.

• Epiphysis: a part of a bone separated from the main body of the bone by a layer
of cartilage and subsequently uniting with the bone through further ossification.
• Diaphysis: the long, narrow portion of a bone
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 • Epiphyseal Plate:
the disk of cartilage between the shaft and the epiphysis of a long bone during its
growth.
• Periosteum: the normal investment of bone, consisting of a dense, fibrous outer l
ayer, to which muscles attach, and a more delicate, inner layer capable of formin
g bone.
• Medullary Cavity: the small cavity in the shaft of a long bone where blood cell
formation occurs and marrow is stored.
• Articular (hyaline) cartilage: a firm, elastic, flexible type of connective tissue that
covers the end of a bone that makes up a joint.

• Depressions: a flat area of the bone

• Processes: a point in the bone used for muscular or ligamentous attachment

• Vertebral Column: the column of 24 bones making up the spinal column. (7

cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar)

• Arthrokinematics: Description of the movement of the joint surfaces when a bone

moves through a range of motion.

• Synovial Joints: joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with
the periosteum of the joined bones.
• Non Synovial Joints: non-movable joint that excludes the joint capsule, cartilage
and ligaments.

• Ligaments: connects bone to bone and provides joint support.

Muscular

• Muscular
System: All the muscles of the body collectively, especially the voluntary skeletal
muscles.
• Epimysium: the outermost layer of muscular connective tissue that encompasses
the muscle body.
• Perimysium: the middle layer of muscular connective tissue that encompasses
the muscle fascicle.
• Endomysium: the deepest layer of muscular connective tissue that
encompasses the muscle fiber.
• Tendons: a cord or band of dense, tough, inelastic, white, fibrous tissue, serving t
o connect a muscle with a bone.

• Sarcomere: like the nueron is to the nervous system the sarcomere is the
functional unit of muscle

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 or any of the segments of myofibril in striated muscle fibers; composed of actin
and myosin.

• Neural Activation: the nervous system activation of a muscle fiber via the
neuromuscular junction.
• Motor Unit: a motor neuron and the muscle fibers innervated by its axon.
• Neurotransmitters: any of several chemical substances, as epinephrine or acetylc
holine, that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse to a post-
synaptic element, as another nerve, muscle, or gland.

(Compare the above with definitions from the text)

Skeletal Muscle

This image from (SEER Training Modules, n.d.) is similar to the one you may find in the
book. It shows how the bundles of muscle fibers can be broken down further as you
explore more into the skeletal muscle.

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Acetlycholine initiating the muscular contraction.

Excitation-contraction coupling is the process of the nervous system stimulating a

muscle to contract. This is known as the sliding filament theory. In this figure shown in
the book it gives 10 steps in the initiation and end of the contraction. Below the steps
are more condensed to assist in understanding. Check out Fitness Mentors Study
Guide for the NASM CPT Exam to learn what you need to know specifically about this
chart.

1. The Neurotransmitter ACh is released and attaches to receptors generating an

action potential down the T tubules.
2. Action potential triggers Calcium (Ca2+) release
3. calcium binds to troponin removing the blocking action of tropomysosin and
exposing the actin active binding site.
4. Contraction occurs by the myosin cross bridges alternately attach to actin and
detach, pulling the filaments closer to the center of the sarcomere. Detachment
of actin from myosin requires ATP.
5. Removal of Calcium by active transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after the
action potential ceases.
6. Tropomyosin restores its location, covering the actin active site so no more
contraction occurs.

Compare to Table 4.1

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Type I: Endurance fibers; small; more oxygen and mitochondrial density; less power.

Type II: Less enduring; less oxygen delivery; more power and force, larger than type I.

Compare to Table 4.2

Muscle as Movers

Muscle functions are categorize as an agonist, synergist, stabilizer or antagonist.

• Agonist muscles: prime mover

• Synergist muscles: assist the same movement as the prime mover
• Stabilizer muscles: Stabilize the joints of the body during the movement
• Antagonist muscles: relax to allow the prime mover to work efficiently

Agonist Synergist Stabilizer Opposite

Dumbell Curl Bicep Brachioradialis Rotator cuff Tricep
Intrinsic
Muscles of the
Calf Raise Gastrocnemius Posterior tibialis Anterior tibialis
ankle, knee and
hip

Compare to Figure 4.27 - Atria and Ventricles

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Atria and Ventricles

The heart has two pairs chambers called the Right atrium and ventricles. The functions
of the chambers are as follows:

The atriums are located on either side of the heart. Right Atrium is designed to receive
the blood that is coming to the heart from the whole body and the Left Atrium is
designed to receive the blood that is coming to the heart from the lungs.

The ventricles are also located on either side of the heart. Right Ventricle have thin
walls because of a low pump of blood that flows to the lungs which is a short distance
from the heart. The Left Ventricle has much thicker walls because of a high pressure
pump of blood that flows to the rest of the body.

Compare to Table 4.4 - Functions of Blood

The cardiovascular system.

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This slide above is provide from a presentation from share slide (stewart_j, n.d.). It is
similar to the table that is shown in the book. NASM deems it important to understand
the functions and support mechanisms of blood.

Table 4.30 - The Respiratory Pump - The abdominal and thoracic structures that
contribute to the expansion and contraction of the lungs.

Muscles of the respiratory pump consist of:

Inhalation: Diaphram, Scalenes, Pec Minor and Sternocleidomastoid.

Exhalation: Abdominals and Internal intercostals.

How the respiratory pump works:

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CHAPTER 5

Know all Definitions throughout the chapter

Nutrition: the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and
growth.

calorie: the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 °C
(now usually defined as 4.1868 joules).

Calorie: the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water 1 °C.

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Kilocalorie: One thousand of the above definition.

Protein: large biomolecules, or macronutrient, consisting of one or more long chains of

amino acids.

Carbohydrates: sugars, starch, and cellulose that contain hydrogen and oxygen in the
same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the
animal body.

Lipids: any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and
are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils,
waxes, and steroids.

Compare definitions to Chapter 5 in the textbook.

Compare to Know all of the Essential Amino Acids

Essential amino acids: Luecine, Isoleucine, Valine (BCAA's)

Lysine, Methionine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Phenylalanine

Compare to Recommended Protein Intake

Inactive adults need about .8 grams per kilogram bodyweight

Athletes need more protein: Endurance athletes 1.2-1.4 g/kg and Strength Athletes
need 1.2-1.7 g/kg

Daily recommendations for fiber

Adults need about 38g of fiber per day. The minimum recommended is 25g per day.

Specific recommendations for endurance athletes

Endurance Athletes need more carbohydrates to fuel their activities. This is because
they need to build the storage of glycogen in their muscles and liver which will not only

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enhance recovery but drive their performance upward. Carbohydrates are
recommended at 6-10 g/kg per day.

Fatty acids

Know the difference between the three types of fatty acids.

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid: Increase good cholesterol (HDL) and have one double
bond in their carbon chain - Mono meaning 1.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: Increase good cholesterol and are composed of essential
fatty acids which cannot be made by the body. More than one double bond in their
carbon chain - Poly meaning more than 1.

Saturated Fatty Acid: Saturated fats increase bad cholesterol (LDL) levels and have no
double bonds in their carbon chain - which is why they are called saturated.

Lipids in the body

What are the functions of lipids in the body?

Lipids have several roles in the body, these include acting as chemical messengers,
storage and provision of energy and so forth.

Chemical messengers

All multicellular organisms use chemical messengers to send information between

organelles and to other cells. Since lipids are small molecules insoluble in water, they
are excellent candidates for signalling. The signalling molecules further attach to the
receptors on the cell surface and bring about a change that leads to an action. The
signalling lipids, in their esterified form can infiltrate membranes and are transported to
carry signals to other cells. These may bind to certain proteins as well and are inactive
until they reach the site of action and encounter the appropriate receptor.

Storage and provision of energy

Storage lipids are triacylglycerols. These are inert and made up of three fatty acids and
a glycerol. Fatty acids in non esterified form, i.e. as free (unesterified) fatty acids are
released from triacylglycerols during fasting to provide a source of energy and to form
the structural components for cells. Dietary fatty acids of short and medium chain size

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are not esterified but are oxidized rapidly in tissues as a source of ‘fuel”. Longer chain
fatty acids are esterified first to triacylglycerols or structural lipids.

Maintenance of temperature

Layers of subcutaneous fat under the skin also help in insulation and protection from
cold. Maintenance of body temperature is mainly done by brown fat as opposed to white
fat. Babies have a higher concentration of brown fat.

Membrane Lipid Layer Formation

Linoleic and linolenic acids are essential fatty acids. These form arachidonic,
eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. These for membrane lipids. Membrane
lipids are made of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are important
as constituents of the phospholipids, where they appear to confer several important
properties to the membranes. One of the most important properties are fluidity and
flexibility of the membrane.

Cholesterol formation

Much of the cholesterol is located in cell membranes. It also occurs in blood in free form
as plasma lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are complex aggregates of lipids and proteins that
make travel of lipids in a watery or aqueous solution possible and enable their transport
throughout the body.

Reference: http://www.news-medical.net/health/Lipid-Biological-Functions.aspx

Daily recommendations and importance of water

Drink 3.0 liters of water if you are male or 2.2 liters of water if you are female. Drink
more water if you are trying to lose weight. Water is important as it improves body
functions including liver, endocrine, and metabolic. It maintains blood volume and
regulates body temperature.

Compare to The effects of dehydration

Mild to Moderate
Severe Dehydration
Dehydration
Dry, sticky mouth Extreme thirst
Sleepiness or tiredness Irritability and confusion
Dry skin Sunken eyes

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Mild to Moderate
Severe Dehydration
Dehydration
Headache Dry skin that doesn't bounce back when you pinch it
Decreased sweat rate Low blood pressure
Dizziness or
Rapid heartbeat
lightheadedness
Few or no tears when crying Rapid breathing
Water retention No tears when crying
Decreased blood pressure Increased body temperature
Little or no urination, and any urine color that is darker
Muscle cramps
than usual
Sodium retention In serious cases, delirium or unconsciousness

Reference: http://articles.mercola.com/dehydration-symptoms.aspx

Be familiar with guidelines for altering body composition

These guidelines stick to your general "law of thermodynamics" recommendations.

Lose weight: Eat less, exercise more, choose whole grains and avoid processed foods.
Drink lots of water and avoid alcohol.

Gain weight: Eat more frequently, intake more than you expend, eat lots of carbs and
fat.

Calorie count for proteins, carbohydrates, fats

PRO = 4kcal/gram

CHO = 4kcal/gram

FAT = 9kcal/gram

Alcohol = 7

Compare to - Dietary Reference Intake Terminology

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The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is used by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) to
evaluate

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

• TheRDA, the estimated amount of a nutrient (or calories) per day considered
necessary for the maintenance of good health by the Food and Nutrition Board of
the National Research Council/ National Academy of Sciences

Adequate Intake (AI)

• The recommended average dailyintake level based on observed or

experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a
group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate-
used when an RDA cannot be determined.

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

• The highestlevel of nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health
effects for almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases
above the UL, the risk of adverse effects increases

Units of measured used on dietary supplement labels

Dietary Supplement Labels contain the Nutritional Facts and the Supplement Facts that
most of us then to look at before purchasing items. The product information
is expressed in quantities of mg, or mcg or IU. Also they provide “% Daily Value” for
each nutrient listed.

Adverse effects of excess for specific vitamins and minerals

The most likely vitamins and minerals people consume excessive amounts of the
following

. Vitamin A

. Vitamin D

. Iron

. Zinc
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Ergogenic Aids and Dosage

Legal: Creatine dosage - 5-7 days of 20g/day then 2-5g/day for maintenance. Caffeine -
3-6mg/kg 1 hour before exercise.

Illegal: Prohormones and Steroids

CHAPTER 6

General Adaptation Syndrome and Compare with Table 6.1 The general
adaptation syndrome

The General Adaptation Syndrome is a model that describes the body’s response to
stress:

1. Alarm Stage

In this phase, the initial reaction of the body to stress is that it labels the stressor as a
threat or danger to balance, that is why it immediately activates its fight or flight
response system, and releases the “stress” hormones such as adrenaline,
noradrenaline and cortisol. These hormones enable you to perform activities that you
don’t usually do. For instance, you lift weights of the first time in a while, your muscles
are not familiar with the new stress and become damaged. They may become painful
and sore.

2. Resistance Stage

After the body has responded to the stressor from the initial reaction, the stress level
has been reduced due to the development of an adaptation brought on by the initial
stress.

3. Exhaustion Stage

During this phase, the stress has been persistent for a longer period. The body starts to
lose its ability to combat the stressors and reduce their harmful impact because the
adaptive energy is all drained out. The exhaustion stage can be referred to as the gate
towards burnout or stress overload, which can lead to health problems if not resolved
immediately. An example would be too much exercise leading to sickness, injury or
constant fatigue.

All in all, the General Adaptation Syndrome model by Hans Selye presents a clear
biological explanation of how the body responds and adapts to stress.

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Reference: https://explorable.com/general-adaptation-syndrome

Compare to Adaptive benefits of resistance training

Physical and mental health benefits that can be achieved through resistance training
include:

• improved muscle strength and tone – to protect your joints from injury. It also
helps you maintain flexibility and balance and helps you remain independent as
you age
• weight management and increased muscle-to-fat ratio – as you gain muscle,
your body burns more energy when at rest
• greater stamina – as you grow stronger, you won’t get tired as easily
• prevention or control of chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart disease,
arthritis, back pain, depression and obesity
• pain management
• improved mobility and balance
• improved posture
• decreased risk of injury
• increased bone density and strength and reduced risk of osteoporosis
• improved sense of wellbeing – resistance training may boost your self-
confidence, improve your body image and your mood
• a better night’s sleep and avoidance of insomnia
• increased self-esteem
• enhanced performance of everyday tasks.

Reference: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/resistance-training-
health-benefits

SAID Principle

In physical rehabilitation and sports training, the SAID principle asserts that the human
body adapts specifically to imposed demands. In other words, given stressors on the
human system, whether biomechanical or neurological, there will be a Specific
Adaptation to Imposed Demands (SAID).

Adaptations for resistance training

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Stabilization encourages the adaptation of muscular endurance, improve joint stability,
and improve balance.

Muscular endurance encourages joint and core stabilization mechanisms, core

endurance, and a decrease in body fat.

Muscular Hypertrophy encourages the growth of muscle fibers due to increased protein
development in the myofibril.

Strength encourages the increase in tension to overcome outside forces. This occurs by
teaching the nervous system to properly recruit as many muscle fibers as possible at
one point in time.

Power encourages the generation of the greatest force in the shortest time which can
lead to an increase in projectile velocity.

Compare to the Resistance training systems

single set: performing only one set for all exercises

multiple set: performing more than one set for all exercises

pyramid set: when you increase weight and decrease reps after you perform each set;
you can also decrease weight and add reps

super set: one set performed immediately after another.

drop set: upon failing with one weight you drop the weight and continue with more reps

circuit training: multiple sets in a row of different exercises with little rest after one
round has been completed

peripheral heart action: alternating upper and lower body exercises during circuit
training

split routine: a typical body building strategy in which you workout certain muscle
groups on certain days

vertical loading: completing one set of an exercise and moving on to another with
intent to come back and do another set

horizontal loading: completing all sets of one exercise before moving to the next
exercise
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Compare with the Peripheral heart action system

Knowing the difference between the exercises you include in a PHA Circuit between
stabilization, strength and power will matter. Notice that a stabilization PHA Circuit
includes only stabilization exercises. Same with strength and power.

CHAPTER 7

NASM does not recommend knowing any of the material from Chapter 7 for the test, but does
ask about 2 questions from the chapter. Check out our Study Guide for the NASM CPT to see
what you should focus on from this chapter.

CHAPTER 8

Compare to Subjective vs. Objective information

Gathering information is very important before starting any kind of workout program with
a client. You want to know about their current and past state of health. Ask questions
and note their answers to determine subjective information and perform assessments to
determine objective information.

Subjective Information

• General Medical History

• Occupation
• Lifestyle (Hobbies, Diet, etc.)
• Personal Information

Objective Information

• Body Analysis
• Blood Pressure
• Performance Assessments
• Postural Assessments
• Cardiorespiratory Assessments

Referenced from: Sports Medicine Essentials, 3rd ed. by Glover

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Compare with Sample Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire

The physical activity readiness questionnaire also known as the PAR-Q is design to get
the clients to answer specific health history questions. It will also give you the
information needed for you to determine the possible risk of exercising with the client. If
a client answers yes to any of the 7 questions on this form, they must acquire a doctors
written permission to begin exercising with you.

Check out a PAR-Q

here: http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/fitnessevalandassessment/qt/PAR-Q.htm

Compare with Sample Questions: client occupation

Occupational questions are asked to determine the amount of influence someone’s job
has on their posture.

• Sitting causes tightness in the hip flexors and rounding of the upper back.
• High heels cause tightness in the calf musculature.
• Repetitive movements refers to the shoulder impingement caused by doing
physical work over head. (Construction, electrician, volleyball player)
• Stress may cause shortening of the scalenes and upper trapezius creating upper
crossed syndrome.

Compare with Sample Questions: client lifestyle

Lifestyle questions give the trainer a chance to note what interests the client has in their
everyday life. Recreational activities and active hobbies can be included in their
cardiorespiratory training program.

Compare with Sample Questions: client medical history

Medical history allows the trainer to gauge the risk of any health related issues the client
may be dealing with.

Pain should be noted and an exercise program should account for that pain.

Surgeries may limit range of motion or cause joint instability.

Chronic disease may need to be accounted for with all exercises.

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Medications may affect exercise variables such as intensity.

Common Medications

Below shows how common medications effect blood pressure and heart rate as well as
show you the basic functions of the medications. It is reminded that as a personal
trainer this is not our job to educate the client on any usage and effects of these
prescribed medications.

Common Medication you will come across with potential clients are:

Antidepressants, Beta-Blockers, Calcium-channel blockers, Digitalis, Thyroid

Medication, Nitrates, Diuretics, Bronchodilators, Vasodilators

Learn More Here: http://www.exrx.net/ExInfo/Medications.html

Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Assessments

Heart Rate can be recorded on the thumb-side of the wrist (radial pulse; preferred) or on
the neck (carotid pulse, use with caution).

Blood pressure is measured using an aneroid sphygmomanometer which consists of an

inflatable cuff, a pressure dial, a bulb with a valve and a stethoscope. It is highly
recommended that anyone including personal trainers take a professional course in
blood pressure assessment before assessing blood pressure with any clients.

See examples of all assessments here: http://www.exrx.net/Testing.html

Target Heart Rate Training Zones & Max Heart Rate Formula

220 - age = Predicted max heart rate. Multiply by the suggested HR training zone of
anywhere from 65-95% of Predicted HR max.

Training Zone One = Builds aerobic base and aids in recover

Training Zone Two = Builds aerobic endurance

Training Zone Three = Builds high end work capacity that is mainly anaerobic.

Reference: http://www.active.com/fitness/articles/calculate-your-training-heart-rate-
zones?page=2
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Body Composition Assessments

There are many methods used to estimate one’s body composition.

• Skin Fold: Measurements are taken at different site on the right side of the body
whole person stands straight but relaxed. The width of the skin fold is measured
in millimeters with a specially calibrated caliper. The total for each site in marked
and it is added up to determine the person overall body composition.
• Bioelectrical Impedance: Better known as a Body Fat Analysis is a device that
measures the strength and speed of the electrical signal sent through the body. It
uses this measurement and information such as height, weight and gender to
predict how much body fat a person has.
• Underwater Testing: Is a technique for measuring the mass per unit volume of a
living person’s body.

Refer to http://www.exrx.net/Testing/BodyCompSites.html for great skinfold site

description.

Circumference Measurements

Circumference measurements measure the outer surface of the body which includes all
tissue. They are some benefits in using the circumference measurement, which
included tracking the progress of the clients loss (in inches), can be more comfortable to
use on overweight clients, easy to afford, easy to record and not hard to learn the
technique or make a mistake on it.

Measurements of the following areas are suggested:

1. Neck
2. Chest
3. Waist
4. Hips
5. Forearm
6. Thighs
7. Calves
8. Arms

References: http://www.exrx.net/Testing/Circumferences.html

Body mass index (BMI)

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BMI can be used to screen patients because the test is simple, correlates to fatness,
and applies to both men and women. The BMI may not apply to some individuals with
more than normal muscle mass and acceptable levels of body fat.

< 18.5 underweight

18.5 to
healthy
24.9
25 to 29.9 overweight
30 to 34.9 Obesity
>35 Severe obesity

Know the above ranges provided by http://www.exrx.net/Calculators/BMI.html

CHAPTER 9

Compare with - Pronation Distortion Syndrome

Pronation distortion syndrome is characterized by flattened feet and adducted knees.

Pronation Distortion Syndrome can lead to pain and injury of the low-back and lower
extremities, especially ACL injuries.

Short Muscles

• gastrocnemius
• soleus
• peroneals
• adductors
• iliotibial band
• hip flexor complex
• bicep femoris (short head)

Lengthened Muscles

• Anterior and Posterior tibialis

• vastus medialis
• gluteus maximus/medius
• hip external rotators

Probable Injuries

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 • Plantar fasciitis
• Posterior tibialis tendinitis (shin splints)
• low back pain

Reference: http://goldenfitness11.blogspot.com/2013/05/pronation-distortion-syndrome-
and-how.html

Compare with - Lower Crossed Syndrome Summary

Lower-Crossed Syndrome (LCS) is also referred to as distal or pelvic crossed

syndrome. In LCS, tightness of the thoracolumbar extensors on the dorsal side crosses
with tightness of the iliopsoas and rectus femoris. Weakness of the deep abdominal
muscles ventrally crosses with weakness of the gluteus maximus and medius. This
pattern of imbalance creates joint dysfunction, particularly at the L4-L5 and L5-S1
segments, SI joint, and hip joint. Specific postural changes seen in LCS include anterior
pelvic tilt, increased lumbar lordosis, lateral lumbar shift, lateral leg rotation, and knee
hyperextension. If the lordosis is deep and short, then imbalance is predominantly in the
pelvic muscles; if the lordosis is shallow and extends into the thoracic area, then
imbalance predominates in the trunk muscles.

Reference: Janda 1987, Human Kinetics

Compare with - Upper Crossed Syndrome

(UCS) is described as a muscle imbalance pattern located at the head and shoulder
regions. It is most often found in individuals who work at a desk or who sit for a majority
of the day and continuously exhibit poor posture.

• TIGHT

rear neck and side neck

levator scapulae

scalenes

sternocleidomastoid

upper trapezius

shoulder internal rotators

subscapularis
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teres major

anterior deltoids

pectoralis major

pectoralis minor

• WEAK

upper-arm external rotators

infraspinatus

posterior deltoids

teres minor

deep-neck flexors

longus capitis

longus colli

Reference: http://www.yogajournal.com/slideshow/fix-slouch-poses-upper-crossed-
syndrome/

The Overhead Squat shows up in almost 10 questions on the actual exam. Check out
our Audio Lectures and Study Guide for the NASM CPT to see what you should focus on from
the Overhead Squat Assessment.

YMCA 3-Minute Step Test

This is a cardiorespiratory assessment to estimate and individual’s cardiorespiratory

fitness level. It is done in the time period of 3 min. The first thing you must have is 12-
inch step and the client will begin to step up and down at 96 steps per minute. Having a
metronome will come in handy to give the client a beat to follow along for the 3 minutes
they will be performing this test. As the 3 minutes finish you must immediately find the
recovery pulse, write it down and then refer to the text to determine the appropriate
heart rate zone to start them at.

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Rockport Walk Test

This is another kind of cardiorespiratory assessment set to estimate a cardiovascular

starting point. You will need to note your client’s weight, age, gender at first before
starting. Once you got all that noted you will need to go to a treadmill in where you will
explain to your client that they will need to walk and only walk a mile as fast as they can.
No jogging or running, the must walk as fast as they can for a mile. As they do that take
note at the time they finish and immediately have them step off to the side so that you
may record the heart rate. Now you have everything you need to determine the clients
V02 score by using the following formula.

132.853 - (0.0769 x Weight) - (0.3877 x Age) + (6.315 x Gender) - (3.2649 x Time) -

(0.1565 x Heart Rate) = Vo2 score (Reference: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/rockport.htm)

Use the following calculator for a quick determination of the clients

score: http://www.exrx.net/Calculators/Rockport.html

CHAPTER 10

Tempo

NASM writes tempos this way “a/b/c”

It stands for a = eccentric

b = isometric

c = concentric

So a tempo of 4/2/1 on a repetition of a body weight squat would be:

a = 4 counts, controlled, deceleration, lowering the body down

b = 2 counts, controlled, holding the weight (bodyweight) in place

c = 1 count, on the push back [upward]

Training volume adaptations

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The training phase and goal is what determines all the acute variables, repetitions, sets,
intensity, rest and tempo. With all these combined you can also figure out the training
volume one must be at. A high intensity or a low or moderate intensity. Each have their
own benefits.

CHAPTER 11

SAID Principle

In physical rehabilitation and sports training, the SAID principle asserts that the human
body adapts specifically to imposed demands. In other words, given stressors on the
human system, whether biomechanical or neurological, there will be a Specific
Adaptation to Imposed Demands (SAID).

Compare to FITTE Factors

FREQUENCY

Frequency refers to the number of training sessions or activity sessions for a given time
frame. The time frame usually consists of a week. But, depending on the client and his
or her goals, it may be one workout a day, a month, or a year. For general health
requirements the recommended frequency of activity is preferably every day of the
week, for small quantities of time. For improved fitness levels, the frequency is three to
five days a week.

INTENSITY

Intensity refers to the level of demand the activity places on the body. This is usually
measured by heart rate. For general health requirements moderate intensity is
preferred. This would be perceived as enough demand to increase heart and respiratory
rates, but not cause exhaustion or breathlessness. Levels range from 65 to 95% of
maximal heart rate (HR max).

TIME

Time refers to the length of time engaged in the activity. This is usually measured in
minutes. For general health requirements, approximately 30 total minutes a day for 5
days a week is recommended.

TYPE

Type refers to the mode or activity used. This can be virtually any activity. For general
health requirements, this may consist of:
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 • Using stairs
• Parking farther from the desired location
• Mowing the yard
• Raking leaves

For improved fitness levels, this may consist of:

• Treadmill, stationary bike, stepper, ARC trainer

• Aerobics class
• Sports
• Weight training

ENJOYMENT

Enjoyment refers to the amount of pleasure derived from the activity by the client. One
of the most important components of a properly designed training program is that it
must be enjoyable. This means that the program and its activities must coincide with the
personality, likes, and dislikes of the client. This ultimately translates into compliance,
and that will equal results.

Reference: http://www.metropolitan-fitness.com/blog/2012/03/18/The-FITTE-Factors-
General-Guidelines-for-Cardiorespiratory-Training.aspx

Compare to - Cardiorespiratory Training Zones

They are three different training zones for cardiorespiratory training programs. In these
training zones you have three different heart rate zones as well. Each stage helps to
build a strong cardiorespiratory.

Zone One

• Low Intensity
• Walking, Light jog, Yoga
• Max Heart Rate Zone 1 65% to 75%

Compare to - Integrated Flexibility Continuum and Examples of Stretching

As a personal fitness trainer you must understand the different types of flexibility
training. In the OPT model there are three different types of flexibility training.

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Corrective Flexibility: this type of training is used to increase the joints range of motion,
correct joint motion and help improve any muscle imbalances and posture. Hold the
stretch for 20-30 seconds.

Static Stretching and Self-myofascial release promote this type of flexibility training.

Compare to - Core training program design

Stabilization exercise include anything with a stability ball or isometric hold. 12-20 reps,
1-4 sets, slow tempo, 0-90sec rest

Compare with - Balance training program design

Progressing someone based on the stages of the OPT Model is important to

understand. Know the difference between each phase as far as exercise selection.

Stabilization: Exercises involve no bending of the planted leg or hip (One leg Balance
on a foam pad) with 12-20 reps (6-10 SL) at a slow tempo with 0-90sec rest.

Compare with - Plyometric training program design

Stabilzation: Exercises involve a 3-5 second pause upon landing (Box Jump with
stabilization) with 5-8 reps, steady tempo and 0-90sec rest.

Compare with SAQ Program Design

Stabilization exercises are composed of drills with mainly sagittal plane movements of
1-2 sets, 2-3 reps and a 0-60 sec rest.

Adaptations for resistance training

Stabilization encourages the adaptation of muscular endurance, improve joint stability,

and improve balance.

Compare to Stabilization Endurance Training

This is Phase One in the OPT Model

Reps: 12-20

Sets: 1-3

Tempo: Slow 4/2/1

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Rest: 0-90seconds

Intensity: 50-70% of 1RM

Frequency: 2-4 times out of the week

Duration: 4-6 weeks

Tempo for Core: 4/2/1

CHAPTER 12

Compare to – Cardiorespiratory Training Zones

They are three different training zones for cardiorespiratory training programs. In these
training zones you have three different heart rate zones as well. Each stage helps to
build a strong cardiorespiratory.

Zone Two

• Moderate Intensity Training

• Group Classes, Dance, Spinning, Kickboxing, Step
• Max Heart Rate Zone 2 76% to 85%

Compare to - Integrated Flexibility Continuum and Examples of Stretching

Active Flexibility: this type of training is to prepare muscles for use during exercise. It
not only stretches the muscles and tissues but it prepares the muscle by actively
warming them up. Take the joint to the end range of motion and hold for 2 seconds;
repeat 5 or so times.

Active-Isolated stretching and self-myofascial release promote this type of flexibility

training.

Compare to - Active Isolated Stretching Summary

Holding a Active Isolated stretch for 1 to 2 seconds more than five times repetitively
uses reciprocal inhibition to lengthen and prepare the muscles for activity in the short
term. You can stretch all muscles in this manner, especially the overactive or tight
muscles.

Compare to - Core training program design

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Strength exercises include movement of the core. 8-12 reps, 2-3 sets, medium tempo,
0-60sec rest

Compare with Balance training program design

Progressing someone based on the stages of the OPT Model is important to

understand. Know the difference between each phase as far as exercise selection.

Strength: Exercise involve bending of the planted knee or hip (Unilateral squat or toe
touch) with 8-12 reps at a moderate tempo with 0-60sec rest.

Compare with - Plyometric training program design

Strength: Exercises involve a repetitive movement (Repeated squat jump) with 8-10
reps, moderate tempo and 0-60sec rest.

Compare with SAQ Program Design

Strength exercises incorporate more frontal plane movements but not maximally with 3-
4 sets of 3-5 reps and 0-60 sec rest.

Adaptations for Resistance Training

Muscular endurance encourages joint and core stabilization mechanisms, core

endurance, and a decrease in body fat.

Muscular Hypertrophy encourages the growth of muscle fibers due to increased protein
development in the myofibril.

Strength encourages the increase in tension to overcome outside forces. This occurs by
teaching the nervous system to properly recruit as many muscle fibers as possible at
one point in time.

Compare to Strength Endurance Training

This is Phase Two in the OPT Model

Reps: 8-12

Sets: 2-4

Tempo: Medium 2/0/2

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Rest: 0-60seconds

Intensity: 70-80%

Frequency: 2-4 times out of the week

Duration: 4 weeks

Tempo for Core: Medium

Compare to Hypertrophy Training

This is Phase Three in the OPT Model

Reps: 6-12

Sets: 3-5

Tempo: Medium 2/0/2

Rest: 0-60seconds

Intensity: 75-85% of 1RM

Frequency: 3-6 times out of the week

Duration: 4 weeks

Tempo for core: Medium

Compare to Maximal Strength Training

This is Phase Four in the OPT Model

Reps: 1-5

Sets: 4-6
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Tempo: x/x/x

Rest: 3-5 min

Intensity: 85-100%

Frequency: 2-4 times out of the week

Duration: 4 weeks

Tempo for core: Medium 1/1/1

CHAPTER 13

Compare to - Cardiorespiratory Training Zones

They are three different training zones for cardiorespiratory training programs. In these
training zones you have three different heart rate zones as well. Each stage helps to
build a strong cardiorespiratory.

Zone Three

• High Intensity Training

• Sprints, Maximal effort cardio
• Max Heart Rate Zone 3 86% to 95%

Compare to - Dynamic Stretching Summary

Moving the body through a full range of motion during Dynamic Stretching uses
reciprocal inhibition to increase the achievable ROM of the joint. Note the examples of
this type of stretching and use it before performing a power level workout.

Functional Flexibility: this type of training is commonly used in the power level of the
OPT model. It has a high demand on the neuromuscular and soft tissue extensibility.
Move the joint through a full rand of motion while performing dynamic exercises like a
lunge to side bend.

Self-myofascial release and dynamic stretching promote this type of flexibility training.

Mechanoreceptors: The Golgi Tendon Organ and the Muscle spindles are the most
important mechanoreceptors to know. GTO responds to muscular tension while the
Muscle Spindle responds to the length of a muscle. Think of the Muscle Spindle as what
delivers the stretching sensation to your brain.
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Compare to - Core training program design

Power exercises include throwing stuff. 8-12 reps, 2-3 sets, xxx tempo, 0-60sec rest

Compare with Balance training program design

Progressing someone based on the stages of the OPT Model is important to

understand. Know the difference between each phase as far as exercise selection.

Power: Exercises involve a hop of the planted leg (Single leg box jump) with 8-12 reps
at a moderate tempo with 0-1 min rest.

Compare with - Plyometric training program design

Power: Exercises involve quickly repeating the movement as fast as possible (Power
step up) with 8-12 reps, xxx tempo and 0-60sec rest.

Compare with SAQ Program Design

Power exercises incorporate all planes of motion with maximal effort using 3-5 sets of 3-
5 reps and 0-90 sec rest.

Adaptations for Resistance Training

Power encourages the generation of the greatest force in the shortest time which can
lead to an increase in projectile velocity.

Compare with Power Training

This is Phase Five in the OPT Model

Reps: 1-10

Sets: 3-6

Tempo: X/X/X

Rest: 3-5 min

Intensity: 10% BW

Frequency: 2-4 times out of the week

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Duration: 4 weeks

Tempo for core: x/x/x

CHAPTER 14

Be familiar with all the different types of modalities that are used as a Personal Trainer.

• Machines
o Less intimidating to a beginner client
o Does not require a spotter
o Extra support to special-needs clients
o Different weight and intensity provided

• Free Weights
o Challenges core stabilization
o Used by a variety of populations for different performance goals
o Being able to perform multi-joint movements
o Improves postural stability
o Proper exercise technique is required

• Bands and Rubber Tubing

o inexpensive alternative to training with resistance
o multiple planes of motion
o Variety of color, thickness and shape
o Greater range of motion (ROM)

• Medicine Balls
o Come in different color and weight
o Use to increase endurance, muscular strength, endurance, power
o Dynamic Power Benefits
o Use many different planes of motion, movement and intensity

• Kettle Bell
o Helps with coordination and balance
o Core stability
o Helps improve grip strength
o Proper exercise technique is required

• Body Weight Training

o Uses own weight as a resistance
o Proper exercise form is required
o Does not require any equipment

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 o Train in all planes of motion

• TRX suspension training

o Helps modify exercises for clients with special needs
o Intensify muscle activation
o Proper exercise technique is required

Populations with Special Considerations

Age Considerations

• Children and adolescents should get 1 hour or more of physical activity daily.

Physiologic Differences between Children and Adults

• Children do not exhibit plateau in oxygen uptake, peak oxygen uptake is more
appropriate.
• Children less efficient, tend to exercise at higher percentage of peak oxygen
uptake during submaximal exercise.
• Do not produce sufficient levels of glycolytic enzymes to sustain bouts of high-
intensity exercise.

Resistance Training for Youth

• 1-2 sets of 8-12 reps at 40-70% of 1 RM 2-3 days per week

• Resistance training is both safe and effective in children and adolescents.
• Untrained children can improve strength by 30 to 40% in 8 weeks.

Seniors

• 1-3 sets of 8-20 reps at 40-80 % of 1 RM 3-5 days/week

• Older adults with and without other chronic health conditions can and do respond
to exercise much in the same manner as apparently healthy younger adults.
• Walking is one of most fundamental functional activities affected with
degenerative aging.
• Musculoskeletal loss not entirely related to aging.
• Progression should be slow, well monitored, based on postural control. Exercises
should be progressed if possible toward free sitting or standing. If client cannot
tolerate SMR perform slow rhythmic active or dynamic stretches.

Obesity

• 1-3 sets of 10-15 reps 2-3 days/wk

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 • Flexibility exercises should be performed from standing or seated position, using
standing hip flexor stretch rather than kneeling hip flexor stretch, standing
hamstring stretch, wall calf stretch.
• Core and balance training important for obese individuals.
• May find it difficult to use machines, dumbbells, cables, exercise tubing work
quite well.

Diabetes

• 1-3 sets of 10-15 reps 2-3 days/wk

• Most important goal is glucose control. Exercise improves insulin sensitivity.
Positive effect on prevention of type 2 diabetes.
• Take care to prevent blisters and foot micro-trauma that could result in foot
infection.
• Daily exercise recommended. Flexibility exercises recommended.
• Follow exercise guideline for obese adults. Lower impact exercise modalities.

Hypertension

• 1-3 sets of 10-20 reps 2-3 days/wk

• Important to monitor body position of clients with hypertension at all times. Body
position can have dramatic effect on blood pressure response before, during, and
after exercise in clients with hypertension.
• Avoid heavy lifting and valsalva maneuvers. Do not let client over-grip weights or
clench fists. Modify tempo to avoid extended isometric and concentric muscle
action. Perform exercises in standing or seated position. Allow client to stand up
slowly to avoid possible dizziness. Progress client slowly.

Coronary Heart Disease

• 1-3 sets of 10-20 reps 2-3 days/wk

• Monitor pulse to stay below safe upper limit of exercise.
• Clients may have other diseases to consider as well, such as diabetes,
hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, or obesity
• Modify tempo to avoid extended isometric and concentric muscle action
• Avoid heavy lifting and Valsalva maneuvers
• Do not let client over-grip weights
• Perform exercises in standing or seated position

Osteoperosis

• 1-3 sets of 8-20 reps <85% of 1 RM 2-3 days/wk

• Progress should be slow, well monitored, based on postural control
• Exercises should be progressed if possible toward free sitting(no support) or
standing
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 • Focus exercises on hips, thighs, back, and arms
• Avoid excessive spinal loading on squat and leg press

Arthritis

• 1-3 sets of 10-12 reps 2-3 days/wk

• Avoid heavy lifting and high reps
• Stay in pain-free ranges of motion
• May be need to start out only with 5 mins of exercise and progressively increase

Cancer

• 1-3 sets of 10-15 reps 2-3 days/wk

• Avoid heavy lifting in initial stages of training
• Allow for adequate rest intervals and progress client slowly
• Only use SMR if tolerated, avoid SMR for clients undergoing chemo or radiation

Exercise and Pregnancy

• 1-3 sets of 10-15 reps 2-3 days/wk

• Avoid exercises in prone or supine position after 12 weeks
• Avoid SMR on varicose veins and areas of swelling
• Plyometric training not advised in second and third trimesters

Chronic Lung Disease

• 12-15 reps 2-3 days/wk

• Allow for sufficient rest between sets

Intermittent Claudication/Peripheral Arterial Disease

• 1 set of 8-15 reps 2-3 days/wk

• Allow for sufficient rest
• Progress slowly
• Treadmill walking preferred.
• Primary limiting factor is leg pain.

CHAPTER 15

Exercise Technique

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Over 15 questions come from this chapter based around understanding how to teach
and perform different Flexibility and Resistance Training exercises. Check out our Audio
Lectures and Study Guide to focus in on which specific exercises to focus on.

CHAPTER 16

Compare with Stages of Change Model and Know the Stages of Change

Precontemplation:

• No intention of change
• Does not exercise
• No intention to start within 6 months
• Information and Education is best with this stage

Contemplation:

• Thinking about being active in the next 6 months

• Listen to what they need
• Still need information and education before starting anything

Preparation:

• They exercise at times but want to commit to an exercise program within 1

months-time
• No set routine
• Have unrealistic goals
• Help them clarify their goals (SMART)

Action:

• Started to exercise
• Has not maintain behavior for 6 months
• Keep providing them with education
• Develop steps for overcoming any obstacles they may have

Maintenance:

• Change has been in place for 6 months or more.

• Still can be tempted by old habits

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Be familiar with the initial session

You have 20 seconds to make a great first impression. Body language is the first thing
they notice from the trainer. It is important to keep moving on a positive note, by building
a relationship with the client. Discuss their health concerns and also when setting goals,
make sure to verbalize and write down SMART goals. Reviewing previous exercise
history is also very important. Finalizing the program expectations to help clients
anticipate the process that will take place.

Effective Communication skills

Effective communication is important as it helps to enhance the client experience.

Ensuring they are aware of what will be expected of them during their time in the gym
and out, will lead to a more successful outcome. Also this will help them to understand
your policies and training style.

Nonverbal communication: What you think and feel is worn by your body at all times. Be
attentive with your body in order to create the positive environment for communication.

Active Listening: Listen to what the client has to say and respond appropriately. When
the client knows you are listening you prove to them you care about their thoughts and
feelings.

Ask Questions: Responding to your clients with appropriate questions will ensure
effective communication. Open-ended questions give the client a chance to express
their views while closed-ended questions require a one word answer.

Reflecting: A reflection reiterates what a client has said to ensure them you understand
what they are communicating.

Summary: A summary is a complete recap of what was meant to be said over the
course of a conversation.

Goal setting- SMART Goals

Specific:

• Anyone can understand the goal

o I want to lose 10lbs

Measurable:

• I will you record the progress, what will you use to keep track on the goal?
o Scale, Circumference Measurements, Body Analyze

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Attainable:

• Is it scientifically possible for the client to get this goal? You want to challenge the
client and push them but you don’t want to make it impossible.

Realistic:

• Will they put in the effort to finish the goal? Basically can the client commit for the
goal they are trying to reach.

Timely:

• Deadline, Due Date. By creating this you push them to stay on track and keep
them focus for the final day.
o 3 months

Example of a SMART GOAL

• I want to lose 10lbs of my total weight in 12 weeks

Cognitive Strategies and Positive Self talk

They are three forms of if strategies that can be found Positive Self Talk, Psyching Up
and Imagery. These strategies are to help clients mind and attitude change positively to
do a certain workout or an activity they don’t want to try or are too afraid to even give it
an attempt.

Positive Self Talk: Find things that they like and try for them to feel the same way when
it comes to working out. In the fitness world many people have negative thoughts about
exercises, workouts and even the equipment. Creating a list with the client to keep
handy when a negative situation comes across, focus more on the positive then the
negative.

Psyching Up: Find the motivation that drives your clients. Even if it’s something that
pumps them up outside of fitness. A song that they can’t help my jam too or an event
they want to get ready for. Finding the ability to keep your client motivated during
workouts especially a new client will change the emotion they have towards doing
exercises. If they are happy and enjoying them when they are with you then slowly they
will adapt that feeling when doing another physical activity as well.

Exercise Imagery
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Imagery: Using the imagination can also help, by having the clients picture themselves
doing something over and over again they start to believe they can. Eventually finally
giving the exercise a try. Using the mind isn’t something commonly seen but it’s very
affective.

Do you need more help? Check out Fitness Mentors Study Guide for the NASM CPT Exam to isolate the
topics that make it on the test. Go to www.fitnessmentors.com or call us at (424) 675-0476.