Menschen für Menschen Foundation

Agro Technical and Technology College

Electrical and Electronics Technology Department

Lecture – 5 Prepared by
Network theorem Yosef D.
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
The superposition theorem states the following:
The current through, or voltage across, any element of a network is equal to the
algebraic sum of the currents or voltages produced independently by each
source.
this theorem allows us to find a solution for a current or voltage using only
one source at a time. Once we have the solution for each source, we can
combine the results to obtain the total solution.
Setting a voltage source to zero volts is like placing a short circuit across its
terminals. Therefore
when removing a voltage source from a network schematic, replace it with a
direct connection (short circuit) of zero ohms. Any internal resistance
associated with the source must remain in the network.
Setting a current source to zero amperes is like replacing it with an open circuit. Therefore,
when removing a current source from a network schematic, replace it by an open circuit of
infinite ohms. Any internal resistance associated with the source must remain in the network.
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 Since the effect of each source will be determined independently, the number
of networks to be analyzed will equal the number of sources.

If a particular current of a network is to be determined, the contribution to that

current must be determined for each source.
When the effect of each source has been determined, those currents in the same
direction are added, and those having the opposite direction are subtracted; the
algebraic sum is being determined. The total result is the direction of the larger
sum and the magnitude of the difference.

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Similarly, if a particular voltage of a network is to be determined, the
contribution to that voltage must be determined for each source.
When the effect of each source has been determined, those voltages with the
same polarity are added, and those with the opposite polarity are subtracted; the
algebraic sum is being determined. The total result has the polarity of the larger
sum and the magnitude of the difference.
Superposition cannot be applied to power effects because the power is
related to the square of the voltage across a resistor or the current through
a resistor.
Example:
Using superposition, find
the current I through the
24 V source in Figure

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Example:
Using superposition, find the
voltage across the 6 A source
in Figure.

Using superposition, find the current through R1

for the network in Figure

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THÉVENIN’S THEOREM
In general, the theorem can be used to do the following:
• Analyze networks with sources that are not in series or parallel.
• Reduce the number of components required to establish the same
characteristics at the output terminals.
• Investigate the effect of changing a particular component on the
behavior of a network without having to analyze the entire network after
each change.
Thévenin’s theorem states the
following:
Any two-terminal dc network can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting solely of a voltage source
and a series resistor as shown in
Figure.

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Thévenin’s theorem procedure
Preliminary:
1. Remove that portion of the network where the Thévenin equivalent circuit is found. In
Figure (a), this requires that the load resistor RL be temporarily removed from the network.
2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network. (The importance of this step
will become obvious as we progress through some complex networks.)

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RTh:
3. Calculate RTh by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources are replaced by
short circuits and current sources by open circuits) and then finding the resultant
resistance between the two marked terminals. (If the internal resistance of the
voltage and/or current sources is included in the original network, it must remain
when the sources are set to zero.)
ETh:
4. Calculate ETh by first returning all sources to their original position and finding
the open-circuit voltage between the marked terminals. (This step is invariably the
one that causes most confusion and errors. In all cases, keep in mind that it is the
open-circuit potential between the two terminals marked in step 2.)
Conclusion:
5. Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously
removed replaced between the terminals of the equivalent circuit. This step is
indicated by the placement of the resistor RL between the terminals of the Thévenin
equivalent circuit as shown in Figure.(b).
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Example:

Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit for the

network external to the resistor R for the
network in Figure.

Example:
Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit for the
portions of the networks in Figure. external to
points a and b.

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Example:
For the transistor network in Figure:
a. Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit for that portion
of the network to the left of the base (B) terminal.
b. Using the fact that IC = IE and VCE =8V, determine
the magnitude of IE.
c. Using the results of parts (a) and (b), calculate the
base current IB if VBE = 0.7 V.
d. What is the voltage VC?

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NORTON’S THEOREM
The theorem states the following:
Any two-terminal linear bilateral dc network can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a current source and a parallel resistor, as shown in
Figure.

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Norton’s Theorem Procedure
Preliminary:
1. Remove that portion of the network across which the Norton equivalent circuit is
found.
2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network.
RN:
3. Calculate RN by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources are replaced with
short circuits and current sources with open circuits) and then finding the resultant
resistance between the two marked terminals.
(If the internal resistance of the voltage and/or current sources is included in the
original network, it must remain when the sources are set to zero.)
Since RN = RTh, the procedure and value obtained using the approach described for
Thévenin’s theorem will determine the proper value of RN.

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IN:
4. Calculate IN by first returning all sources to their original position and then
finding the short-circuit current between the marked terminals. It is the same
current that would be measured by an ammeter placed between the marked
terminals.
Conclusion:
5. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously
removed replaced between the terminals of the equivalent circuit.

The Norton and Thévenin

equivalent circuits can also be
found from each other by using
the source transformation.

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Example:
Find the Norton equivalent circuit
for the network external to the
resistor R for each network in Fig.

Example:
Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the portion
of the network to the left of a-b in Fig.

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MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
When designing a circuit, it is often important to be able to answer one of the
following questions:
What load should be applied to a system to ensure that the load is receiving
maximum power from the system?
Conversely:
For a particular load, what conditions should be imposed on the source to ensure
that it will deliver the maximum power available?
Fortunately, the process of finding the load that will receive maximum power from a
particular system is quite straightforward due to the maximum power transfer theorem,
which states the following:
A load will receive maximum power from a network when its resistance is exactly equal to
the Thévenin resistance of the network applied to the load. That is

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Example:
Given the network in Figure, find
the value of RL for maximum
power to the load, and find the
maximum power to the load.

Example:
For the network in Figure, find the value of
RL for maximum power to RL and determine
the maximum power to RL.

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