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MA101-problem Sheet-1

This document contains 24 problems related to sequences and their convergence properties. The problems cover topics like determining if a sequence converges to 0 or infinity based on properties of the terms, using comparison tests or limits of ratios to prove convergence or divergence, recursively defined sequences, Cauchy sequences, and determining convergence of subsequences.

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Tioed Oliveira
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90 views2 pages

MA101-problem Sheet-1

This document contains 24 problems related to sequences and their convergence properties. The problems cover topics like determining if a sequence converges to 0 or infinity based on properties of the terms, using comparison tests or limits of ratios to prove convergence or divergence, recursively defined sequences, Cauchy sequences, and determining convergence of subsequences.

Uploaded by

Tioed Oliveira
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

IIT MADRAS
MA1010 - Calculus I: Functions of one variable
Problem sheet I: Sequences

1. Suppose that xn −→ l as n −→ ∞. Prove that


(a) |xn − l| −→ 0 as n −→ ∞.
(b) |xn | − |l| −→ 0 as n −→ ∞.
2. Let xn > 0, n ∈ N. Prove that xn −→ 0 as n −→ ∞ if and only if
1
xn
−→ ∞ as n −→ ∞.
3. Suppose that {xn } is increasing and unbounded. Prove that xn −→
+∞ as n −→ ∞. If {xn } is decreasing and unbounded, prove that
xn −→ −∞ as n −→ ∞.
4. Suppose that {an } is a sequence of positive real numbers. Show the
following:
(i) If limn→∞ an+1 /an < 1, then {an } converges to 0.
(ii) If limn→∞ an+1 /an > 1, then {an } diverges.
5. Let xn = nk=1 n+k 1
P
, n ∈ N. Show that {xn } is convergent.
6. Let {xn } be a sequence defined recursively by xn+2 = xn+1 + xn , n ≥ 1
with x1 = x2 = 1. Show that {xn } diverges to ∞.
√ √ √
7. Let xn = n + 1 − n for n ∈ N. Show that {xn } and { nxn } are
both convergent. Find their limits.
8. Suppose {an } is a sequence such that the subsequences {a2n−1 } and
{a2n } converge to the same limit, say a. Show that {an } also converges
to a.
9. Let {xn } be a monotonically increasing sequence such that {x3n } is
bounded. Is {xn } convergent? Justify your answer.
an −a−n
10. Discuss the convergence of the sequence {xn }, where xn = an +a−n
,
a > 0, n ∈ N.
11. Suppose that 0 < α < 1 and that {xn } is a sequence which satisfies
|xn+1 − xn | ≤ αn for n ∈ N. Prove that {xn } is a Cauchy sequence.
Give an example of a sequence {yn } such that yn −→ +∞ as n −→ ∞
but |yn+1 − yn | −→ 0 as n −→ ∞.

1
12. Given x1 , x2 and λ with 0 < λ < 1, define xn+2 = λxn+1 +(1−λ)xn , n ∈
N. Prove that {xn } is a Cauchy sequence.

13. Establish convergence or divergence of the following sequences:


(−1)n 2n2 +3
(i) n+1 ; (ii) n+1 ; (iii) 3n2n
n
2 +1 ; (iv) 3n2 +1
.

14. Suppose that {an } is a real sequence such that an → 0 as n → ∞.


Show the following:
(i) {a2n } converges to 0.
(ii) If an > 0 for all n, then {1/an } diverges to ∞.

15. If {an } converges to x and√ an ≥ 0 for all n ∈ N, then show that x ≥ 0


√
and { an } converges to x.
√
16. Let a1 = 1 and an+1 = 2 + an for all n ∈ N. Show that {an } con-
verges. Also, find its limit.

17. Let a1 = 1 and an+1 = 41 (2an + 3) for all n ∈ N. Show that {an } is
monotonically increasing and bounded above. Find its limit.
an
18. Let a1 = 1 and an+1 = for all n ∈ N. Show that {an } converges.
1 + an
Find its limit.

19. If 0 < a < 1, then show that the sequence {nan } converges to 0.

20. Prove that if {an } is a Cauchy sequence having a subsequence which


converges to a, then {an } itself converges to a.

21. Show that, if a sequence {an } has the property that an+1 − an → 0 as
n → ∞, then {an } need not converge.

22. If 0 < a < b and an = (an + bn )1/n for all n ∈ N, then show that {an }
converges to b. Hint: Note that (an + bn )1/n = (b(1 + ab )n )1/n .

23. If 0 < a < b and an+1 = (an bn )1/2 and bn+1 = (an + bn )/2 for all n ∈ N
with a1 = a, b1 = b, then show that {an } and {bn } converge to the
same limit.

24. Let a1 = 1/2, b = 1, an = (an−1 bn−1 )1/2 and b1n = 12 ( a1n + bn−1
1
). Prove
that an−1 < an < bn < bn−1 for all n ∈ N. Deduce that both the
sequences {an } and {bn } converge to the same limit α, 1/2 < α < 1.

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