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Temperature Measuring Systems: Detector (RTD), and Those Employing Semiconductors Are Termed As Thermistors

This document discusses several common temperature measuring systems: 1. Resistance thermometers (RTDs) and thermistors which measure temperature changes in resistance. RTDs are more rugged and linear while thermistors have higher sensitivity but nonlinear characteristics. 2. Thermocouples which produce voltage when two dissimilar metals are joined at different temperatures, allowing measurement of a wide temperature range with good accuracy. 3. Bimetallic devices which use the differing expansion rates of bonded metals to translate temperature into mechanical movement and readings. They are portable but less accurate than other devices.

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54 views4 pages

Temperature Measuring Systems: Detector (RTD), and Those Employing Semiconductors Are Termed As Thermistors

This document discusses several common temperature measuring systems: 1. Resistance thermometers (RTDs) and thermistors which measure temperature changes in resistance. RTDs are more rugged and linear while thermistors have higher sensitivity but nonlinear characteristics. 2. Thermocouples which produce voltage when two dissimilar metals are joined at different temperatures, allowing measurement of a wide temperature range with good accuracy. 3. Bimetallic devices which use the differing expansion rates of bonded metals to translate temperature into mechanical movement and readings. They are portable but less accurate than other devices.

Uploaded by

fahad khalef
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TEMPERATURE MEASURING SYSTEMS

1. Resistance thermometers
It is well known that resistance of metallic conductors increases with temperature, while that
of semiconductors generally decreases with temperature. Resistance thermometers employing
metallic conductors for temperature measurement are called Resistance Temperature
Detector (RTD), and those employing semiconductors are termed as Thermistors.

RTDs are more rugged and have more or less linear characteristics over a wide
temperature range. On the other hand, Thermistors have high temperature sensitivity, but
nonlinear characteristics.

2. Thermocouple
Thomas Johan See back discovered in 1821 that thermal energy can produce electric current.
When two conductors made from dissimilar metals are connected forming two common
junctions and the two junctions are exposed to two different temperatures, a net thermal emf
is produced, the actual value being dependent on the materials used and the temperature
difference between hot and cold junctions. The thermoelectric emf generated, in fact is due to
the combination of two effects: Peltier effect and Thomson effect.
Thermocouples are extensively used for measurement of temperature in industrial situations.
The major reasons behind their popularity are:

(i) they are rugged, and readings are consistent,


(ii) they can measure over a wide range of temperature, and
(iii) their characteristics are almost linear with an accuracy of about 0.05%.
However, the major shortcoming of thermocouples is low sensitivity compared to
other temperature measuring devices (e.g. RTD, Thermistor).

3. Bimetallic Temperature Measurement Devices


 Bimetallic devices take advantage of the difference in rate of thermal expansion
between different metals. Strips of two metals are bonded together. When heated, one
side will expand more than the other, and the resulting bending is translated into a
temperature reading by mechanical linkage to a pointer.

 These devices are portable, and they do not require a power supply, but they are
usually not as accurate as thermocouples or RTDs and they do not readily lend
themselves to temperature recording.
4. Radiation Thermometers
All objects emit electromagnetic radiation as a function of their temperature above
absolute zero, and radiation thermometers (also known as radiation pyrometers) measure
this radiation to calculate the temperature of the object.

The important advantage that radiation thermometers have over other types of temperature-
measuring instrument is that
(i) there is no contact with the hot body while its temperature is being measured.
Thus, the measured system is not disturbed in any way. Furthermore,
(ii) there is no possibility of contamination, which is particularly important in the food,
drug, and many other process industries. They are especially suitable for measuring
high temperatures
(iii) they are beyond the capabilities of contact instruments such as thermocouples,
RTDs,
and thermistors. They are also capable of measuring moving bodies, for instance, the
temperature of steel bars in a rolling mill

5. Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
The liquid-in-glass thermometer is a well-known temperature-measuring instrument that is
used in a wide range of applications. The fluid used is normally either mercury or coloured
alcohol, and this is contained within a bulb and capillary tube.
As the temperature rises, the fluid expands along the capillary tube and the meniscus level
is read against a calibrated scale etched on the tube. Industrial versions of the liquid-in glass
thermometer is normally used to measure temperature in the range between
_200 _C and þ1000 _C, although instruments are available to special order that can
measure temperatures up to 1500 _C.

6. Pressure Thermometers
Pressure thermometers (or gas thermometers as they are sometimes known) have now been
superseded by other alternatives in most applications, but they remain useful in a few
applications such as furnace temperature measurement when the level of fumes prevents
the use of optical or radiation pyrometers. Examples can also still be found of their use as
temperature sensors in pneumatic control systems. The sensing element in a pressure
thermometer consists of a stainless-steel bulb containing a liquid or gas. If the fluid were
not constrained, temperature rises would cause its volume to increase. However, because it
is constrained in a bulb and cannot expand, its pressure rises instead.

Pressure thermometers can be used to measure temperatures in the range between


_250 _C and þ2000 _C and their typical inaccuracy is _0.5% of full-scale reading.
However, the instrument response has a particularly long time constant.

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