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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

FEDERAL ELECTRICITY & WATER AUTHORITY
SPECIFICATION FOR
433 VOLTS SWITCHGEARS
(LVAC BOARD)
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SEC6 LVAC (Page 2 of 13)
LVAC SWITCHBOARDS
INDEX
CLAUSE
TITLE
1. GENERAL
2. TEMPERATURE RISE
3. BUSBARS
4. CONSTRUCTION
5. AIR CIRCUIT BREAKERS
6.
MOULDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
7. MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
8. CONTACTORS
9. FUSES
10.
RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKERS
11. INTERLOCKS
12. INSTRUMENTATION
13. CABLE BOXES AND GLANDS
14. EARTHING
15.
TESTING AT MANUFACTURER'S WORKS
16.
LVAC MANUFACTURER
17.
CONTROL LOGIC
18.
DRAWINGS & DOCUMENTS
19.
LIST OF STANDARDS
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SEC6 LVAC (Page 3 of 13)
433V SWITCHBOARDS
1.0 GENERAL
This section covers the complete design, supply, factory inspection,
installation,
testing and commissioning of LVAC panels.
Switchboards for supplies to substation and building services shall be of the single
bus bar, air insulated metal-clad type incorpor
ating air circuit breakers with electrical
control, molded case circuit breakers (MCCB), miniature circuit breakers (MCB)
suitable for operation indoors on 433 volt, 3-phase, 4-wire, 50Hz systems,
having
the neutral solidly earthed.
All switchboards shall be rated to meet the maximum fault levels and the Contractor
shall demonstrate this by calculation. The enclosure protection shall be IP 55 degree
to BS 5420.
2. TEMPERATURE RISE
Switchboards shall be capable of carrying currents continuously without
exceeding
the maximum temperature rise given in the appropriate IEC or BS
recommendations. Where currents are not specified, the full load current with
all
services connected plus 30% of this full load current shall be used as the criterion.
The switchboards shall be designed with special consideration given to
the
environmental conditions prevailing in U.A.E. and as stated elsewhere in the
specification.
3. BUSBARS
Switchboards and Distribution boards shall each include 3-phase busbars and
one
neutral busbar of high conductivity copper supported to withstand all normal
and
fault condition stresses.
The neutral busbar shall have a rating not less than that of the associated
phase
busbars. Unless otherwise specified switchboard/switchgear shall have a
busbar
rating not less 800 amperes and Distribution boards a busbar rating not less
than
200 amperes. At all points where connections or joints occur, the busbars
and
connecting pieces shall be tinned or silver-plated. The resistance of any
length of
conductor containing a joint shall not be greater than that of an equal length without
a joint.
The short time withstand capacity of the busbars shall be 50 kA for 1 seconds.
4. CONSTRUCTION
Each switchboard shall be of air insulated, metal enclosed type formed into
complete switchboards which may be multi-tier design, subject to the approval of the
FEWA, and shall preferably be of a folded sheet construction. The
switchboards
when built up into a complete board with its components shall be of a flush fronted
design having a neat and clean appearance. The switchboards shall be of a
type
which are readily extensible to double their capacity, and shall be suitable for indoor
use as specified. The construction shall be robust and be designed to
prevent the
spreading of damage due to fire, short-circuits or other causes. The cubicle shall be
free standing type manufactured from sheet steel of minimum thickness 2.5 mm.
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SEC6 LVAC (Page 4 of 13)
All components shall be accessibly m
ounted in the switchboard and shall not
impede access to wiring or terminals. All faults occurring within any
individual unit
shall be contained within that unit and except for busbar faults shall not cause shut
down of any section of board other than the unit itself. All equipment shall
be
constructed of non-hygroscopic and non-flammable material. Insulating barriers and
bus supports shall be of an approved material. The design shall cater for
the
interconnection of busbars, both primary and secondary, between adjacent
units.
The apertures for secondary bus wires between adjacent units and for
secondary
wiring in individual units shall be 'bushed' to prevent damage to wires on
sharp
edges of metal.
The dimensions of the cubicle shall be selected in such a way that adequate space/
access is provided for all components mounted internally and is subject
to
Authority’s approval.
The internal and external surface shall be painted and the minimum paint thickness
shall be 70 microns and average of 90 microns, to be proved during factory
inspection of cubicles.
The internal paint colour shall be semi-gloss white and external light grey RAL 7032;
however, this colour shall be subjected
to FEWA’s approval during detailed design
stage.
The incoming and outgoing cable entry shall be from bottom and suitable
gland
plate (non-magnetic) shall be supplied.
The busbars shall be segregated from the incomer/outgoing MCCBs.
All wiring inside the cubicle shall be carried out with suitably rated power
cable,
copper conductor, XLPE insulated, fire proof switchboard wire 0.6/1 kV with
minimum cross section of 2.5 sq.mm.The wiring method and identification
system
shall be as per Volume-4 section-1 part-3 of this specification.
Suitable trunking arrangement shall be provided for routing of cables.
All incoming and outgoing terminals are suitable for terminating the cables as
per
the requirement.
Phase identification colours/insulation sl
eeves shall be provided for all conductors
(R, Y, B and Black) The busbars shall be suitably supported to withstand all stresses
during normal operation and fault conditions.
Padlocking facility with suitable lock and key shall be provided for the cubicle.
The internal of the cubicle shall be illuminated with suitable lamp controlled by door
limit switch.
An anti condensation heater controlled by thermostat/hygrostat shall be supplied for
the cubicle.
Suitable labels shall be provided internal and external to all components.
All current carrying parts shall be manufactured from high conductivity copper only,
the main busbars and earth bars shall be liberally sized.
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SEC6 LVAC (Page 5 of 13)
Suitable ventilation arrangement shall be provided for the control panel to dissipate
the heat generated inside the cubicle.
The metal surface adjacent to any live parts and all spaces between phases shall be
protection by barriers of fire proof insulation materials.
Each ACB/MCCB shall employ thermal means of inverse time overload
protection
supplemented by an instantaneous magnetic short circuit trip. ACB shall be
equipped with suitable shunt trip.
The ratings and number of outgoings indicated in the tender drawings are minimum
requirement only and any additional feeders/higher ratings etc. required shall
be
supplied without any contractual implications to FEWA.
The panel shall have an earth bar of not less than 30mmx 6mm copper
conductor
and shall be properly earthed.
Suitable phase indicating lamps shall be provided for incomer and an under voltage
relay shall be supplied to indicate a 'LVAC fail' alarm when the supplies to
both
busbar sections are interrupted for more than 5 secs.. The indication lamps shall be
neon type.
All ACB/MCCBs shall have sufficient number of auxiliary contacts (NO and
NC
contacts) for status indications.
The switchboards shall be designed to prev
ent accidental contact with live parts.
Distribution MCB boards shall be of the metal-clad type with protective
insulating
barriers between the phases and between phase and neutral. Neutral
connections
for each circuit shall be made direct to the neutral busbar in each MCB
board via
removable links. The metal casing of the MCB boards shall be provided with knock
out or other approved cable entries for accommodation of the cables and
cable
glands, the number and sized of such knock outs being such that the MCB-
ways
can be used in any combination of single phase and 3-phase circuits.
A no volt relay shall be fitted
5.
AIR CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Each air circuit breaker shall meet the requirements of IEC 947-2.
It shall be motorized with drawable type with DC shunt trip facilities and mechanical
hand trip device.
Each circuit breaker unit shall be housed in a separate metal compartment
and
provided with a hanged metal door interlocked with the circuit breaker
mechanism
so that:
a)
The door cannot be opened whilst the circuit breaker is closed.
b)
The door, on opening, automatically locks the circuit breaker in the "off"
position. Facilities shall be incorporated to allow for the deliberate release of
this interlock should, for maintenance purposes, it is desired to observe the
circuit breaker in operation.
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SEC6 LVAC (Page 6 of 13)
c)
Circuit breakers of same rating shall be interchangeable.
d)
Additional safety and interlocking features as required by the FEWA shall be
provided without any cost implication. The operating mechanism and the
indication facilities shall be to the approval of the FEWA.
Insulating barriers shall be fitted to segregate the individual phases and neutral.
Provision shall be made for padlocking the circuit breaker in the 'off' position.
The circuit breaker shall have a quick make and quick break action independent of
the speed at which any operation and closing device is operated and shall
be
entirely suitable for switching the inductive loads associated with motor circuits.
6.
MOULDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Moulded case circuit breakers (MCCBs) shall be of the thermal/ magnetic
type to
IEC 947-2, with quick make and quick break, trip free mechanisms which
prevent
the breaker being held in against overloads or faults, Tripping shall be such
as to
ensure simultaneous opening of all phases. Arc extinction shall be by deionising arc
chutes.
MCCBs shall be fitted with adjustable thermal releases and instantaneous magnetic
release. The thermal over-current release shall be of the inverse definite
minimum
time type. This shall be designed provide satisfactory discrimination with other
protective equipment. Earth leakage protection shall also be provided.
The mechanism shall have three positions, "on", "off" and "tripped" and shall
have
clear indications. To reset from the "tripped"
position the mechanism shall first pass
into the "off" position. MCCBs shall have the facility to be locked in the "off" position.
The circuit breakers shall have the facility to initiate an alarm in the event of
an
automatic trip.
MCCBs shall be of 4 pole or 2 pole construction as required.
The MCCB characteristics shall be coordinated with the upstream LV board
incomer/bus coupler for selective and fast fault clearance. The details shall be
submitted for approval by the FEWA.
The number of MCCBs, rating shall be as per drawings and to the approval
of the
FEWA and the distribution, in general, be
made by providing separate MCCBs for
each load like outgoing feeder for lighting distribution, oil treatment plant,
AC /
ventilation, battery charger, other distribution boards.. etc. At least 20% spares
of
approved rating on each section shall be provided.
7. MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Miniature circuit breakers shall conform to BS 3871 or relevant IEC or any
other
internationally approved standard.
Circuit breakers shall be of the thermal/magnetic type to BS 3871 or
equivalent
standard with quick make and quick break trip free mechanisms which
prevent the
breaker being held in against overloads or faults.
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SEC6 LVAC (Page 8 of 13)
The switchboard will be operating normally with bus section open and both
the
incomers closed. In case of trip of any one of the Incomers, the bus section
shall
auto close and on restoration of the normal incoming supply, the bus section
shall
auto trip to return to the normal operating condition. All necessary auxiliary
contactors/relays to achieve the above shall be included. The auto changeover shall
be blocked for LV Incomer/Bus Section Trip under LV fault conditions.
12. INSTRUMENTATION
The minimum instrumentation required to be provided is shown in the typical
drawing enclosed.
13.
CABLE BOXES AND GLANDS
Switchboards and distribution boards shall be provided with cable glands and
terminations suitable for cables entering from below. Provision must be included for
glands plates so arranged that there can be no access by vermin and insects to the
interior of switch and distribution board.
14. EARTHING
A copper earth bus of minimum 150 sq.mm shall be provided inside the switchboard
and earth metal of switchboards, switch-fuse units, MCCBs, and distribution boards
shall be bonded together and earthed to the main station earthing system. Earthing
connections shall be carried out in bare copper strip of cross sectional area
appropriate to the fault current but not less than 150 sq.mm.
15.
TESTING AT MANUFACTURER'S WORKS
Circuit breakers, CTs, VTs, relays shall be subject to all routine, type and
special
tests according to relevant British or any other international standards.
Certified
copies of type test certificate shall be attached along with the offer. If type
test
certificates are not enclosed with the offer, FEWA reserves its rights to ask
for
conducting these tests in presence of FEWA inspectors without any extra cost
to
FEWA. Routine tests will be carried out in presence of FEWA inspectors at
manufacturer's works. The supplier shall make provision in his offer to bear all costs
that are incurred in carrying out these tests to the satisfaction of FEWA.
However
cost towards travel, accommodation etc. of FEWA representatives shall not be
included in the tendered price.
16. LVAC MANUFACTURER.
The LVAC board must be manufactured by quality manufacturer and shall
have
sufficient satisfactory service in GCC countries not less then 3 years.
The
equipments, instruments, operating devices
etc. shall be from Europe, North
America and Japan. However, cubicles fabricated within UAE are also
accepted
subjected to the condition that all components are sourced from countries as
specified above.
All necessary devices/instruments etc.
required for satisfactory operation/
maintenance purpose shall be included.
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SEC6 LVAC (Page 9 of 13)
17. CONTROL LOGIC.
In hand mode, breakers can be operated through the ON / OFF push
buttons
provided on door. Incomers can be switched ‘ON’ only if the incoming
Voltage is
available and the voltage sensing relays are in healthy mode.
“ALL THE THREE BREAKERS ARE INTERLOCKED ELECTRICALLY AND
MECHANICALLY IN SUCH A WAY THAT ANY TWO BREAKERS CAN BE
SWITCHED ON AT A TIME”
17.1
INTER LOCKING SCHEME AS FOLLOWS.
INC - 1
BUS COUPLER
INC – 2
CASE 1
ON
OFF
ON
CASE 2
OFF
ON
ON
CASE 3
ON
ON
OFF
17.2
IN AUTO MODE
The incomer – 1 will come ‘ON’ after the delay of timer – T1(0 – 20 sec) if incomer –
2 & bus coupler are not closed.
Incomer 2 will come on after a time delay of Timer t 3.
If supply fails in incomer 2 side, the voltage sensing relay will de energize and it will
trip the Incomer 2 ACB.
Then after a time delay T2, bus coupler ACB will come ‘ON’
If supply fails in incomer 1 side, the voltage sensing relay will de energize
and trip
the incomer – 1ACB. After a time delay the bus couple ACB will come ‘ON’
If supply restores at incomer – 1 section, Bus coupler ACB will switch off after a time
delay and Incomer – 1 ACB will come ‘ON’ after an extended time delay.
ACB, ON, OFF and TRIP signals are to be wired to terminals for remote signaling.
18.0
Drawings/Documents
The Tenderer shall include in his offer comple
te details of the LVAC System being
offered with the relevant drawings, equipment catalogues, details of auto
changeover and interlocking scheme. etc. The requirement of works
mentioned in
the drawing and specification shall be complementary. Any discrepancy
between
drawings and specification shall be clarified with FEWA and their decision in
their
regards shall be final.
The following drawings/documents (minimum) shall be submitted to
FEWA’s
approval.
19.1
General arrangement of LVAC panel and essential DB
19.2
Single line diagram for LVAC system
19.3
Schematic diagrams for LVAC and Essential DB

Substation Auxiliary Power Supplies (part 2)

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<< cont. from part 1

4. AC SUPPLIES

1. Power Sources
FIG. 5 Derivation of substation auxiliary low voltage (LVAC) supplies: (a)
Distribution substation; (b) primary substation with AC auxiliary supplies derived
from earthing transformer(s); (c) dedicated and duplicated auxiliary transformers
(courtesy of Balfour Beatty Projects and Engineering Ltd).

Substation auxiliary AC supplies may be derived from dedicated sources or from

additional circuits on low voltage distribution switchgear forming part of the
substation's outgoing distribution system. Three examples are given in FIG. 5:

_ Simple 380-415 V three phase circuit allocations fed by the distribution substation
transformer(s).
_ Tertiary windings on substation main transformer(s) or from earthing transformer
(zigzag star-star) windings.

_ Dedicated substation auxiliary transformers and switchgear.

The essential factors to be considered are the level of security of supply required

(duplicated transformers, independent source of supply, LVAC sectionalized
switchboard, key interlocks, etc.), the fault level of the LVAC switchgear (possible
high fault levels at primary substation sites) and allowances for future substation
extensions (additional future switchgear bays, future use of presently equipped or
unequipped spare ways).

2. LVAC Switchboard Fault Level

The substation auxiliary LVAC switchboard will typically be fed by auxiliary

transformers in the range 100_630 kVA. Transformers in this range normally have
impedance values of the order of 4_5% and will therefore act as the main fault
limiting element in the system between generation source and substation LVAC
switchboard. Neglecting source impedance this implies auxiliary transformer
secondary fault levels of some 12 MVA without having transformers in parallel. Key-
interlock systems are usually employed to pre vent paralleling of substation auxiliary
transformers and thereby avoid exceeding the fault rating of the switchgear. Air
circuit breakers are often employed as incomers and bus-section switches on the
LVAC switchboard.

They can be specified to cater for high fault levels and load currents over a wide
temperature range in withdrawable format and as an integral part of a larger
switchboard.

3. Auxiliary Transformer LV Connections

A single auxiliary transformer is normally connected to the LVAC distribution

switchboard earth and neutral busbars via links as shown in Figs. 4.6a_c.A current
transformer (CT) associated with secondary unrestricted earth fault protection is
located on the earth side of the neutral to earth link. In this way the CT is in the path
of the earth fault current. At the same time unbalanced or harmonic currents
involving the neutral (3rd harmonics and multiples) won’t be 'seen' by the CT in this
position. This is the 'classic' standby earth fault (SBEF) protection CT location and
transformer connection to the LVAC switchboard for a single transformer source of
supply. This arrangement is unsatisfactory when applied to a multi-source supply
system.

Consider the case of two auxiliary transformers, A and B, used to derive the

substation auxiliary LVAC supply. FIG. 6b shows such a system with a key-
interlocked normally open LV busbar-section circuit breaker and the same 'classic'
SBEF CT location. For an earth fault, IF 5IFA 1IFB, on the left-hand side LV
switchgear busbar fed by transformer A a proportion of the fault current, IFB, may
return to the neutral of transformer A via the earthing path of transformer B. This
fault current could therefore cause the relay associated with transformer B to
operate. If the earth fault current path is particularly unfavorable it’s possible for the
LVAC switchboard incomer from transformer B to be tripped, thereby losing the
healthy side of the switchboard. In addition it should be noted that the IFB
proportion of the fault current will bypass, and not be summated by the neutral CT
associated with the transformer supplying the fault.

FIG. 6 Auxiliary transformer LV connections: (a) Single transformer LVAC auxiliary

supply source and simplistic single line diagram representation (inset); (b)
substation auxiliary supply derived from duplicate transformer source with incorrect
SBEF CT location; (c) substation auxiliary supply derived from duplicate transformer
source with correct SBEF CT location.

IF = busbar earth fault current. IFA =component of earth fault current returning via
transformer 'A' neutral to earth link. IFB 5component of earth fault current returning
via transformer 'B' neutral to earth link. _5open bus-section circuit breaker.

The auxiliary transformer connections to the LVAC switchboard shown in FIG. 6c

involve relocating the SBEF CTs close to the transformer neutrals.

Even with both earth fault components IFA and IFB present, the SBEF CT
associated with transformer A summates the currents to operate the appropriate
relay and in turn correctly disconnects transformer A from the faulty bus bar. At the
same time maloperation of transformer B protection is avoided and transformer B
continues to supply the healthy busbar and associated sub station LVAC loads. The
disadvantage of this connection arrangement is that the SBEF CTs will
now register 3rd harmonic or out of balance load cur rents. Relays with harmonic
restraint filters can be employed in cases where the harmonic component of the
load (such as with discharge lighting) is high.

4. Allowance for Future Extension

It’s good engineering practice to formulate a policy for spare capacity on auxiliary
LVAC transformers and associated switchgear in keeping with cap ital cost
constraints.

This is especially true in developing countries and a typical policy guide might be
to allow an overall 25% spare switchboard capacity with 10% equipped spare ways
and 15% unequipped spare ways within the switch board physical dimensions.

5. Typical Enquiry Data

The table given below describes the essential characteristics for a substation

auxiliary LVAC distribution board. This type of enquiry data sheet should be used in
conjunction with a full enquiry specification of requirements which details all general
and specific requirements (LVAC supply characteristics, etc.):

Maximum physical dimensions _ widthxdepthxheight (mm) Enclosure IP rating (IEC

60529) Single line diagram drawing number

Unequipped spare ways Equipped spare ways Operating voltage (max) (V) 1 min
power frequency voltage (kV rms) System frequency Phases (Hz) Short time
current (3 s or 1 s as appropriate) Floor mounting/free standing, etc. (kA) Front
access/rear access Busbars and switchboard allowable for future
expansion Painting finish (Yes/No) Earth bar (internal, full size, etc.)

Panel indicators Panel anti-condensation heaters Wiring (Yes/No) Standard Control

wiring size (mm^2) CT wiring size (mm^2) Ferrule/cable core identification standard
Relevant standards AC distribution boards IEC 60439 Molded case circuit breakers

b IEC 60157 Fuses IEC 60269 Contactors IEC 60158 Isolators and switches IEC
62271-102 and IEC 60265 Busbar maximum current rating (A) Terminal details
Switchgear typec Manufacturer

Manufacturer's drawings

Metering, alarms, remote indication outputs and protection ne Remote

control facilities Auxiliary power supplies

Include method of interlocking (mechanical key interlocks) if applicable for incoming

supply with switchgear bus-section circuit breaker.

Recommend P2 category for repeated short circuit capability.

Metal-clad, metal enclosed, withdrawable fuse carriers, circuit pad-lock

arrangements, gland plate details, labeling, ACB incomer details, MCCBs, MCBs,
fuses, etc.

To be completed by the manufacturer unless nominated supplier required.

To be clearly indicated upon enquiry drawing or detailed circuit by circuit here.

Quiescent and operated power consumption should be noted.

6. Earthing Transformer Selection

It’s often necessary to derive the substation LVAC supply from the main power
transformers. The lowest primary substation distribution voltage level (10 kV, 20 kV,
etc.) is also often provided by a delta secondary. Provision of a medium voltage
earthing point is necessary in order to limit and better control the medium voltage
earth fault level. This earthing point and derivation of a useful LVAC substation
auxiliary power source may be provided by using an earthing transformer. Refer to
Section 14, Section 14.5.6.

The options available are:

_ interconnected star/star;

_ star/interconnected star;

_ star/delta/interconnected star.

The zero sequence impedance on the MV side must limit the earth fault cur rent to a
specific value of typically 1,000 A. The earthing transformer must exhibit low
positive and zero sequence impedance on the LV side in order to permit
unbalanced loads and minimize voltage regulation difficulties. The relative merits of
these different earthing transformer connections are described when fed from the
delta-connected secondary of a primary substation power transformer.
FIG. 7 Interconnected star/star winding: (a) 11 kV earth fault; (b) LV earth fault
single phase loading.

1. Interconnected star/star

An interconnected star winding on its own has sufficiently low reactance to provide
an MV earthing point in conjunction with a main delta-connected power transformer
secondary winding.
FIG. 8 Star/interconnected star winding: flux diagrams.
FIG. 9 Star/delta/interconnected star winding flux diagrams.

FIG. 10 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS).

FIG. 11 Conventional vented lead acid battery room showing battery bank, sink,
tiles and ventilation arrangements (courtesy of Balfour Beatty Major Projects).

Figures 7a and b show the winding connection/flux diagram for an 11/0.415 kV

interconnected star/star earthing transformer under MV earth faults and under LV
unbalanced load or earth fault conditions respectively. An ampere-turn balance is
achieved for the external 11 kV earth fault condition and so the earthing transformer
presents a low reactance to such faults. An unbalanced LVAC load or a phase-to-
neutral earth fault on the secondary side of the earthing transformer produces no
corresponding ampere-turn balance with this vector grouping. Therefore the
magnetic circuit to secondary zero sequence currents must pass out of the core,
returning via the air/oil interface to the tank sides. In practice, for the usual 3-limb
core arrangement, the resulting zero sequence impedance is sufficiently low to
allow limited unbalanced loading. However, a transformer design that does not rely
on external flux paths for certain loading or fault conditions can be more precisely
designed. If a 5-limb or shell type arrangement is used the resulting magnetizing
current would be very low and unbalanced loading impossible. Interconnected
star/star earthing transformers for substation auxiliary LVAC loads in the range
250_500 kVA are perfectly feasible. However, as the transformer rating increases
so does the percentage reactance and load regulation becomes difficult.

2. Star/interconnected star

Figures 8a and b show the winding connection/flux diagram for this vector grouping
again under MV earth fault and LV unbalanced loading or earth fault conditions,
respectively. For the 11 kV earth fault case the ampere turns in the earthing
transformer star winding are not balanced against the delta connected primary
substation transformer secondary. The interconnected star earthing transformer
secondary winding has no effect in providing balancing ampere-turns for this fault
condition. Therefore the earthing transformer presents a high reactance to 11 kV
earth faults and is not particularly useful for this substation application. Under LVAC
unbalanced load conditions an ampere-turns balance is achieved and the earthing
transformer presents a low reactance to out-of-balance secondary loads.

3. Star/delta/interconnected star Refer to Figs. 4.9a and b for the winding

connection and flux diagrams for this vector grouping again under MV earth fault
and LV unbalanced loading or earth fault conditions, respectively. Under 11 kV
earth fault conditions balancing ampere-turns are provided by the circulating current
in the earthing transformer delta winding. The earthing transformer therefore
provides a low reactance to 11 kV earth faults. An ampere-turns balance is also
achieved for the LVAC out-of-balance or earth fault conditions such that the
earthing transformer with this vector grouping presents a low reactance. The cost of
the additional third delta winding makes this earthing transformer connection less
economic than the simple and more common interconnected star/star type.
However, the connection offers greater flexibility in the design of satisfactory
impedances and as the earthing transformer LVAC load requirement increases this
connection offers better regulation than the interconnected star/star arrangement.

=====

TBL. 3 Uninterruptible Power Supply Technical Particulars and Guarantees

Description | Type and Requirement or Manufacturer's Guarantee

Manufacturer Standards Source supply Voltage (rms) (V6) Frequency (Hz6) No. of
phases Minimum power factor UPS output Voltage (rms) (V6) Frequency (Hz6) No.
of phases Minimum load power Factor Maximum load current (A) Types of output
switching devices Indications and controls Remote control or indication
requirements Rectifier output current range Float (A) Boost (if applicable) (A) End
boost (A) Battery charging time from fully discharged (end) condition to 90% fully
charged capacity (h) Battery capacity (rating) (A h) Cell type Cell range/operating
Voltage

Float Boost Commission Cell voltage when fully discharged Equipment function
Load duty Operation mode Continuously connected without static bypass switch
Continuously connected with mechanical bypass switch Continuously connected
with static bypass switch Active standby mode with no-break static transfer switch
UPS space requirement (L3W3D) (mm) UPS weight (kg) Battery space requirement
(if separate) (L3W3D) (mm) Weight of one cell and total battery (filled) Bank (kg and
kg) Ventilation requirements Environmental conditions Temperature (minimum,
average and maximum) Relative humidity range

----

Statements about changeover times, transient behavior under changeover and

supply side interruptions, undervoltage, overvoltage and voltage spike conditions
Continuously conditioned power to load even in event of mains failure. Especially
suitable when different input and output voltages and frequencies are required Load
is normally supplied from the UPS with an electro mechanical contactor for short
break changeover to the alternative supply when required.

Useful if supply is poor quality but not a true no-break system Uninterrupted
changeover in the event of a fault or overload condition. Often specified for
computer power supplies Useful configuration if mains supply variations are
acceptable to the load Rectifier maintains the battery in charged condition and UPS
used immediately upon mains failure

=====

7. Uninterruptible Power Supplies

7.1 Introduction

Static uninterruptible power supply (UPS) units producing a secure AC (or DC)
output usually consist of an AC to DC rectifier, battery unit and (for an AC output) a
DC to AC inverter as shown in FIG. 10. As well as being used to provide supply
security, it may also be installed to provide power of controlled quality to sensitive
electronic equipment.
FIG. 12 Combined sealed lead acid battery and charger unit.

7.2 Operation

The rectifier float or boost charges the battery bank. The battery is sized for a given
autonomy of supply under mains power failure conditions in the same manner as
described in Section 3 above. The autonomy may be specified as typically between
15 minutes and 3 hours under full load conditions.

The inverter produces, from the stored energy contained within the battery, an
independent AC supply with very close tolerances. It’s usually an isolated supply,
and the UPS may be considered and treated as a generator in many respects. For
example, it’s vital to examine the earthing arrangements, and also safety isolation
when working on the system.

The unit may be continuously connected in circuit. This configuration is particularly

applicable where different input to output voltages and/or frequencies are required.
Alternatively a very fast acting solid state transfer switch (SBS) may be used in
conjunction with a voltage-sensing electronic control circuit to connect the unit upon
brief mains supply voltage dips, spikes or longer-term interruptions. This ensures
that the load supply is maintained with an 'uninterrupted' changeover in the event of
a fault or an overload condition. Such systems are usually specified for computer
power supplies.
7.3 Particular Requirements

Apart from the autonomy required special consideration must be given in the UPS
specifications to the speed of changeover (fraction of a cycle) achievable by the
static bypass transfer switch. The various parts of IEC 60146 detail methods for
specifying the UPS. The tolerance of the connected load to voltage disturbances
must also be matched with those likely to be caused with the UPS in service. In
particular, the specifications must cover limitations to harmonic disturbances caused
by the solid state rectifier and inverter units, both as regards to the load and also in
the supply network ( FIG. 11).

A typical technical data sheet for use at the enquiry stage for UPS systems is
detailed in TBL. 3.

Bearing in mind that a major reason for installing a UPS facility is reliability of
supply, it’s worth mentioning again that the reliability and availability of the UPS unit
itself should be carefully investigated. Availability depends, among other things, on
time to restore after failure, and that in turn depends upon speed of detection of
failure. Choice of test facilities _ local or remote, automatic or manual _ and
frequency of test are significant. For AC output units, a manual bypass facility
(preferably external), to allow supply continuity during maintenance or repair, is
strongly recommended ( FIG. 12). For further treatment of the subject of reliability,
see Section 23.

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Substation Auxiliary Power Supplies (part 2)

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<< cont. from part 1

4. AC SUPPLIES

1. Power Sources
FIG. 5 Derivation of substation auxiliary low voltage (LVAC) supplies: (a)
Distribution substation; (b) primary substation with AC auxiliary supplies derived
from earthing transformer(s); (c) dedicated and duplicated auxiliary transformers
(courtesy of Balfour Beatty Projects and Engineering Ltd).

Substation auxiliary AC supplies may be derived from dedicated sources or from

additional circuits on low voltage distribution switchgear forming part of the
substation's outgoing distribution system. Three examples are given in FIG. 5:

_ Simple 380-415 V three phase circuit allocations fed by the distribution substation
transformer(s).
_ Tertiary windings on substation main transformer(s) or from earthing transformer
(zigzag star-star) windings.

_ Dedicated substation auxiliary transformers and switchgear.

The essential factors to be considered are the level of security of supply required

(duplicated transformers, independent source of supply, LVAC sectionalized
switchboard, key interlocks, etc.), the fault level of the LVAC switchgear (possible
high fault levels at primary substation sites) and allowances for future substation
extensions (additional future switchgear bays, future use of presently equipped or
unequipped spare ways).

2. LVAC Switchboard Fault Level

The substation auxiliary LVAC switchboard will typically be fed by auxiliary

transformers in the range 100_630 kVA. Transformers in this range normally have
impedance values of the order of 4_5% and will therefore act as the main fault
limiting element in the system between generation source and substation LVAC
switchboard. Neglecting source impedance this implies auxiliary transformer
secondary fault levels of some 12 MVA without having transformers in parallel. Key-
interlock systems are usually employed to pre vent paralleling of substation auxiliary
transformers and thereby avoid exceeding the fault rating of the switchgear. Air
circuit breakers are often employed as incomers and bus-section switches on the
LVAC switchboard.

They can be specified to cater for high fault levels and load currents over a wide
temperature range in withdrawable format and as an integral part of a larger
switchboard.

3. Auxiliary Transformer LV Connections

A single auxiliary transformer is normally connected to the LVAC distribution

switchboard earth and neutral busbars via links as shown in Figs. 4.6a_c.A current
transformer (CT) associated with secondary unrestricted earth fault protection is
located on the earth side of the neutral to earth link. In this way the CT is in the path
of the earth fault current. At the same time unbalanced or harmonic currents
involving the neutral (3rd harmonics and multiples) won’t be 'seen' by the CT in this
position. This is the 'classic' standby earth fault (SBEF) protection CT location and
transformer connection to the LVAC switchboard for a single transformer source of
supply. This arrangement is unsatisfactory when applied to a multi-source supply
system.

Consider the case of two auxiliary transformers, A and B, used to derive the

substation auxiliary LVAC supply. FIG. 6b shows such a system with a key-
interlocked normally open LV busbar-section circuit breaker and the same 'classic'
SBEF CT location. For an earth fault, IF 5IFA 1IFB, on the left-hand side LV
switchgear busbar fed by transformer A a proportion of the fault current, IFB, may
return to the neutral of transformer A via the earthing path of transformer B. This
fault current could therefore cause the relay associated with transformer B to
operate. If the earth fault current path is particularly unfavorable it’s possible for the
LVAC switchboard incomer from transformer B to be tripped, thereby losing the
healthy side of the switchboard. In addition it should be noted that the IFB
proportion of the fault current will bypass, and not be summated by the neutral CT
associated with the transformer supplying the fault.

FIG. 6 Auxiliary transformer LV connections: (a) Single transformer LVAC auxiliary

supply source and simplistic single line diagram representation (inset); (b)
substation auxiliary supply derived from duplicate transformer source with incorrect
SBEF CT location; (c) substation auxiliary supply derived from duplicate transformer
source with correct SBEF CT location.

IF = busbar earth fault current. IFA =component of earth fault current returning via
transformer 'A' neutral to earth link. IFB 5component of earth fault current returning
via transformer 'B' neutral to earth link. _5open bus-section circuit breaker.

The auxiliary transformer connections to the LVAC switchboard shown in FIG. 6c

involve relocating the SBEF CTs close to the transformer neutrals.

Even with both earth fault components IFA and IFB present, the SBEF CT
associated with transformer A summates the currents to operate the appropriate
relay and in turn correctly disconnects transformer A from the faulty bus bar. At the
same time maloperation of transformer B protection is avoided and transformer B
continues to supply the healthy busbar and associated sub station LVAC loads. The
disadvantage of this connection arrangement is that the SBEF CTs will
now register 3rd harmonic or out of balance load cur rents. Relays with harmonic
restraint filters can be employed in cases where the harmonic component of the
load (such as with discharge lighting) is high.

4. Allowance for Future Extension

It’s good engineering practice to formulate a policy for spare capacity on auxiliary
LVAC transformers and associated switchgear in keeping with cap ital cost
constraints.

This is especially true in developing countries and a typical policy guide might be
to allow an overall 25% spare switchboard capacity with 10% equipped spare ways
and 15% unequipped spare ways within the switch board physical dimensions.

5. Typical Enquiry Data

The table given below describes the essential characteristics for a substation

auxiliary LVAC distribution board. This type of enquiry data sheet should be used in
conjunction with a full enquiry specification of requirements which details all general
and specific requirements (LVAC supply characteristics, etc.):

Maximum physical dimensions _ widthxdepthxheight (mm) Enclosure IP rating (IEC

60529) Single line diagram drawing number

Unequipped spare ways Equipped spare ways Operating voltage (max) (V) 1 min
power frequency voltage (kV rms) System frequency Phases (Hz) Short time
current (3 s or 1 s as appropriate) Floor mounting/free standing, etc. (kA) Front
access/rear access Busbars and switchboard allowable for future
expansion Painting finish (Yes/No) Earth bar (internal, full size, etc.)

Panel indicators Panel anti-condensation heaters Wiring (Yes/No) Standard Control

wiring size (mm^2) CT wiring size (mm^2) Ferrule/cable core identification standard
Relevant standards AC distribution boards IEC 60439 Molded case circuit breakers

b IEC 60157 Fuses IEC 60269 Contactors IEC 60158 Isolators and switches IEC
62271-102 and IEC 60265 Busbar maximum current rating (A) Terminal details
Switchgear typec Manufacturer

Manufacturer's drawings

Metering, alarms, remote indication outputs and protection ne Remote

control facilities Auxiliary power supplies

Include method of interlocking (mechanical key interlocks) if applicable for incoming

supply with switchgear bus-section circuit breaker.

Recommend P2 category for repeated short circuit capability.

Metal-clad, metal enclosed, withdrawable fuse carriers, circuit pad-lock

arrangements, gland plate details, labeling, ACB incomer details, MCCBs, MCBs,
fuses, etc.

To be completed by the manufacturer unless nominated supplier required.

To be clearly indicated upon enquiry drawing or detailed circuit by circuit here.

Quiescent and operated power consumption should be noted.

6. Earthing Transformer Selection

It’s often necessary to derive the substation LVAC supply from the main power
transformers. The lowest primary substation distribution voltage level (10 kV, 20 kV,
etc.) is also often provided by a delta secondary. Provision of a medium voltage
earthing point is necessary in order to limit and better control the medium voltage
earth fault level. This earthing point and derivation of a useful LVAC substation
auxiliary power source may be provided by using an earthing transformer. Refer to
Section 14, Section 14.5.6.

The options available are:

_ interconnected star/star;

_ star/interconnected star;

_ star/delta/interconnected star.

The zero sequence impedance on the MV side must limit the earth fault cur rent to a
specific value of typically 1,000 A. The earthing transformer must exhibit low
positive and zero sequence impedance on the LV side in order to permit
unbalanced loads and minimize voltage regulation difficulties. The relative merits of
these different earthing transformer connections are described when fed from the
delta-connected secondary of a primary substation power transformer.
FIG. 7 Interconnected star/star winding: (a) 11 kV earth fault; (b) LV earth fault
single phase loading.

1. Interconnected star/star

An interconnected star winding on its own has sufficiently low reactance to provide
an MV earthing point in conjunction with a main delta-connected power transformer
secondary winding.
FIG. 8 Star/interconnected star winding: flux diagrams.
FIG. 9 Star/delta/interconnected star winding flux diagrams.

FIG. 10 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS).

FIG. 11 Conventional vented lead acid battery room showing battery bank, sink,
tiles and ventilation arrangements (courtesy of Balfour Beatty Major Projects).

Figures 7a and b show the winding connection/flux diagram for an 11/0.415 kV

interconnected star/star earthing transformer under MV earth faults and under LV
unbalanced load or earth fault conditions respectively. An ampere-turn balance is
achieved for the external 11 kV earth fault condition and so the earthing transformer
presents a low reactance to such faults. An unbalanced LVAC load or a phase-to-
neutral earth fault on the secondary side of the earthing transformer produces no
corresponding ampere-turn balance with this vector grouping. Therefore the
magnetic circuit to secondary zero sequence currents must pass out of the core,
returning via the air/oil interface to the tank sides. In practice, for the usual 3-limb
core arrangement, the resulting zero sequence impedance is sufficiently low to
allow limited unbalanced loading. However, a transformer design that does not rely
on external flux paths for certain loading or fault conditions can be more precisely
designed. If a 5-limb or shell type arrangement is used the resulting magnetizing
current would be very low and unbalanced loading impossible. Interconnected
star/star earthing transformers for substation auxiliary LVAC loads in the range
250_500 kVA are perfectly feasible. However, as the transformer rating increases
so does the percentage reactance and load regulation becomes difficult.

2. Star/interconnected star

Figures 8a and b show the winding connection/flux diagram for this vector grouping
again under MV earth fault and LV unbalanced loading or earth fault conditions,
respectively. For the 11 kV earth fault case the ampere turns in the earthing
transformer star winding are not balanced against the delta connected primary
substation transformer secondary. The interconnected star earthing transformer
secondary winding has no effect in providing balancing ampere-turns for this fault
condition. Therefore the earthing transformer presents a high reactance to 11 kV
earth faults and is not particularly useful for this substation application. Under LVAC
unbalanced load conditions an ampere-turns balance is achieved and the earthing
transformer presents a low reactance to out-of-balance secondary loads.

3. Star/delta/interconnected star Refer to Figs. 4.9a and b for the winding

connection and flux diagrams for this vector grouping again under MV earth fault
and LV unbalanced loading or earth fault conditions, respectively. Under 11 kV
earth fault conditions balancing ampere-turns are provided by the circulating current
in the earthing transformer delta winding. The earthing transformer therefore
provides a low reactance to 11 kV earth faults. An ampere-turns balance is also
achieved for the LVAC out-of-balance or earth fault conditions such that the
earthing transformer with this vector grouping presents a low reactance. The cost of
the additional third delta winding makes this earthing transformer connection less
economic than the simple and more common interconnected star/star type.
However, the connection offers greater flexibility in the design of satisfactory
impedances and as the earthing transformer LVAC load requirement increases this
connection offers better regulation than the interconnected star/star arrangement.

=====

TBL. 3 Uninterruptible Power Supply Technical Particulars and Guarantees

Description | Type and Requirement or Manufacturer's Guarantee

Manufacturer Standards Source supply Voltage (rms) (V6) Frequency (Hz6) No. of
phases Minimum power factor UPS output Voltage (rms) (V6) Frequency (Hz6) No.
of phases Minimum load power Factor Maximum load current (A) Types of output
switching devices Indications and controls Remote control or indication
requirements Rectifier output current range Float (A) Boost (if applicable) (A) End
boost (A) Battery charging time from fully discharged (end) condition to 90% fully
charged capacity (h) Battery capacity (rating) (A h) Cell type Cell range/operating
Voltage

Float Boost Commission Cell voltage when fully discharged Equipment function
Load duty Operation mode Continuously connected without static bypass switch
Continuously connected with mechanical bypass switch Continuously connected
with static bypass switch Active standby mode with no-break static transfer switch
UPS space requirement (L3W3D) (mm) UPS weight (kg) Battery space requirement
(if separate) (L3W3D) (mm) Weight of one cell and total battery (filled) Bank (kg and
kg) Ventilation requirements Environmental conditions Temperature (minimum,
average and maximum) Relative humidity range

----

Statements about changeover times, transient behavior under changeover and

supply side interruptions, undervoltage, overvoltage and voltage spike conditions
Continuously conditioned power to load even in event of mains failure. Especially
suitable when different input and output voltages and frequencies are required Load
is normally supplied from the UPS with an electro mechanical contactor for short
break changeover to the alternative supply when required.

Useful if supply is poor quality but not a true no-break system Uninterrupted
changeover in the event of a fault or overload condition. Often specified for
computer power supplies Useful configuration if mains supply variations are
acceptable to the load Rectifier maintains the battery in charged condition and UPS
used immediately upon mains failure

=====

7. Uninterruptible Power Supplies

7.1 Introduction

Static uninterruptible power supply (UPS) units producing a secure AC (or DC)
output usually consist of an AC to DC rectifier, battery unit and (for an AC output) a
DC to AC inverter as shown in FIG. 10. As well as being used to provide supply
security, it may also be installed to provide power of controlled quality to sensitive
electronic equipment.
FIG. 12 Combined sealed lead acid battery and charger unit.

7.2 Operation

The rectifier float or boost charges the battery bank. The battery is sized for a given
autonomy of supply under mains power failure conditions in the same manner as
described in Section 3 above. The autonomy may be specified as typically between
15 minutes and 3 hours under full load conditions.

The inverter produces, from the stored energy contained within the battery, an
independent AC supply with very close tolerances. It’s usually an isolated supply,
and the UPS may be considered and treated as a generator in many respects. For
example, it’s vital to examine the earthing arrangements, and also safety isolation
when working on the system.

The unit may be continuously connected in circuit. This configuration is particularly

applicable where different input to output voltages and/or frequencies are required.
Alternatively a very fast acting solid state transfer switch (SBS) may be used in
conjunction with a voltage-sensing electronic control circuit to connect the unit upon
brief mains supply voltage dips, spikes or longer-term interruptions. This ensures
that the load supply is maintained with an 'uninterrupted' changeover in the event of
a fault or an overload condition. Such systems are usually specified for computer
power supplies.
7.3 Particular Requirements

Apart from the autonomy required special consideration must be given in the UPS
specifications to the speed of changeover (fraction of a cycle) achievable by the
static bypass transfer switch. The various parts of IEC 60146 detail methods for
specifying the UPS. The tolerance of the connected load to voltage disturbances
must also be matched with those likely to be caused with the UPS in service. In
particular, the specifications must cover limitations to harmonic disturbances caused
by the solid state rectifier and inverter units, both as regards to the load and also in
the supply network ( FIG. 11).

A typical technical data sheet for use at the enquiry stage for UPS systems is
detailed in TBL. 3.

Bearing in mind that a major reason for installing a UPS facility is reliability of
supply, it’s worth mentioning again that the reliability and availability of the UPS unit
itself should be carefully investigated. Availability depends, among other things, on
time to restore after failure, and that in turn depends upon speed of detection of
failure. Choice of test facilities _ local or remote, automatic or manual _ and
frequency of test are significant. For AC output units, a manual bypass facility
(preferably external), to allow supply continuity during maintenance or repair, is
strongly recommended ( FIG. 12). For further treatment of the subject of reliability,
see Section 23.
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