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Weird Calculus

By

Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2021 by Ian Beardsley




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Table of Contents

Abstract………………………………………………4

Quantization of Planetary Orbits…………………..5

The Conundrum,…………………………………….7

The Weird Calculus…………………………………9

Understanding The Weird Calculus……………….11

The Golden Ratio……………………………………15

Weird Arithmetic…………………………………….18

Mathematical Look At Weird Calculus……………25

The Relationship…………………………………….33

We see that when we try to express the distribution of the planets in terms of Euler’s number (e)
and the golden ratio conjugate (phi), the scheme suggests that the planets are doing what I call
a weird calculus. It is where the derivative of the exponential e to the x is not itself, as it is in
regular calculus, as arises from the conundrum of trying to take the integral of 1/x. But rather
d n
follows suit with x = n x n−1. We further see that the planets in terms of e and phi,
dx
quantize in terms of whole numbers in suit with digital binary used in artificial intelligence logic
circuitry. With the suggestion of a weird calculus we suggest the existence of a weird
arithmetic, which we find when compared to regular arithmetic and expanded with a Taylor
series creates terms which accurately describe the distribution of the planets as well if we
compare the regular arithmetic to the weird arithmetic. Equating the the distributions of weird
calculus with those of weird arithmetic we find that we arrive at an exponential function that
relates regular calculus to weird calculus because the terms of the Taylor expansion are regular
derivatives.

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Quantization of Planetary Orbits In Terms of AI Binary

I have devised a scheme for the planets in terms of the golden ratio conjugate phi (ϕ) and
Euler’s number e:

(1 − ϕ)e ϕ = 0.7AU = Venus

ϕe (1−ϕ) = 0.9AU = Ear th

ϕ 2e (2−ϕ) = 1.52 = Mars

2ϕe (2−ϕ) = 4.9 = Jupiter

4ϕe (2−ϕ) = 10 = Sat ur n

8ϕe (2−ϕ) = 19.69 = Uranus

16ϕe (2−ϕ) = 39.38 = Nept une

So that Pn = 2n ϕe (2−ϕ) for the planets exterior to the asteroid belt or Pn = c2n where
5−1
c = ϕe (2−ϕ) = 2.461 is c20 = c = 2.461 is the asteroid belt (P0). ϕ = .
2
P1 = Jupiter
P2 = Sat ur n
P3 = Ura nu s
P4 = Nept u n e

Which is the solution to the differential equation

d2 y dy
− 2log(2) + log2(2)y = 0
dn 2 dn
Where have we seen this? In computer science.

log2 N = n means 2n = N

Where n is the number of bits in a number N in binary. We write in binary

0=0
1=1
10=2
11=3
100=4
101=5
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110=6
111=7
1000=8
1001=9
1010=10
1011=11
1100=12
1101=13
1110=14
1111=15
10000=16…

But what is interesting about this?

log23 = n

log3
n= = 1.5847
log2

You can’t have a fractional number of bits, thus the spectrum is quantized according to whole
number solutions of

2n = N

But so are the planets given by

Pn = c2n

2ϕe (2−ϕ) = 4.9 = Jupiter

4ϕe (2−ϕ) = 10 = Sat ur n

8ϕe (2−ϕ) = 19.69 = Uranus

16ϕe (2−ϕ) = 39.38 = Nept une

Meaning, since we have 2, 4, 8. 16 that the planets are quantized into whole number orbits
according to computer binary with Jupiter as 2, Saturn as 4, Uranus as 8, and Neptune as 16 if
we do it in terms of Euler’s number, e and the golden ratio conjugate, ϕ.

That is, 2=10, 4=100, 8=1000, 16=10000

Are all zeros after a one.


The Conundrum
It is as if the planets interior to the asteroid belt are distributed by doing what I call weird
calculus. And, that the planets exterior to the asteroid belt are doing normal calculus. It is as if
the planets interior to the asteroid belt are trying to take the derivative of x to the n without
using logarithms. This in the sense that:

If we refer back to the foundations of calculus, while the integral of simple functions can be
considered

x n+1
∫
n
x dx = +C
n+1

We have a conundrum for

1
f (x) = = x −1
x
That the power rule gives:

1 x −1+1
∫ x
dx =
0

Thus to get around this, we searched for a function such that the integral holds, and as such we
discovered the natural logarithm (ln) and Euler’s number e. And we have

1
∫ x
d x = ln(x) + C

d x
e = ex
dx
Where

ln(x) = loge(x)

And, the derivative of e x is itself and e is the transcendental and irrational number given by

e=2.718…

That is, while

1
f −1ln(x) ≠
ln(x)

f −1ln(x) = e x
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We can approximate any function with a polynomial, the simplest example being the linear
approximation formed by writing the change in f(x) due to a change in x:

f (x) = f (a) + f′(a)(x − a)

This results in Taylor’s formula

f′′(a)
f (x) = f (a) + f′(a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + …
2!
From which we derive the Taylor series
∞
f n(a) f′′(a)
(x − a)n = f (a) + f′(a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + …
∑ n! 2!
n=0

We know the kth derivative of e to the x is e to the x itself. Thus,

f (k)(x) = e x

x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + +…
2! 3!
xn
lim =0
n→∞ n!

∞
x xn x2 x3
∑ n!
e = =1+x + + +…
n=0
2! 3!
∞
1 1 1 1
∑ n!
e= =1+ + + + … = 2.718
n=0
1! 2! 3!
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The Weird Calculus

The planets seem to the think

d x
e ≠ ex
dx

But, rather is

d x
e = x e −(x−1)
dx

(1 − ϕ)e ϕ makes me think of the derivative of x to the n:

d n
x = n x (n−1)

dx
And so does

ϕe (1−ϕ)

Because we have

(n − 1) yields

(1 − ϕ) by way of

−(ϕ − 1)=(1 − ϕ)

And, the ϕe is like n x.

And,…

ϕ 2e (2−ϕ) makes me think of the second derivative of x to the n:

d2 n
x = n(n − 1)x (n−2)

dx 2

That is:

d
n x (n−1) = n(n − 1)x (n−1−1) = n(n − 1)x (n−2)

dx
(n − 2)

Because we have

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−(ϕ − 2) = (2 − ϕ)

Thus, in general the k th derivative in weird calculus is:

d(k)y
= n k x −(n−k)

dn (k)
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Understanding The Weird Calculus

The plot of n x n has got to be one of the most interesting things I have ever seen:

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Thus in regular calculus

d x
e = e x

dx
And, in weird calculus

d x
e = xe −(x−1)

dx
This gives

d ϕ
e = ϕe −(ϕ−1) = 0.9055

dϕ
d ϕ
e = e ϕ = 1.855

dϕ
Let us compare regular calculus to weird calculus:

1.855
= 2.04859 ≈ 2

0.9055
If we take

d
ϕe (ϕ−1) = e (ϕ−1)(ϕ + 1) = e (ϕ−1)1.618=

dϕ
1.10428

Where

1
Φ= and has the property Φ = ϕ + 1.

ϕ
But if we use weird calculus to take the second derivative (written respect to x for weird
derivative)

d2 ϕ
e = ϕ 2e −(ϕ−2) = 1.52

dx 2

It is exactly the Mars orbit.

And, if we simply take, we get…

d
ϕe ϕ+1 = e ϕ+1(ϕ + 1) = e Φ(ϕ + 1) = e ΦΦ=8.15956

dϕ
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I think the planets do weird calculus because it is a doubling effect in that

1.855
= 2.04859 ≈ 2

0.9055
Because it keeps the planets from interfering with one another so they don’t get torn apart as
they did with the asteroid belt. The second derivative of e to the phi is itself so the 1.855 is
constant. Comparing this to the second derivative of weird calculus we have:

1.855
= 1.220

1.52
Notice that

1.22
= 0.61 ≈ ϕ

2
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The Golden Ratio

But what is the golden ratio Φ and its conjugate ϕ.

We can derive the golden ratio as such (refer to fig 13):

a b
= = Φ

b c
a = b + c

ac = b 2

c = a − b

a(a − b) = b 2

a 2 − a b − b 2 = 0

a2 a
− − 1 = 0

b2 b
a2 a 1 1
− + = 1 +

b2 b 4 4

(b)
2
a a 1 1
− + =1+

b 4 4

(b)
2
a a 1 4 1 5
− + = + =

b 4 4 4 4

(b 2)
2
a 1 5
− =

4
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a 1 5
− =

b 2 2
5+1
Φ=

b 5−1
ϕ= =

a 2
Let us say a/b=x, the golden ratio. Then,…

x 2 − x − 1 = 0

Let us differentiate this implicitly:

d 2 d d
x − x− 1 = 0

dx dx dx
2x − 1 = 0

1
x=

2
d x
Which is similar to Euler’s number, e because it is the base such that e is itself e x:

dx
d x
e = e x

dx
But

2
sin 45∘ = cos45∘ =

2
1 ∘
Which says for this angle the x-component equals the y-component is 90 that is , x=1/2
2
bisects a right angle. Which similar in concept to Euler’s number e because it is the base such
d x 2
that e is itself e x . But if sin 45∘ = cos45∘ = , then:

dx 2
π
2cos = 2

4
It is the diagonal of the unit square. We notice something interesting happens:

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π
2cos =

n
π π π
2cos = 2 , 2cos = Φ, 2cos = 3

4 5 6
Where 3 is the cosine of 30 degrees, in the unit equilateral triangle in which the altitude has
been drawn in (fig 14):



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Weird Arithmetic
Characterizing the distribution of the planets around the sun seems to defy a mathematical
expression. Even the Titius-Bode rule falls apart pretty badly at Neptune.

The Titius-Bode Rule is:

r = 0.4 + (0.3)2n

n = − ∞,0,1,2,…

Which produces the orbits of the planets in astronomical units as such in AU:



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However, I find if we break-up the solar system into two parts; planets interior to the asteroid
belt, and planets exterior to the asteroid belt, quite an interesting pattern forms:

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Thus we can define a weird arithmetic too. We begin by changing the order of operations and
say that:

2n − 3 = 2(n − 3)

So that

2n-3=2(2-3)=2(-1)=-2

We see that since in normal math

(1)x=x

Is the multiplicative identity and

x+0=x

Is the additive identity that in weird math

-1/4=4, -1/2=2,…

Thus,…

2(1-3)=-4=1/4=0.25=mercury=0.4 AU

2(2-3)=-2=1/2=0.5=venus=0.72 AU

2(3-3)=0.0=1=Earth=1.00 AU

(In weird math zero the additive identity is the 1 the multiplicative identity. Which, resolves the
enigma of infinity: 1/0 = 2/0,3/0,… = ∞ which says ∞ = 2∞ = 3∞ because infinity is
now 1/0=1/1=1 infinity is 1, a whole encompassing any multiplicative of it.)

2(4-3)=2=Mars=1.52 AU

2(5-3)=4=Asteroids=2-2AU

2(6-3)=6=Jupiter=5.2 AU

2(7-3)=8=Saturn=9.5 AU

2(8-3)=10=Uranus=19 AU

2(9-3)=12=Neptune=30 AU

Then we establish the connection between regular math and weird math by taking

2n − 3

2n − 6
Which has plots:

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Its Taylor Expansion is:

2n − 3 1 n n2 n3 n4
= − − − − + O(n 5)

2n − 6 2 6 18 54 162
Which approaches the orbits of the first five planets including the asteroid belt if we take each
term separately:

n= 18 = 4.24264

1
= 0.5 = m ercur y = 0.4AU

2
n
= 0.7 = venus = 0.72AU

6
n2
= 1.00 = ear th = 1.00AU

18
n3
= 1.412 ≈ 2 = m ars = 1.52AU

54
n4
= 1.999 ≈ 2 = a steroid s = 2AU − 3AU

162
Then after the asteroids it skips to n to the sixth for Jupiter:

n6
= 5.1 = jupiter = 5.2AU

1458
n9
= 11.31AU = sat ur n = 9.5AU

39366
n 11
= 22.624AU = uranus = 19AU

354294
n 12
= 32AU = nept une = 30AU

1062882
Thus, the after the asteroid the exponent of n counts 6, 9, 11,12 which is

9-6=3 and 11-9=2 and 12-11=1 producing

3, 2, 1

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Thus the equation for the planets is:

( 2 6 18 54 162 )
1 n n2 n3 n4
, , , ,

Which is

( 2 2 ⋅ 3i )
1 ni
Pi = , ,...

i=(1, 2, 3, 4, 5..)

n1 n
P1 = =

2 ⋅ 31 6
n2 n2
P2 = =

2 ⋅ 32 18
.

If we write it

( 2 2 ⋅ 3x )
1 n i+1
Pi = ,

i=(0, 1, 2, 3, 4…)

x=(1, 2, 3, 4, 5..)

n 0+1 n
P0 = =

2 ⋅ 31 6
n 1+1 n2
P1 = =

2 ⋅ 32 18
.

The plots are…




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Mathematical Look At Weird Calculus

Referring to my paper Weird Mathematics and The Planets (Beardsley, 2020), the weird
derivative was provoked by the planets, but I feel one should look at it mathematically. While I
will do this time permitting I would just like to present the immediate relationships between
y=f(x) and its weird derivative for f(x) equal to e to the x, and not put it in the paper until I can
go into it more extensively.

We look at the plot of e to the x whose derivative is e to the x:


Then we look at the plot of the weird derivative of e to the x and get:

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We see its maximum is not to pass one and that its limit as x goes to infinity is zero, and that
the graph of the e to the x and its weird derivative on the same graph speak of the graph of the
tangent function:

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Thus we put the tangent function in the graph of both e to the x and its weird derivative and we
see it more clearly:

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This is interesting because tangent being y/x is similar to the slope of the tangent, the
derivative (dy/dx) hence the terminology that the the derivative of y=f(x) evaluated at x is the
slope of the tangent of f(x) at (x, y). To see the meaning of this we plot by hand and make the
necessary calculations:



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Where the plot labeled tan(x) is really tan(x)+1/2 which is what I thing we should really be
looking at. Which is pivotal if we consider what we wrote earlier:

Let us say a/b=x, the golden ratio. Then,…

x 2 − x − 1 = 0

Let us differentiate this implicitly:

d 2 d d
x − x− 1 = 0

dx dx dx
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2x − 1 = 0

1
x=

2
d x
Which is similar to Euler’s number, e because it is the base such that e is itself e x:

dx
d x
e = e x

dx
But

2
sin 45∘ = cos45∘ =

2
1 ∘
Which says for this angle the x-component equals the y-component is 90 that is , x=1/2
2
bisects a right angle. Which similar in concept to Euler’s number e because it is the base such
d x 2
that e is itself e x . But if sin 45∘ = cos45∘ = , then:

dx 2
π
2cos = 2

4
It is the diagonal of the unit square. We notice something interesting happens:

π
2cos =

n
π π π
2cos = 2 , 2cos = Φ, 2cos = 3

4 5 6
Where 3 is the cosine of 30 degrees, in the unit equilateral triangle in which the altitude has
been drawn in (fig 14):



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We see that the graphs of the weird derivatives alternate between negative and positive
quadrants as the number of the derivative alternates between odd and even:

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The Weird Derivative As Related To The Normal Derivative


Thus we have

∞
f n(a) f′′(a)
(x − a)n = f (a) + f′(a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + …
∑ n! 2!
n=0

2x − 3 → 2(x − 3)

Comparing regular arithmetic to weird arithmetic:

2x − 3
2x − 6
d 2x − 3 f′(x)g(x) − g′(x)f (x)
=
dx 2x − 6 g(x)2

2(2x − 6) − 2(2x − 3)
f′(x) =
(2x − 6)2

f′(0) = − 1/6
x
f′(a)(x − a) = −
6
f′′(a) 2 x2
(x − a) = −
2! 18
f′′′(a) x3
(x − a)3 = −
3! 54
1
f (0) =
2
Equating our two sets for the planets:

d x x2
e = xe 1−x = − f′′(0)x 2 =
dx 18
x=0; x=2.84486

d2 x 2 2−x 3 x3
e =x e = − f′′′(0)x =

dx 2 54
x=0; x=4.48765

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d3 x 3 3−x 4 x4
e =x e = − f′′′′(0)x =

dx 2 162
x=0; x=6.25432

Assuming the distribution of the planets are approximating an idea we could call weird
calculus, then it may be that x is given by:

n+1
xn = e n

Because

e 1 = 2.718 ≈ 2.84486

e 1.5 = 4.48765 ≈ 4.48

e 2 = 7.389 ≈ 6.25432

Plots of the intersections are:




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It would seem the tangent to the Earth is:

d x 1−x 2 x2
e = xe = − f′′(0)x =

dx 18
Is a straight line given approximately by:

y= 3x + 0.3

Which is the following plot:


d2 x 2 2−x 3 x3
e =x e = − f′′′(0)x =

dx 2 54
Represents Mars.

I have worked a bit on a weird integral and thus a fundamental theorem of weird
calculus, but that is the subject of another work titled Weird Mathematics And Nature.

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The Author