Flexure

IN ACCORDANCE WITH

European Standards CEN/TC 250

Structural Eurocodes (EN 1992-1-1)
UK National Annex

Es EUROCODES
SPREADSHEETS
Structural Design

Carlo Sigmund

First Edition
Ebook
Copyright© 2014 http://eurocodespreadsheets.jimdo.com
All rights reserved. Carlo Sigmund
------------------------------------------------
First Edition: April 2014
Author/Publisher: Sigmund, Carlo <1971->
ISBN n.:
ID contenuto:
Ebook: Flexure

--------------------------------
The sponsoring editor for this document and the production supervisor was
Carlo Sigmund.
Although care has been taken to ensure, to the best of our knowledge, that all
data and information contained herein are accurate to the extent that they relate
to either matters of fact or accepted practice or matters of opinion at the time of
publication, The EUROCODES Spreadsheets Structural Design, the author and
the reviewers assume no responsibility for any errors in or misinterpretations of
such data and/or information or any loss or damage arising from or related to
their use.

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________________________________________________________
Contents

Flexure_EC2_UKNA.............................................................................................5

1.1 General: FlexureRectangularBeamsAndSlabs.xls ................................................................................... 5

1.2 Layout ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

1.3 Output - Word document (calculation sheet)............................................................................................ 9

1.4 Flexure_EC2 (Beams and slabs) derived formulae ................................................................................. 10

1.5 Verification tests....................................................................................................................................... 13

1.6 Excel VBa Code (main)............................................................................................................................ 16

1.7 References............................................................................................................................................... 21
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 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 F LEXURE_EC2_UKNA

Section 1 Flexure_EC2_UKNA

1.1 General: FlexureRectangularBeamsAndSlabs.xls

T his sheet allows for the design of a section of solid slab or a rectangular beam
section. The spreadsheet calculates the area of longitudinal steel
reinforcement in accordance with EN 1992-1-1:2004 Eurocode 2: Design of
concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings and BS NA
EN 1992-1-1 (2004) (English): UK National Annex to Eurocode 2. Design of
concrete structures. General rules and rules for buildings.

All applied loads and moments should be ultimate and positive, as positive
moments induce tension in the bottom reinforcement ( A s ). The user is required
to input desired amounts of redistribution  to the initial moments according to
Cl. 5.5(4) “Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution”.

With respect to cantilevers, the additional tensile force in the longitudinal

reinforcement due to shear (input V Ed  0 ) in the design section is calculated from
Exp. (6.18) - Cl. 6.2.3(7).
With regard the concrete, the minimum strength used is C12/15 (Table 3.1). The
spreadsheet allows input for grades of concrete up to C50/60. Input is self
explanatory but, in order to facilitate use of this spreadsheet, some degree of
automation has been introduced.

The rectangular stress block shown in EN 1992-1-1, Figure 3.5 “Rectangular

stress distribution” is used.
Where more than one horizontal layer of bars are required per section, the user
may choose to specify up to 4 separate layers per reinforcement in order to
increase section strength. The spreadsheet takes automatic measures to ensure
minimum spacing of reinforcement is met (Cl. 8.2(3) “Spacing of bars”).

Combo-boxes to the right under “DETAILING” Excel® Form define minimum bar
sizes to be used. Combo-box to the right under “PreCalculus” Excel® Form define
concrete characteristic compressive strength at 28 days.

To ensure proper placing and compaction of concrete around reinforcement, a

maximum steel content is also specified and checked. Thus the maximum area of
tension reinforcement in a beam (or solid slab) should not exceed 4 per cent of
the gross cross-sectional area of the concrete (Cl. 9.2.1.1).

Topic: User’s Manual/Verification tests - FlexureRectangularBeamsAndSlabs.xls page 5

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 F LEXURE _EC2_UKNA

No check is performed in order to control cracking of the concrete. Therefore the

minimum area of tension reinforcement is checked (Exp. 9.1N, Cl. 9.2.1.1).

To avoid sudden failure it is important to ensure that the tension steel reaches
its yield stress before the concrete fails in compression. Tests on beams have
shown that the steel yields before the concrete crusches when the depth “x” to
the NA (neutral axis) depth does not exceed  0 45d (with “d” effective depth of
tension reinforcement) and hence that the steel in tension will reach its ultimate
stress before the concrete fails in compression.

If the value K = M   bd 2 f ck  for a particular beam or slab was found to be greater

then a particular limit K it would indicate that the concrete above the NA was
overstressed in compression. Therefore either the beam (or slab) would have to
be increased in size, or compressive reinforcement would have to be introduced
above the NA to assist the concrete. Compression reinforcement ( A s2 ) is checked
and eventually calculated. No check is performed in order to control beam
deflection.

1.2 Layout

The basic layout for Flexure_EC2 sheet is shown on the following screen dump:

Figure 1.1 Sheet “Splash” from Excel® 2003.

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 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 F LEXURE_EC2_UKNA

PreCalculus Form:

Figure 1.2 Input (white blank test boxes) and calculus (blue text boxes). Default value for  = 1 (red).

Figure 1.3 Input values k1, k2 and k5. Default values (EN 1992-1-1).

Topic: User’s Manual/Verification tests - FlexureRectangularBeamsAndSlabs.xls page 7

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 F LEXURE _EC2_UKNA

View Notes Form:

Figure 1.4 Example. Required compression and tensile reinforcement.

N. Annex Form:

DETAILS Form:

Figure 1.5 Coloured in blue the necessary inputs.

How to remove links to Excel file “FlexureRectangularBeamsAndSlabs.xls”:

page 8 Topic: User’s Manual/Verification tests - FlexureRectangularBeamsAndSlabs.xls

 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
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1.3 Output - Word document (calculation sheet)

Example calculation sheet (output):

Figure 1.6 Sample print with compression steel (Word® Office® must be installed on your system).

Topic: User’s Manual/Verification tests - FlexureRectangularBeamsAndSlabs.xls page 9

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 F LEXURE _EC2_UKNA

1.4 Flexure_EC2 (Beams and slabs) derived formulae

According to EN 1992-1-1 Sec. 3.1.6 “Design compressive and tensile strengths”

the rectangular stress block shown in the Figure 1.7 below is used:

Figure 1.7 Strain and design forces in a section. As = tensile reinforcement. As2 compression
reinforcement. Beam cross-section with height “h” and width “b”.

We know from theory of bending that when bending is induced in a rectangular

beam the material fibres above the neutral axis are subjected to compressive
stresses and those below to tensile stresses. Concrete has excellent qualities for
resisting compression. However, its resistance to tension is so poor that it is
ignored. Instead, steel reinforcement is introduced to resist tension.

For any beam to be adequate in bending, its internal moment of resistance must
not be less than the externally applied bending moment. Therefore the design
ultimate resistance moment M of a concrete beam (or slab) must be greater than
or at least equal to the ultimate bending moment MEd.
SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS.  For grade of concrete up to C50/60:(1)

 cu = 3 5  1000 ,  = 1 and  = 0 8 (see figure above).

The ultimate design strength of concrete and steel are respectively:

f cd =  cc f ck   c = 0 85f ck  1 5

f yd = f yk   s = f yk  1 15 = 0 87f yk .

For singly reinforced section, the design equation can be derived as follow (see
Figure 1.8 below):

 F c =  0 85f ck  1 5   b   0 8x  = 0 453f ck bx

 F st = 0 87A s f yk

Considering moment about the centroid of the tension force:

(1) Cm/n means: fck = m [MPa] and fck,cube = n [MPa].

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 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 F LEXURE_EC2_UKNA

Figure 1.8 Singly reinforced beam lever arm “z”.

M = 0 453f ck bx . With z = d – 0 4 x and x = 2 5  d – z  :

M = 0 453f ck b2 5  d – z z

M = 1 1333f ck b  zd – z 2 

Let K = M   bd 2 f ck  ,

M 1 1333f ck b  zd – z 2 
K = --------------
- = -------------------------------------------------
-
bd f ck2 bd 2 f ck

z 2
K = 1 1333 --z- –  ---  .
d d
Solving the quadratic equation, for the solution with the limit d > 0,8x:
z
--- = 0 5  1 + 1 –  3 529K   .
d

Note The spreadsheet check and respect the limit z < 0,95d.

The area of reinforcement required ( M = MEd ) is:

M Ed
A s = --------------------- .
0 87f yk z

REDISTRIBUTION RATIO  According to Cl. 5.5(4) the ratio xu/d is restricted by the

amount of redistribution carried out. Where xu is the depth of the NA at ULS
after redistribution. For f ck  50 MPa :
x
  k 1 + k 2 -----u  k 5 where Class B and Class C reinforcement is used (see Annex C).
d

Note The values of k1, k2 and k5 for use in a Country may be found in the National 
Annex. The user may choose to specify which values to be used in the calculation.

Topic: User’s Manual/Verification tests - FlexureRectangularBeamsAndSlabs.xls page 11

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 F LEXURE _EC2_UKNA

Assuming for example k1 = 0,4 and k2 = 1:

x xu x
  0 4 + -----u  0 7  -----  0 3  -----u    – 0 4  and
d d d

x
for  -----u = 0 45    0 45 + 0 4 = 0 85 . Assuming  x u = 0 45d :
d
M = 0 453f ck bx u z
M = 0 453f ck b  0 45d    d –  0 4  0 45d  
M = 0 167f ck bd 2

Therefore (for k1 = 0,4 and k2 = 1):

M - = 0 167 (see also Table below):
K = --------------
f ck bd 2

 1 0,95 0,9 0,85 0,8 0,75 0,7

% redistribution 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

K’ 0,208 0,195 0,182 0,167 0,153 0,137 0,120

Table 1.1 Limits on K’ with respect to redistribution ratio  for k1 = 0,4 and k2 = 1,0. Note - Cl. 5.5(4).

COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT.  The majority of beam used in practice are singly

reinforced, and these beams can be designed the formula mentioned above. In
some cases, compression reinforcement is added in order to:
1. increase section strength (i.e. where K  K )
2. to reduce long term deflection
3. to decrease curvature/deformation at ultimate limit state (ULS).

With reference to Figure 1.7, we need to consider an extra compression force:

F sc = A s2  s2

where sc is the stress value of the compression steel: 0 < sc < 0,87fyk = fyd.
From the proportion of the strain distribution diagram:

 s2  cu3  s2  0035-  s2 0 0035

- = --------
--------------- -  - = 0-----------------
---------------  ---------------- = ------------------ . (Eq. 1‐1)
xu – d2 xu xu – d2 xu xu d2 xu
----- – ----- -----
d d d
0 87f yk
Let  s2 lim el =  d 2  d  lim el for  s2 = ------------------ :
Es
x 0 87f yk
 s2 lim el = -----u   0 0035 – ------------------  0 0035 . (Eq. 1‐2)
d  Es 

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For f yk = 500 MPa , E s = 200000 MPa and x u  d = 0 45 :  s2 lim el = 0 170 .

If  2 = d 2  d   s2 lim el , then it is necessary to calculate the strain  s2 from the Eq.
1-1:

x
-----u –  2
 s2 0 0035 d
- = ------------------
---------------   s2 = 0 0035  ---------------- . (Eq. 1‐3)
x x xu
----u- –  2 -----u -----
d d d
 s2  s2 0 87 f yk
Let  s2 = ------------------ within the range 0   s2  1 with  s2 = --------------------------
-:
0 87f yk Es
x
-----u –  2
Es d
 s2 = ------------------  0 0035  ---------------- . (Eq. 1‐4)
0 87 f yk x
-----u
d

Therefore, for  2 = d 2  d   s2 lim el it is 0   s2  1 (compression steel not yielded).

For  2   s2 lim el it is  s2 = 1   s2 = 0 87f yk (compression steel yielded).

The area of tension reinforcement can be considered in two parts:

1. the first part to balance the compressive force above del NA (concrete)
2. the second part to balance the force in the compression steel.

When a compression reinforcement is required ( K  K ) then:

Kf ck bd 2
A s = FIRST PART + SECOND PART = --------------------- + A s2   s2
0 87f yk z
where

--z- = 0 5  1 + 1 –  3 529K   (in this case using K instead of K ).

d
Note The spreadsheet check and respect the limit z < 0,95d.

Taking moments about the centroid of the tension force (see Figure 1.7):

 M = M +  s2 A s2  d – d 2 

 M = Kf ck bd +  s2 A s2  d – d 2 
2

Rearranging:
 K – K f ck bd 2  K – K f ck bd 2
A s2 = ------------------------------------ -.
- = ------------------------------------------------------
 s2  d – d 2    s2  0 87f yk   d – d 2 

1.5 Verification tests

FLEXURERECTANGULARBEAMSANDSLABS.XLS.  5.09 MB. Created: 16 December 2013.

Last/Rel.-date: 16 December 2013. Sheets:
— Splash
— CREDITS.

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S ECTION 1 F LEXURE _EC2_UKNA

EXAMPLE 1-A‐ Pre‐dimensioning of a rectangular section with compression reinforcement ‐ test1

Given: A rectangular concrete beam (width b = 350 mm, height = 300 mm) is required to resist an 
ultimate moment of MEd = 214 kNm (assuming – 20% moment redistribution:  = 0,80). If 
the beam is compose of grade 35 concrete and high yield (HY) reinforcement, determine 
the area of the steel required.

Solution: According to Figure 1.7 let us assume:  d 2 = 46 mm  and an effective depth  d = 228 mm .

Figure 1.9 Cross-section details with d2 = 46 mm and d = 227,5 mm.

Ratio of the redistributed moment to the elastic bending moment:
 = 0 80  k 1 + k 2 x u  d  for  f ck  50 MPa . Let us assume  k 1 = 0 4 ,  k 2 = 1  and  k 5 = 0 7

Figure 1.10 Cl. 5.5(4) for grade of concrete up to fck = 50 MPa.

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 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 F LEXURE_EC2_UKNA

 = 0 80  0 4 +  1   0 6 +  0 0014    cu2    x u  d
  k 5 = 0 7  (for reinforcement Class B and C).
With   cu2 = 0 0035  (for  f ck  50 MPa ):
x u  d = 0 40  for linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution):
K = 0 453   1 –  0 4  x u  d    x u  d = 0 152 .

COMPRESSIVE STEEL.   d 2 = 46 mm < x u = 0 40  228 = 91 mm (satisfactory).

 2 = d 2  d = 0 202 . Let
 s2 Es 0 0035 200000 0 0035
 s2 = ------------------ = ------------------  ------------------   x u  d –  2  = ------------------  ------------------   0 40 – 0 202  = 0 80
0 87f yk 0 87f yk x u  d 435 0 40

0 0035 0 0035 – 0 87f yk  E s  0035-

0----------------- 0 0035 – 435  200000
------------------ = ---------------------------------------------------
-  = -------------------------------------------------------   s2 lim el = 0 151
xu  d  s2 lim el 0 40  s2 lim el
 2   s2 lim el  compressed steel not yielded: 
 s2 =  s2   0 87f yk  = 0 80  0 87  500 = 348 MPa

FLEXURAL DESIGN.  
M Ed 214  10 6
K = -------------- - = 0 336  K = 0 152  (provide compression reinforcement).
- = -----------------------------------
bd f ck
2 350  228  2  35 

For d > 0,8xu using  K  instead  K :
z  d = 0 5   1 +  1 – 3 529  K  0 5  = 0 5   1 +  1 – 3 529  0 152  0 5  = 0 840  < 0,95.
Beam lever arm:
z = 0 840d = 0 84  228 = 192 mm .

AREA OF THE COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED:  
 K – K f ck bd 2  0 336 – 0 152   35   350   228  2
A s2 = ------------------------------------
- = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 1850 mm 2
 s2  d – d 2   348   228 – 46 
Try 5H22 x 1 layers. Single layer with: H22 @ 65 mm.

PERCENTAGE AREA OF THE COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED:  
 s2 = 100  A s2   bd  = 100  1900    350   228   = 2 38 % < 4bh/100 = As,max (satisfactory).

AREA OF TENSION REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED:  
With  z = 192 mm  0 95d :
Kf ck bd 2 Kf ck bd 2  K – K f ck bd 2 Kf ck bd 2  K – K f ck bd 2
A s = --------------------- + A s2   s2 = --------------------- + -------------------------------------   s2 = --------------------- + --------------------------------------
0 87f yk z 0 87f yk z  s2  d – d 2  0 87f yk z 0 87f yk  d – d 2 

Topic: User’s Manual/Verification tests - FlexureRectangularBeamsAndSlabs.xls page 15

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
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Figure 1.11 PreCalculus Excel® form: procedure for a quick pre-calculation: using UK Annex of EC2.

Kf ck bd 2  K – K f ck bd 2
A s = --------------------- + -------------------------------------   s2 = -------------------------------------------------------------
0 152   35   350   228  2 +  1850   0 80 = 2639 mm 2
0 87f yk z  s2  d – d 2  0 87  500   192 
Try  3H25  x 2 layers. Single layer with: H25 @ 128 mm.

PERCENTAGE AREA OF THE COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED:  
 s2 = 100  A s2   bd  = 100  1900    350   228   = 3 69 % < 4bh/100 = As,max (satisfactory).

1.6 Excel VBa Code (main)

Private Sub Cmb_Calculus_Click()

'---------------------------------------------------------
Dim fy As Variant
Dim b As Variant
Dim h As Variant
Dim d1 As Variant
Dim d2 As Variant
Dim Kpr As Variant
Dim fck As Variant
Dim M1 As Variant

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 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 F LEXURE_EC2_UKNA

Dim delta As Variant

Dim k2 As Variant

Dim Alfa2 As Variant

Dim sigma2 As Variant
Dim xu As Variant Dim Gamma2 As Variant
Dim Gamma2Lim As Variant
Dim d2max As Variant

Dim Mprint As Variant

Dim K As Variant
Dim z As Variant
Dim DeltaM As Variant
Dim M As Variant
Dim A As Variant
Dim NUM As Variant
Dim DEN As Variant
Dim A2 As Variant

Dim T As Double
Dim T1 As Double
Dim NIRQ As Double
Dim NIRQ1 As Double

Dim z1 As Variant

'---------------------------------------------------------

'---------------------------------------------------------
******Check input
'---------------------------------------------------------

fck = Worksheets("frmB").Range("A16").Value
k2 = Worksheets("frmB").Range("G8").Value
k1 = Worksheets("frmB").Range("G7").Value

h = Worksheets("frmB").Range("M6").Value
d1 = Worksheets("frmB").Range("M7").Value
d2 = Worksheets("frmB").Range("M8").Value
DeltaM = Worksheets("frmB").Range("M9").Value

M = 1 * M1 + 1 * DeltaM
Mprint = M / (10 ^ 6)
Worksheets("frmB").Range("M11").Value = Round(Mprint, 2)
TextBox_M = Worksheets("frmB").Range("P11").Value

Worksheets("frmB").Range("E11").Value = delta

xu = (delta - k1) / k2
Kpr = 0.453 * xu * (1 - 0.4 * xu)

'Kpr = Worksheets("frmB").Range("H14").Value
'TextBox_Kpr = Worksheets("frmB").Range("J14").Value
TextBox_Kpr = Round(Kpr, 3)

TextBox_h = Worksheets("frmB").Range("M6").Value
TextBox_d1 = Worksheets("frmB").Range("M7").Value
TextBox_d2 = Worksheets("frmB").Range("M8").Value
TextBox_DeltaM = Worksheets("frmB").Range("S9").Value

Topic: User’s Manual/Verification tests - FlexureRectangularBeamsAndSlabs.xls page 17

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TextBox_k1 = Worksheets("frmB").Range("E7").Value
TextBox_k2 = Worksheets("frmB").Range("E8").Value
TextBox_k5 = Worksheets("frmB").Range("E9").Value

TextBox_VEd = Worksheets("Linked").Range("C59").Value
TextBox_cotT = Worksheets("Linked").Range("C60").Value
TextBox_Alfa = Worksheets("Linked").Range("C61").Value

'---------------------------------------------------------

If ((fy * b * h * d1 * Kpr * M = 0) Or (d2 + d1 >= h) Or (d2 >= xu * (h - d1)) Or

(Alfa2 < 0)) Or ((h <= d1) Or (h <= d2)) Then
TextBox_Alert = "Please check your input!"
TextBox_Alert2 = "Enter values that are consistent and positive."
TextBox_K = "[--]"
TextBox_z = "[--]"
TextBox_A = "[--]"
TextBox_A2 = "[--]"
TextBox_d2max = "[--]"
TextBox_sigma2 = "[--]"
Else
'---------------------------------------------------------

K = M / (b * fck * (h - d1) ^ 2)
T = (1 - 3.529 * K)
T1 = (1 - 3.529 * Kpr)
'---------------------------------------------------------
If K <= Kpr Then
'---------------------------------------------------------
If (1 - 3.529 * K) < 0 Then
TextBox_K = "[--]"
TextBox_z = "[--]"
TextBox_A = "[--]"
TextBox_A2 = "[--]"
TextBox_d2max = "[--]"
TextBox_sigma2 = "[--]"
TextBox_Alert = "Please, check your input!"
TextBox_Alert2 = "Case Not Applicable: geometry inadequate."
Else
'---------------------------------------------------------

If 0.5 * (h - d1) * (1 + Sqr(T)) > 0.95 * (h - d1) Then

TextBox_Alert = "Note: singly reinforced section with K =< K' = " &
Round(Kpr, 3) & "."
TextBox_Alert2 = "z limited to a maximum of 0,95d = " & Round(0.95 *
(h - d1), 1) & " mm."
z = 0.95 * (h - d1)
TextBox_z = Round(z, 0)
A = M / (0.87 * fy * z)
TextBox_A = Round(A, 0)
A2 = 0
TextBox_A2 = Round(A2, 0)
TextBox_K = Round(K, 3)
TextBox_sigma2 = "[--]"
TextBox_d2max = Round(xu * (h - d1), 0) & " mm"
TextBox_S = ""
TextBox_F = ""
Else
TextBox_Alert = "Note: singly reinforced section with K <= K' = " &
Round(Kpr, 3) & "."
z = 0.5 * (h - d1) * (1 + Sqr(T))
TextBox_z = Round(z, 0)
 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 F LEXURE_EC2_UKNA

TextBox_Alert2 = "z (for K = " & Round(K, 3) & ") = " & Round(z, 1) &
" mm < 0,95d = " & Round(0.95 * (h - d1), 1) & " mm."
A = M / (0.87 * fy * z)
TextBox_A = Round(A, 0)
A2 = 0
TextBox_A2 = Round(A2, 0)
TextBox_K = Round(K, 3)
TextBox_sigma2 = "[--]"
TextBox_d2max = Round(xu * (h - d1), 0) & " mm"
TextBox_S = ""
TextBox_F = ""
End If

Worksheets("Linked").Range("C43").Value = Round((0.5 * (1 + Sqr(T))), 2) 'single

Worksheets("Linked").Range("C44").Value = Round((0.5 * (h - d1) * (1 + Sqr(T))),
1) 'single

'---------------------------------------------------------
End If
'---------------------------------------------------------
Else
'---------------------------------------------------------
If (1 - 3.529 * Kpr) < 0 Then
TextBox_K = "[--]"
TextBox_z = "[--]"
TextBox_A = "[--]"
TextBox_A2 = "[--]"
TextBox_d2max = "[--]"
TextBox_sigma2 = "[--]"
TextBox_Alert = "Please, check your input!"
TextBox_Alert2 = "Case Not Applicable: geometry inadequate."
Else
'---------------------------------------------------------

Gamma2 = d2 / (h - d1)
Gamma2Lim = (xu) * (0.0035 - (0.87 * fy / 200000)) / 0.0035
d2max = xu * (h - d1)
TextBox_d2max = Round(d2max, 0) & " mm"

If (Gamma2 <= Gamma2Lim) Then

Alfa2 = 1
TextBox_F = "(compressed steel yielded: d2/d = " & Round(Gamma2, 3) & " <=
(d2/d)lim,el = " & Round(Gamma2Lim, 3) & ")."
sigma2 = 0.87 * fy
TextBox_sigma2 = Round(sigma2, 0)
TextBox_S = "Sigma_s2 = 1,00 x 0.87fyk."
Else
Alfa2 = (200000 / (0.87 * fy)) * (0.0035 / xu) * (xu - Gamma2)
TextBox_F = "(compressed steel not yielded: d2/d = " & Round(Gamma2, 3) & " >
(d2/d)lim,el = " & Round(Gamma2Lim, 3) & ")."
sigma2 = Alfa2 * 0.87 * fy
TextBox_sigma2 = Round(sigma2, 0)
TextBox_S = "Sigma_s2 = " & Round(Alfa2, 3) & " x 0.87fyk."
End If

If 0.5 * (h - d1) * (1 + Sqr(T1)) > 0.95 * (h - d1) Then

TextBox_Alert = "Provide compression steel: K > K'. Recalculate for d2
> 0."
TextBox_Alert2 = "z (for K' instead of K) limited to a maximum of
0,95d = " & Round(0.95 * (h - d1), 1) & " mm."
z = 0.95 * (h - d1)

Topic: User’s Manual/Verification tests - FlexureRectangularBeamsAndSlabs.xls page 19

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 F LEXURE _EC2_UKNA

TextBox_z = Round(z, 0)
A2 = ((K - Kpr) * fck * b * (h - d1) ^ 2) / (Alfa2 * 0.87 * fy * (h -
d1 - d2))
TextBox_A2 = Round(A2, 0)
A = ((K - Kpr) * fck * b * (h - d1) ^ 2) / (0.87 * fy * (h - d1 - d2))
+ (Kpr * fck * b * (h - d1) ^ 2) / (0.87 * fy * z)
TextBox_A = Round(A, 0)
TextBox_K = Round(K, 3)

Else
TextBox_Alert = "Provide compression steel: K > K'. Recalculate for d2
> 0."
z = 0.5 * (h - d1) * (1 + Sqr(T1))
TextBox_z = Round(z, 0)
TextBox_Alert2 = "z (for K' instead of K) = " & Round(z, 1) & " mm <
0,95d = " & Round(0.95 * (h - d1), 1) & " mm."
A2 = ((K - Kpr) * fck * b * (h - d1) ^ 2) / (Alfa2 * 0.87 * fy * (h -
d1 - d2))
TextBox_A2 = Round(A2, 0)
A = ((K - Kpr) * fck * b * (h - d1) ^ 2) / (0.87 * fy * (h - d1 - d2))
+ (Kpr * fck * b * (h - d1) ^ 2) / (0.87 * fy * z)
TextBox_A = Round(A, 0)
TextBox_K = Round(K, 3)

End If

Worksheets("Linked").Range("D43").Value = Round((0.5 * (1 + Sqr(T1))), 2) 'double

Worksheets("Linked").Range("D44").Value = Round((0.5 * (h - d1) * (1 + Sqr(T1))),
1) 'double

'---------------------------------------------------------
End If

'---------------------------------------------------------
End If
'---------------------------------------------------------

Worksheets("Linked").Range("C30").Value = b
Worksheets("Linked").Range("C31").Value = h
Worksheets("Linked").Range("C32").Value = M / (10 ^ 6)
Worksheets("Linked").Range("C35").Value = fy
Worksheets("Linked").Range("C38").Value = (h - d1)
Worksheets("Linked").Range("C39").Value = d2
Worksheets("Linked").Range("C41").Value = Round(K, 3)
Worksheets("Linked").Range("C45").Value = Round(A2, 0)
Worksheets("Linked").Range("C47").Value = Round(A, 0)
' fine scrittura output
'--------------------------------------------------------

End If

page 20 Topic: User’s Manual/Verification tests - FlexureRectangularBeamsAndSlabs.xls

 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 F LEXURE_EC2_UKNA

1.7 References

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. The structural use of concrete – Part 1:

Code of practice for design and construction, BS 8110–1:1997

EN 1992-1-1:2004. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General

rules and rules for buildings. Brussels: CEN/TC 250 - Structural
Eurocodes, December 2004 (DAV)

EN 1992-1-1:2004/AC:2010. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part

1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. Brussels: CEN/TC 250 -
Structural Eurocodes, December 2010Reinforced Concrete Design to
Eurocode, Bill Mosley, John Bungey and Ray Hulse, Palgrave
Macmillan. 7th Edition

BS NA EN 1992-1-1 (2004) (English): UK National Annex to Eurocode 2. Design

of concrete structures. General rules and rules for buildings
JRC Scientific and Technical Reports. Bridge Design to Eurocodes Worked
examples. Worked examples presented at the Workshop “Bridge
Design to Eurocodes”, Vienna, 4-6 October 2010. Support to the
implementation, harmonization and further development of the
Eurocodes. Editors A. Athanasopoulou, M. Poljansek, A. Pinto G.,
Tsionis, S. Denton

MPA The Concrete Centre. Worked Examples to Eurocode 2: Volume 1. Practical

Design to Eurocode 2. 2013

Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocode, Bill Mosley, John Bungey and Ray
Hulse, Palgrave Macmillan. 7th Edition.

Topic: User’s Manual/Verification tests - FlexureRectangularBeamsAndSlabs.xls page 21

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