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This document is an assignment for a Real Analysis course at the National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, focusing on sequences. It includes various problems that require students to investigate convergence, limits, and properties of sequences, with specific tasks outlined for each problem. The assignment covers a range of topics, including sequences defined by prime and composite numbers, rational and irrational sequences, and the behavior of sequences under certain conditions.

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18 views2 pages

A2 (Copy)

This document is an assignment for a Real Analysis course at the National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, focusing on sequences. It includes various problems that require students to investigate convergence, limits, and properties of sequences, with specific tasks outlined for each problem. The assignment covers a range of topics, including sequences defined by prime and composite numbers, rational and irrational sequences, and the behavior of sequences under certain conditions.

Uploaded by

Gaurav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, H.P.

Department of Mathematics & Scientific Computing


MA-611: Real Analysis
Assignment 2. Sequences
1. Let (xn ) be the sequence defined by
(
0 if n is prime,
xn =
1 if n is composite.

Show that (xn ) is not convergent.

2. For a ∈ R, let x1 = a and xn+1 = 41 (x2n + 3) for all n ∈ N. Show that (xn ) converges
if and only if |a| ≤ 3. Moreover, find the limit of the sequence when it converges.

3. If lim (xn ) = x > 0, show that there exists a natural number K such that if n ≥ K,
then 21 x < xn < 2x.

4. Let x be any real number. Then prove that there exist sequences (xn ) → x such that

(a) all the xn ’s are rational numbers,


(b) all the xn ’s are irrational numbers,
(c) the xn ’s are a mixture of rational or irrational depending on our choice.

5. Investigate the convergence of the following sequences (xn ), where:

(a) xn = (n + 1)α − nα for some α ∈ (0, 1),


(b) xn = ny n−1 for some y ∈ (0, 1),
n2 n2 2
(c) xn = n3 +n+1
+ n3 +n+2 + .... + n3n+2n ,
(d) xn = √ 1 + √n12 +2 + ... + √n12 +n ,
n2 +1
1
(e) xn = 12 +1
+ 221+2 + ... + n21+n ,
√ √
(f) x1 = 3 and xn = 3 + xn−1 for n > 1.

6. Show that a sequence (xn ) does not converge to zero if and only if there exists ϵ > 0
such that |xn | ≥ ϵ for infinitely many n’s.

7. Show that if (xn ) and (yn ) are convergent sequences, then the sequences (un ) and (vn )
defined by un := max {xn , yn } and vn := min {xn , yn } are also convergent.
(Hint: Express un in terms of xn and yn )

8. Show that if (xn ) , (yn ) , (zn ) are convergent sequences, then the sequence (wn ) defined
by wn := mid {xn , yn , zn } is also convergent.
(Hint: Express wn in terms of xn , yn , zn .)

9. Let xn = 1 + 21 + 31 + ... + n1 for n ∈ N. Show that|x2n − xn | ≥ 1


2 for every n ∈ N.
Does the sequence (xn ) satisfy the Cauchy criterion?
 n+1 n+1 
10. If 0 < a < b, determine lim a an +b+b
n .

1
11. Establish the convergence and find the limits of the following sequences:

2
n2 
(a) 1 + 1/n ,
n
(b) ((1 + 1/2n) ), 
2n2
(c) 1 + 1/n2 ,
1/2n

(d) (3n) ,
n
(e) ((1 + 2/n) ).

12. Suppose (xn ) is a sequence such that (xn+1 − xn ) → x. Show that xnn → x.


√
13. Let a > 0 and let z1 > 0. Define zn+1 := a + zn for n ∈ N. Show that (zn ) converges
and find the limit.

14. If (xn ) is a sequence such that x1 = a > 0 and for n ≥ 1,


r
ab2 + x2n
xn+1 = , b > a.
a+1
Then show that (xn ) is a convergent with limit b.
√
15. If xn := n, show that (xn ) satisfies lim |xn+1 − xn | = 0, but that it is not a Cauchy
sequence.

16. Let p be a given natural number. Give an example of a sequence (xn ) that is not a
Cauchy sequence, but that satisfies lim |xn+p − xn | = 0.

17. If |x| < 1 then the sequence (xn ) converges to zero.


√ √
18. Prove that the sequence (xn ) defined by x1 = 7 and xn+1 = xn + 7, ∀n ≥ 1,
converges to the positive root of the equation x2 − x − 7 = 0.

19. Show that if (xn ) and (yn ) are bounded sequences, then

lim sup (xn + yn ) ≤ lim sup (xn ) + lim sup (yn )

Give an example in which the two sides are not equal.

20. Investigate
√ the
 convergence or the divergence of the following sequences:
(a) 2
n +2 ,
√
(b)  n/ n2 + 1  ,

√ √
(c) n2 + 1/ n ,
√
(d) (sin n).

21. Let x1 > 1 and xn+1 := 2 − 1/xn for n ∈ N. show that (xn ) is bounded and monotone.
Find the limit.

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