SEMINAR REPORT

on

INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

[ECE]

AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED COMMUNICATION

AND RESEARCH

GEETA COLONY, NEW DELHI - 110031

SUBMITTED BY:- SUBMITTED

TO:-
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Yogesh Kumar
Richa Bhatia
40510102817
Deptt. Of ECE
ECE-2 (7TH SEM)
AIACT&R,Delhi

PREFACE

I have made this report file on the topic Nanotechnology ; I

have tried my best to elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic
to be included in the report. While in the beginning I have tried
to give a general view about this topic.

My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and

everyone has ended on a successful note. I express my sincere
gratitude to mentors who assisting me throughout the
preparation of this topic. I thank him for providing me the
reinforcement, confidence and most importantly the track for
the topic whenever I needed it.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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 INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is defined as the study, use and design of the
structures between
1 nanometer to 100 nanometers. It is the name given to
particular sort of manufacturing technology to built things from
atoms or to manipulate the matter at atomic or molecular scale
to make the matter behave according to us.
We can prepared, visualize, characterized, and manipulate
nanoscale structure so that we can use in different fields like
medicine, biology, physics etc.
The basic definition of Nanotechnology is “ Nanotechnology is
engineering of functional system at the molecular level ”.
In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected
ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques
and tools being developed today to make complete, high
performance products.

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 HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY

"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," a talk given by

NOBEL PRIZE WINNER physicist Richard Feynman at an
American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December
29, 1959. Feynman described a process by which the ability to
manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be
developed, using one set The first use of the concepts in 'nano-
technology' (but pre-dating use of that name) was in of precise
tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller set,
and so on down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he
noted, scaling issues would arise from the changing magnitude
of various physical phenomena: gravity would become less
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important, surface tension and Van der Waals attraction would
become more important, etc. This basic idea appears plausible,
and exponential assembly enhances it with parallelism to
produce a useful quantity of end products.

The term "nanotechnology" was defined by Tokyo Science

University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 paper as
follows: "'Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing
of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by
one atom or by one molecule." In the 1980s the basic idea of
this definition was explored in much more depth by Dr. K.
Eric Drexler, who promoted the technological significance of
nano-scale phenomena and devices through speeches and the
books Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of
Nanotechnology (1986) and Nanosystems: Molecular
Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, and so the
term acquired its current sense.
Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology is
considered the first book on the topic of nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology and nanoscience got started in the early 1980s
with two major developments; the birth of cluster science and
the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM).
This development led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1985
and carbon nanotubes a few years later. In another
development, the synthesis and properties of semiconductor
nanocrystals was studied; this led to a fast increasing number
of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots. The

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atomic force microscope was invented six years after the STM
was invented. In 2000, the United States National
Nanotechnology Initiative was founded to coordinate Federal
nanotechnology research and development

BASIC CONCEPT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

One nanometer(nm) is one-billionth of a meter i.e. 10-9 . By

comparison it is a distance between the carbon-carbon bond
length or distance between atoms and molecules.

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To put this scale in another context then it is like a small marble
to the size of earth. Or putting in another way, a billion is so
large that if we pile up sheet of paper one on the other, it would
be 100km high.

Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the

"bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from
molecular components which assemble themselves
chemically by principles of molecular recognition. In the "top-
down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger
entities without atomic-level control.

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Areas of physics such as nanoelectronics, Nano mechanics
and nano photonics have been evolved during the last decades
to provide a basic scientific foundation of nanotechnology.

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 MOLECULAR DESIGN APPROACHES

BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES
These seek to arrange smaller components into more
complex assemblies. DNA nanotechnology utilizes the
specificity of Watson–Crick base pairing to construct well-
defined structures out of DNA and other nucleic acids.
Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical synthesis
also aim at designing molecules with well-defined shape (e.g.
bis-peptides).
More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts
of supramolecular chemistry, and molecular recognition in
particular, to cause single-
molecule components to
automatically arrange
themselves into some
useful conformation.

TOP DOWN
APPROACHES
These seek to create
smaller devices by using
larger ones to direct their
assembly. Many technologies that descended from
conventional solid-state silicon methods for fabricating

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microprocessors are now capable of creating features smaller
than 100 nm, falling under the definition of nanotechnology.
Giant magnetoresistance-based hard drives already on the
market fit this description, as do atomic layer deposition
(ALD) techniques. Peter Grünberg and Albert Fert received
the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of Giant
magnetoresistance and contributions to the field of spintronics
in 2007. Solid-state techniques can also be used to create
devices known as nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS,
which are related to microelectromechanical systems or
MEMS.
Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write
head" to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern
in a process called dip pen nanolithography. This fits into the
larger subfield of nanolithography.
Focused ion beams can directly remove material, or even
deposit material when suitable pre-cursor gasses are applied at
the same time. For example, this technique is used routinely to

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create sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis in
Transmission electron microscopy.

FUNCTIONAL APPROACHES
These seek to develop components of a desired functionality
without regard to how they might be assembled.
Molecular electronics seeks to develop molecules with useful
electronic properties. These could then be used as single-
molecule components in a nanoelectronics device. For an
example see rotaxane. Synthetic chemical methods can also be
used to create what forensics call synthetic molecular motors,
such as in a so-called nanocar.
Speculative
These subfields seek to anticipate what inventions
nanotechnology might yield, or attempt to propose an agenda
along which inquiry might progress. These often take a big-
picture view of nanotechnology, with more emphasis on its
societal implications than the details of how such inventions
could actually be created.Molecular nanotechnology is a
proposed approach which involves manipulating single
molecules in finely controlled, deterministic ways. This is more
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theoretical than the other subfields and is beyond current
capabilities. Nanorobotics centers on self-sufficient machines
of some functionality operating at the nanoscale. There are
hopes for applying nanorobots in medicine, but it may not be
easy to do such a thing because of several drawbacks of such
devices. Nevertheless, progress on innovative materials and
methodologies has been demonstrated with some patents
granted about new nanomanufacturing devices for future
commercial applications, which also progressively helps in the
development towards nanorobots with the use of embedded
nanobioelectronics concepts.
Programmable matter based on artificial atoms seeks to
design materials whose properties can be easily, reversibly and
externally controlled.
Due to the popularity and media exposure of the term
nanotechnology, the words picotechnology and
femtotechnology have been coined in analogy to it, although
these are only used rarely and informally.

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