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Chapter 9 - Network Theorems (Part 1) PDF

The document discusses network theorems including: 1) The superposition theorem which allows separation of the impact of individual sources on quantities of interest by analyzing circuits with only one source active at a time and summing the results. 2) Thévenin's theorem which can reduce any two-terminal series-parallel network to a single voltage source and series resistor known as the Thévenin equivalent. 3) Procedures for experimentally determining the Thévenin equivalent values including measuring the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current or resistance.

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Mosarof Hossain
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190 views24 pages

Chapter 9 - Network Theorems (Part 1) PDF

The document discusses network theorems including: 1) The superposition theorem which allows separation of the impact of individual sources on quantities of interest by analyzing circuits with only one source active at a time and summing the results. 2) Thévenin's theorem which can reduce any two-terminal series-parallel network to a single voltage source and series resistor known as the Thévenin equivalent. 3) Procedures for experimentally determining the Thévenin equivalent values including measuring the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current or resistance.

Uploaded by

Mosarof Hossain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 9

Network Theorems
(Part 1)
OBJECTIVES
• Become familiar with the superposition theorem and
its unique ability to separate the impact of each source
on the quantity of interest.
• Be able to apply Thévenin’s theorem to reduce any two-
terminal, series-parallel network with any number of
sources to a single voltage source and series resistor.
• Become familiar with Norton’s theorem and how it can
be used to reduce any two-terminal, series-parallel
network with any number of sources to a single current
source and a parallel resistor.
• Understand how to apply the maximum power transfer
theorem to determine the maximum power to a load
and to choose a load that will receive maximum power.
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
The current through, or voltage across, any element of a network is
equal to the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages produced
independently by each source.
How to Remove a Source?

FIG. 9.1 Removing a voltage source and a current source to permit the application
of the superposition theorem.
Steps
• Turn off all the sources except one source for which
the circuit to be analysed
• Find the desired current/voltage
• Now, turn on a different source making the remaining
to be off.
• Repeat the second step.
• Do the above steps for other sources, if any.
• The desired current/voltage is the algebraic sum of all
the voltages/currents calculated for all the individual
sources.

19-Aug-20 EEE 141 5


FIG. 9.2 Network to be analyzed in
Example 9.1 using the superposition
theorem.

19-Aug-20 EEE 141 6


FIG. 9.2 Network to be
FIG. 9.3 Replacing the 9 A current
analyzed in Example 9.1 using
source in Fig. 9.2 by an open
the superposition theorem.
circuit to determine the effect of the
36 V voltage source on current I2.

FIG. 9.4 Replacing the 36 V


voltage source by a short-
circuit equivalent to determine
FIG. 9.5 Using the results of Figs.
the effect of the 9 A current
9.3 and 9.4 to determine current I2
source on current I2.
for the network in Fig. 9.2.

19-Aug-20 EEE 141 7


FIG. 9.6 Plotting power delivered to FIG. 9.7 Plotting I versus V for the 6Ω
the 6Ω resistor versus current resistor. (Linear)
through the resistor. (Nonlinear)

19-Aug-20 EEE 141 8


FIG. 9.8 Using the superposition theorem to
determine the current through the 12Ω resistor
(Example 9.2).
FIG. 9.9 Using the superposition theorem to determine the effect of the 54 V voltage
source on current I2 in Fig. 9.8.
FIG. 9.10 Using the superposition theorem to determine the effect of the 48 V
voltage source on current I2 in Fig. 9.8.

FIG. 9.11 Using the results of Figs. 9.9


and 9.10 to determine current I2 for the
network in Fig. 9.8.
FIG. 9.13 Determining the effect of
the 30 V supply on the current I1 in
FIG. 9.12 Two-source network to be Fig. 9.12.
analyzed using the superposition
theorem in Example 9.3.

FIG. 9.14 Determining the


effect of the 3 A current source
on the current I1 in Fig. 9.12.

19-Aug-20 EEE 141 12


THÉVENIN’S THEOREM
• Thévenin’s theorem is
probably one of the
most interesting in that
it permits the reduction
of complex networks to
a simpler form for
analysis and design.
THÉVENIN’S THEOREM
• Thévenin’s theorem
states the following:
• Any two-terminal dc
network can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit
consisting solely of a
voltage source and a
series resistor.
FIG. 9.23 Thévenin equivalent circuit.

FIG. 9.25 Substituting the Thévenin equivalent circuit for a complex network.

19-Aug-20 EEE 141 14


Thévenin’s Theorem Procedure

• Preliminary:
1. Remove that portion of the network where the Thévenin
equivalent circuit is found.
2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network.
• RTh:
• 3. Calculate RTh by first setting all sources to zero.
• ETh:
• 4. Calculate ETh by first returning all sources to their original
position and finding the open-circuit voltage between the
marked terminals.
• Conclusion:
• 5. Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit.
FIG. 9.26 Example 9.6.

FIG. 9.27 Identifying the


terminals of particular
importance when applying
Thévenin’s theorem.

19-Aug-20 EEE 141 16


FIG. 9.28 Determining RTh for the network in Fig. 9.27.

FIG. 9.29 Determining ETh for FIG. 9.30 Measuring ETh for
the network in Fig. 9.27. the network in Fig. 9.27.
FIG. 9.31 Substituting the
Thévenin equivalent
circuit for the network
external to RL in Fig. 9.26.

19-Aug-20 EEE 141 18


FIG. 9.32
Example 9.7.

FIG. 9.33 Establishing the terminals of FIG. 9.34 Determining RTh


particular interest for the network in Fig. 9.32. for the network in Fig. 9.33.

19-Aug-20 EEE 141 19


FIG. 9.35 Determining ETh
for the network in Fig. 9.33.

FIG. 9.36 Substituting the Thévenin


equivalent circuit in the network external
to the resistor R3 in Fig. 9.32.

19-Aug-20 EEE 141 20


THÉVENIN’S THEOREM
Experimental Procedures: Measuring Eth

FIG. 9.54 Measuring the Thévenin voltage with a voltmeter: (a) actual network; (b)
Thévenin equivalent.
THÉVENIN’S THEOREM
Experimental Procedures: Measuring RTh

FIG. 9.55 Measuring RTh with an ohmmeter: (a) actual network; (b) Thévenin equivalent.
Experimental Procedures: Measuring RTh

FIG. 9.56 Using a potentiometer


to determine RTh: (a) actual
network; (b) Thévenin
equivalent; (c) measuring RTh.
THÉVENIN’S THEOREM
Experimental Procedures: Measuring RTh

FIG. 9.57 Determining RTh using the short-circuit current: (a) actual network; (b) Thévenin
equivalent.

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