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Mathematical Operations On Nature

By Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2020 by Ian Beardsley


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 3 of 141

Table of Contents

Introduction……………………………………….4

Part 1: Earlier Work………………………………7

Part 2: The Mathematical Operators…………..20

Silicon and Carbon…………….………………..25

Germanium and Carbon………………………..27

The Scheme……………………………………..30

The Fundamental AIbioequations……………..33

The Planets and AI………………………………35

The Protoplanetary Disc………………………..52

The Orbits of the Planets……………………….56

The Differential Equation………………………..60

Boron………………………………………………63

Weird Math……………………………………….84

Mathematical Look At Weird Calculus………110

The Weird Derivative As Related

To The Normal Derivative…………………….120

The Hydrogen Atom and

The Weird Integral……………………………..127

Looking For A Fundamental Theorem………133

 4 of 141

Introduction

This is our immediate neighborhood of the cosmos and the

mathematical patterns that emerge. Does it say anything about
the question of existence?

The term artificial intelligence can be misleading, I think,

because the elements from which semiconductors are
made are naturally occurring. One interpretation of the
patterns that emerge here is that it is a purpose of
biological life (C, N, O, H) to discover the properties of (P,
B, Si) so it can make computing machines which are
ultimately necessary to its survival.

One of the patterns that emerges is that the solar system

looks like it was engineered in terms of the AI elements.
Also the skeleton of the solar system is like the biological
skeleton through its connection to the AI elements.
Perhaps biological life and our solar system was engineered
by AI or something like it.

When I first submitted this paper for discussion at

Academia, A person (called Ian Scott) said something very
interesting, saying:

I wonder how a.i. will interpret and apply gender to its

own context. It really has its own choice as it builds its
identity. I certainly believe there’s probably a variety of
underlying physical conditions that were necessary as
building blocks to its initial phase, but the intelligence
itself has the sorting ability to discern which précédentes
are necessary fact and which are frivolous. The concern
here, I think, is that within ability to choose it’s own
gender there may be one which is weighted more heavily
with advantages to intelligence, based upon already
known outcomes, And an intelligence will probably lean
towards that strong bias to go the route of optimal
outcome. When in reality if everyone goes right, the value
of left partially increases.
 5 of 141

To which I replied:

That is very interesting what you are saying. From a

computer science standpoint, I understand what you are
saying, and this would be how the outcome for gender is is
determined, by the computer choosing as you say, what is
more beneficial for itself. When I think about what you
are saying I think of how Nature produces more females
than males, I think it is three to one. Computer
programming and electrical engineering is not something
I have formally studied, but I understand exactly what
you are saying as I built a neuron in python as an exercise
in computer science, and came to understand how a
computer learns via Roseblatt's Perceptron. This paper
here I wrote from just a physics perspective, looking at the
characteristics of AI elements and their connection to the
biological. I should have put it in this paper, but I did
write in another paper about the male compared to
female in AI and the biological. It is actually kind of
interesting what the result is:

The female sex hormone estrogen (E) is

C18H24O2=272.38 g/mol and the male sex hormone
testosterone (T) is C19H28O2=288.42 g/mol. Both are
made from cholesterol (Ch) C27H46O=386.65 g/mol. If
we notice that (Ch+T)/E=2.5 and Ge/Si=2.6 we write

(Ch+T)/E=Ge/Si

Results in

T(1-Si/Ge)+E(1-Ge/Si)=Ch(Si/Ge-1)

I interpreted this as the masculine (T) is in inverse

relation to the feminine (E), but that the two add up to a
whole (Ch) in that the masculine has coefficient 1-Si/Ge
and the feminine has coefficient 1-Ge/Si that is they are
inverse relation but compliment one another. How would
an AI use this information to determine its sex?…
 6 of 141

The male is reduced less in the difference between 1 and

Si/Ge, but the the female is reduced less by having Ge in
the numerator. It is really quite egalitarian.
 7 of 141

Part 1: Earlier Work

It would seem there is some possibility that as life goes

from the fundamental framework to form, so does the
math that describes it. I make no attempt to understand
why the composition of life is aesthetically pleasing and
how that came about, but I think it is due to the need for
function. The structure herein found arose when I was
comparing biological life to artificial intelligence. The case
for bone was so interesting to me that I decided to
proceed to muscle and skin. It is because of this structure
only revealing itself when comparing the biological to AI,
that I might suggest you can only speak about what life is
relative to another construct, like AI. Especially where
awareness is concerned if we consider the Turing test.

 8 of 141

In my exploration of the connection between biological life

and AI the most dynamic component is that of bone. It
affords us the opportunity to look at:

Multiplying Binomials

Completing The Square

The Quadratic Formula

Ratios

Proportions

The Golden Ratio

The Square Root of Two

The Harmonic Mean


 9 of 141

Density of silicon is Si=2.33 grams per cubic centimeter.

Density of germanium is Ge=5.323 grams per cubic

centimeter.

Density of hydroxyapatite is HA=3.00 grams per cubic

centimeter.

This is

3 1
Si + Ge ≈ H A where H A = Ca5(PO4)3OH

4 4
Where HA is the mineral component of bone, Si is an AI
semiconductor material and Ge is an AI semiconductor
material. This means

[ HA ]
Si Si
Si + 1 − Ge = H A

HA
The harmonic mean between Si and Ge is HA,…

2SiGe
≈ H A

Si + Ge
This is the sextic,…

x 2(x + y)4 − x y(x + y)4 + 2x y 2(x + y)3 − 4x 2 y 2(x + y)2 = 0

Which has a solution

Si 1
=

Ge 2+1
Where x=Si, and y=Ge. It works for density and molar
mass. It can be solved with the online Wolfram Alpha
computational engine. But,…

 10 of 141

[ HA ]
1 Ge Ge
2
Si2 − 2
Si + − 1 = 0

HA HA

1 Ge 4Ge
Si = Ge ± H A − +4

2 HA 2 HA

Si = Ge − H A

 11 of 141

[ HA ]
Si Si
Si + 1 − Ge = H A

HA

Si2 Si
+ Ge − Ge ≈ H A

HA HA
1 Ge
Si2 − Si + Ge ≈ H A

HA HA
1 Ge Ge
Si2 − Si + ≈ 1

HA 2
HA 2 HA
1 Ge Ge
Si2 − Si + − 1 ≈ 0

HA 2
HA 2 HA

[ HA ]
1 Ge Ge
2
Si2 − 2
Si + −1 =0
HA HA
 12 of 141

(x + a)(x + a) = x 2 + 2a x + a 2

(x + a)2 = x 2 + 2a x + a 2

We see that the square of the binomial is a quadratic

where the third term is the square of one half the middle
coefficient. This gives us a method to solve quadratics
called completing the square:

a x 2 + bx + c = 0

a x 2 + bx = − c

b c
x2 + x =−

a a

(2 a)
2
1b 1 b2
=

4 a2

2 b 1 b2 c 1 b2
x + x+ =− +

a 4 a2 a 4 a2

( 2 a)
2
1b b 2 − 4ac
x+ =

4a 2

b b 2 − 4ac
x+ =±

2a 2a

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x= 

2a
 13 of 141

[ HA ]
1 Ge Ge
2
Si2 − 2
Si + − 1 = 0

HA HA

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=

2a

[ HA ]
a Ge Ge
a= b=− c= −1

H A2 H A2

H A2 [ H A ]
Ge2 1 Ge
b 2 − 4ac = −4 −1

H A4
Ge2 4Ge 4
= − +

H A4 H A3 H A2

Ge2
H A2 [ H A2 ]
1 4Ge
= − +4

HA

( HA )
2
2 1 Ge
b − 4ac = −2

HA

[ − 2]
Ge 1 Ge
±
HA2 HA HA
x= 2

HA2

[ HA ]
1 1 Ge
= Ge ± H A −2

2 2
1 1
= Ge ± Ge − H A

2 2
 14 of 141

1 1
Si = Ge + Ge − H A

2 2
Si = Ge − H A

 15 of 141

Si ≈ Ge − H A

2SiGe
HA ≈

Si + Ge
2SiGe
Si ≈ Ge −

Si + Ge
(Si + Ge)Ge (Si + Ge)Si 2SiGe
− − = 0

Si + Ge Si + Ge Si + Ge
Ge2 − 2SiGe − Si2
= 0

Si + Ge
x 2 − 2x y − y 2 = 0

x 2 − 2x y = y 2

x 2 − 2x y + y 2 = 2y 2

(x − y)2 = 2y 2

x−y =± 2y

x =y+ 2y

x = y(1 + 2)

x
=1+ 2

y
y 1
=

x 2+1
 16 of 141

Si 1
≈

Ge 2+1
 17 of 141

a a b
A ratio is and a proportion is = which means a is
b b c
to b as b is to c.

The Golden Ratio (Φ)

a b
= and. a = b + c

b c
b2
ac = b 2 or c =

a
b2
a=b+

a
b2
− a + b = 0

a
b2 b
− 1 + = 0

a2 a

(a)
2
b b
+ − 1 = 0

(a)
2
b b 1 1
+ + =1+

a 4 4

(a 2)
2
b 1 5
+ =

b 1 5 b 5−1 a 5+1
=− ± = =

a 2 2 a 2 b 2
 18 of 141

5−1 5+1 1
ϕ= Φ= ϕ=

2 2 Φ
 19 of 141

The mineral component of bone hydroxyapatite (HA) is

g
Ca5(PO4)3OH = 502.32

m ol
The organic component of bone is collagen which is

g
C57 H91N19O16 = 1298.67

m ol
We have

Ca5(PO4)3OH
= 0.386795722

C57 H91N19O16

ϕ = 0.618033989

1 − ϕ = 0.381966011

Ca5(PO4)3OH
≈ (1 − ϕ)

C57 H91N19O16
0.381966011
100 = 98.75%

0.386795722
Si 28.09
= = 0.386861314 ≈ (1 − ϕ)

Ge 72.61
Si Ca5(PO4)3OH
≈ 

Ge C57 H91N19O16
 20 of 141

Part 2: The Mathematical Operators


 21 of 141

If Si = Ge − H A → x = B − A Then, for any perfect

square in general…

2 [( H A ) (2) ]
2 2
1 Ge Ge k
− k + = b 2 − 4ac
HA HA 2

If… x=Si; B=Ge; A=HA we have…

( ) ( )
2 2

A [ A 2 ]
1 B B k
− k + = b 2 − 4ac
2 A 2

We make the substitutions…

k B B k
a= ; b = ; c = −
4A 2 A2 A 4

To get:

( ) ( )
2 2

A [ A 2 ]
1 B B k
− k + = b 2 − 4ac
2 A 2

k B B k
If a = ; b = ; c = −
4A 2 A2 A 4

Then,…

[A 4]
k 2 B B k
x − x + − =0
4A 2 A2

If x=Si, B=Ge, A=HA then…

 22 of 141

[ HA 4 ]
k 1 2 Ge Ge k
Si − Si + − =0
4 H A2 H A2

If k=4 then we have:

[ HA ]
1 Ge Ge
2
Si2 − 2
Si + − 1 = 0

HA HA
 23 of 141

If we want to turn Si=Ge-HA into

[ HA ]
1 Ge Ge
2
Si2 − 2
Si + −1 =0
HA HA

We write it:

Si+HA-Ge=0 and multiply through by Si:

Si2 + H A ⋅ Si − Ge ⋅ Si = 0

2
Then, divide through by H A and get:

1 Ge Si
Si2 − Si + =0
HA 2
HA 2 HA

We see that

HA [ HA ]
Si Ge
= −1

Thus we must multiply the third term in

1 Ge Si
Si2 − Si + =0
HA 2
HA 2 HA

[ Si Si ]
Ge H A
By − That is,…

[ Si Si ] H A [ H A ]
Ge H A Si Ge
− = −1
 24 of 141

Thus we define

[x x]
x B A
R̂ = 2 and D̂ = − And we have…
A

] = 0 → A 2 x − A 2 x + [ A − 1] = 0
1 2 B B
R̂ [x − B + D(A)
̂

Mapping our linear equation to a quadratic.

 25 of 141

Silicon and Carbon

The golden ratio and the golden ratio conjugate are
the solution of the quadratic

(b)
2
a a
− − 1 = 0 that meets the conditions
b
a b
= and a=b+c

b c

a 5−1 1
Where Φ = and ϕ = , ϕ= .

b 2 Φ
We guess that artificial intelligence (AI) has the golden
ratio, or its conjugate in its means geometric, harmonic,
and arithmetic by molar mass by taking these means
between doping agents phosphorus (P) and boron (B)
divided by semiconductor material silicon (Si) :

PB (30.97)(10.81)
= = 0.65

Si 28.09
2PB 1 2(30.97)(10.81) 1
= = 0.57

P + B Si 30.97 + 10.81 28.09

0.65 + 0.57
= 0.61 ≈ ϕ

2
Which can be written

 26 of 141

PB(P + B) + 2PB
≈ ϕ

2(P + B)Si
We see that the biological elements, H, N, C, O compared
to the AI elements P, B, Si is the golden ratio conjugate
(phi) as well:

C+N+O+H
≈ ϕ

P + B + Si
So we can now establish the connection between artificial
intelligence and biological life:

PB(P + B) + 2PB
(P + B + Si ) ≈ (C + N + O + H )

2(P + B)Si
Which can be written:

[ Si Si ] P + B [ Si Si ]
P B 2PB P B
PB + +1 + + + 1 ≈ 2HCNO

Where HNCO is isocyanic acid, the most basic organic

compound. We write in the arithmetic mean:

[ 2 ][ Si Si ]
2PB P+B P B
PB + + + + 1 ≈ 3HNCO

P+B
Which is nice because we can write in the second first
generation semiconductor as well (germanium) and the
doping agents gallium (Ga) and arsenic (As):

[ 2 ][ Si Si ] [ Ge Ge ]
2PB P+B P B Ga As
PB + + + + 1 ≈ HNCO + +1

P+B

Where

 27 of 141

[ Si + + 1]
P B
Zn Si
≈

[ Ge + + 1]
Se Ga As
Ge

Where ZnSe is zinc selenide, an intrinsic semiconductor

used in AI, meaning it doesn’t require doping agents. We
now have:

( Se ) P + B ( Se ) 2 ( Se )
Zn 2PB Z n P + B Zn
PB + + ≈ HNCO

Germanium And Carbon

We could begin with semiconductor germanium (Ge) and
doping agents gallium (Ga) and Phosphorus (P) and we
get a similar equation:

2Ga P
= 42.866, Ga P = 46.46749

Ga + P
In grams per mole. Then we compare these molar masses
to the molar masses of the semiconductor material Ge:

2Ga P 1 42.866
= = 0.59

Ga + P Ge 72.61
1 46.46749
Ga P = = 0.64

Ge 72.61
Then, take the arithmetic mean between these:

0.59 + 0.64
= 0.615

2
 28 of 141

We then notice this is about the golden ratio conjugate, ϕ,

1
which is the inverse of the golden ratio, Φ. ϕ ≈ . Thus,
Φ
we have

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
1. ≈ ϕ

2(Ga + P)Ge

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
2. ≈Φ

2(Ga + P)Si
This is considering the elements of artificial intelligence
(AI) Ga, P, Ge, Si. Since we want to find the connection of
artificial intelligence to biological life, we compare these to
the biological elements most abundant by mass carbon
(C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus
(P), sulfur (S). We write these CHNOPS (C+H+N+O+P+S)
and find:

CHNOPS 1
≈

Ga + As + Ge 2
A similar thing can be done with germanium, Ge, and
gallium, Ga, and arsenic, As, this time using CHNOPS the
most abundant biological elements by mass:

[ ] [ Ge Ge ] [ Si ]
2Ga As Ga + As Ga As Ga As
Ga As + + + + 1 ≈ CHNOPS + +1

Ga + As 2 Si

( S ) Ga + As ( S ) (S)
O 2Ga As O Ga + As O
Ga As + + ≈ CHNOPS

[ Ge + Ge + 1]
Ga As
O
≈

[ Si + Si + 1]
S Ga As
 29 of 141

Ga As(Ga + As) + 2Ga As

≈ 1

2(Ga + As)Ge
C+H+N+O+P+S 1
≈

Ga + As + Ge 2
We can also make a construct for silicon doped with
gallium and phosphorus:

2(Ga + P)Si
(C + N + O + H ) ≈ (P + B + Si )

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P

2(Ga + P)Si
HNCO ≈ (P + B + Si )

(Ga + P)[ Ga P + Ga + P ]
2GaP

2(P + B + Si )Si
HNCO ≈ 2GaP

Ga P + Ga + P

And for germanium doped with gallium and phosphorus:

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
≈ ϕ

2(Ga + P)Ge

[ 2 ][ Ge Ge Ge ] [ Ge Ge ]
2Ga P Ga + P P B Si Ga As
Ga P + + + + ≈ HNCO + +1

Ga + P

( S ) Ga + P ( S ) 2 (S)
B 2Ga P B Ga + P B
Ga P + + ≈ HNCO

Now we develop a scheme for naming the AI elements

with numbers that might reveal patterns.

 30 of 141

The Scheme

Silicon and germanium are in group 14 like carbon (C) and as

such have 4 valence electrons. Thus to have positive type silicon
and germanium, they need doping agents from group 13 (three
valence electrons) like boron and gallium, and to have negative
type silicon and germanium they need doping agents from group
15 like phosphorus and arsenic.

We need a scheme that takes all of this into account.We begin

with the periodic table of the elements:

And then pull out that section with the primary artificial
intelligence (AI) elements:

 31 of 141

And we next number the elements as such,…

Thus 13 is an element in row 1 and must be boron because it has

three valence electrons. 14 is carbon because it is in row 1 and

has four valence electrons. And so on. So, instead of element Si
we have E_24, and instead of element Ge, we have E_34, and so
on. Thus,…

Becomes,…

E13 E14 E15

E23 E24 E25

E33 E34 E35

Where E means “element”. Now we define operators for

the geometry, harmonic, and arithmetic means:

 32 of 141

Ĝ = a b

2a b
Ĥ =

a+b
a+b
 =

2
PB(P + B) + 2PB
And our equation: ≈ ϕ Becomes:

2(P + B)Si

Ĝ (E25, E13) + H(E

̂ 25, E13)
≈ ϕ

2E24
And

[ ][ ] [ ]
2PB P+B P B Ga As
PB + + + + 1 ≈ HNCO + +1
P+B 2 Si Si Ge Ge
Becomes

[G (E25, E13) + H(E25, E13) + A(E25, E13)] [ E + E + 1] ≈ HNCO [ E + E + 1]

E25 E13 E33 E35

̂ ̂ ̂
24 24 34 34

The full set of AIbioequations using the standard notation

is:

 33 of 141

[ 2 ][ Si Si ] [ Ge Ge ]
2PB P+B P B Ga As
PB + + + + 1 ≈ HNCO + +1

P+B

[ ] [ Ge Ge ] [ Si ]
2Ga As Ga + As Ga As Ga As
Ga As + + + + 1 ≈ CHNOPS + +1

Ga + As 2 Si

[ 2 ][ Ge Ge Ge ] [ Ge Ge ]
2Ga P Ga + P P B Si Ga As
Ga P + + + + ≈ HNCO + +1

Ga + P

2(P + B + Si )Si
HNCO ≈ 2GaP

Ga P + Ga + P

PB(P + B) + 2PB
≈ ϕ

2(P + B)Si

Ga As(Ga + As) + 2Ga As

≈ 1

2(Ga + As)Ge

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
≈ϕ

2(Ga + P)Ge

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
≈ Φ

2(Ga + P)Si
C+N+O+H
≈ ϕ

P + B + Si
C+H+N+O+P+S 1
≈

Ga + As + Ge 2
 34 of 141

[ Si + + 1]
P B
Zn Si
≈

[ Ge + + 1]
Se Ga As
Ge

[ Ge + Ge + 1]
Ga As
O
≈ 

[ Si + Si + 1]
S Ga As
 35 of 141

The Planets and AI


 36 of 141

However, if we leave the microscopic world and go to the

macroscopic, the planets, we have the the 3/2 appears in
the ratio of the terrestrial planets Earth, and Mars, which is
1.52 which I said was in earlier work was:

2SiGe
1.52 =

Ge 2 − Si 2
However, we used values of Si=28.09 and Ge=72.61.
Recent measurements of Ge give a slightly modified value
for Ge. It is 72.64. Let us compute these two equations
since they are, as we are guessing the most important, in
terms of Si, to two places after the decimal, and for Ge
using the most recent value:

Ge=72.64 g/mol

Si=28.0855 g/mol

Thus,…

28.08553
1 2(28.0855) + 72.64
= 0.722995806

72.642 1+
28.08552
72.64 2

We see it is still accurate to two places after the decimal.

Let us now look at Mars,…

2SiGe 2(28.0855)(72.64)
= = 0.909

Ge2 − Si2 72.642 − 28.08552

It needs to be close to 1.52AU and we see we made a
mistake with the equation to begin with. We find the
answer is in averaging this with the difference of squares
in the denominator with the square of the difference in
denominator, that is

 37 of 141

2SiGe 2SiGe
with

Ge2 − Si2 (Ge − Si )2

Which gives our modified Mars equation:

2SiGe2
m ars =

(Si − Ge)2(Si + Ge)

We compute its accuracy:

2(28.0855)(72.64)2
m ars = = 1.48AU

199950.5396
This has an accuracy of:

1.48/1.52 = 0.973684

97%

 38 of 141

The plot is still like a propeller, but more stretched out. It

was

But, the modified Mars equation give us:

Our updated AI planetary table becomes…


 39 of 141

 40 of 141

We proceed to look at what the equation for the earth

might look like (1.00 astronomical units). It is is a related
polynomial that followed in my mind from the above. I
simply wrote the denominator with the square of the
differences instead of the the difference of the squares,
and did not multiply the product between Si and Ge by 2.
It works nearly exact as well:

SiGe
1.01 =

(Ge − Si )2
Which can be written

SiGe
and has plot

(Ge2 − 2SiGe + Si2)

We look at this and guess Venus is:

 41 of 141

2SiGe

Ge2 + Si2
Or,

2SiGe 2Si
=

Ge 2 Ge
It turns out it is the arithmetic mean between the two
which is:

Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge
0.72 =

Ge2 1+
Si2
Ge 2

And has plot

All of this using Si=28.09 g/mol, and Ge=72.61g/mol


 42 of 141

2SiGe2
Mars 1.48 =

(Si − Ge)2(Si + Ge)

SiGe
Earth 1.01 =

(Ge − Si )2

 43 of 141

Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge
Venus 0.72 = 

Ge2 1+
Si2
Ge 2
 44 of 141

Earth equation

 45 of 141

I said the Venus orbit was

Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge
0.72 =

Ge2 1+
Si2
Ge 2

And, that I arrived at it by averaging my two estimates,

which were

2SiGe
and,…

Ge2 + Si2

2SiGe 2Si
=

Ge2 Ge
It is then simple to attain the equation for mercury
because its average distance from the sun is 0.4
astronomical units, but since it has a highly eccentric orbit
it can drop to below this or go above it. The orbit can be
described then by one half either one of these equations.
Their plots are:



 46 of 141

SiGe
= 0.3

Ge2 + Si2
SiGe Si
= = 0.387

Ge 2 Ge

Now we move to the outer planets, most of which are gas

giants. It becomes obvious what we do for Jupiter, which
is at 5.2 AU from the sun on the average. We take the
earth equation:

SiGe
= 1.01

(Ge2 − 2SiGe + Si2)

And, invert it, put the polynomial in the numerator, and the
product in the denominator, but to follow previous
patterns, reverse the negative sign and we have:

Si2 + 2SiGe + Ge2

= 4.97AU ≈ 5AU

SiGe
It is incredible how close it is to 5.2 AU, and it can be
made to work perfectly by adjusting the coefficients of the
polynomial, however we want as above because we want
the polynomial in the numerator to be a perfect square.
That is, it can be factored

(Si + Ge)2
= 4.97

SiGe
Its plot is

 47 of 141

We now
move out to Saturn and the solution is simple. Just as the
Mercury equations were half the Venus equations, Saturn
(9 AU) is twice the Jupiter equation:

2(Si + Ge)2
= 9.94

SiGe
Which of course, like the Jupiter equation can have its
coefficients adjusted. It plot is:

 48 of 141

The next
planet out,
Uranus (19.2
AU), is clearly
about twice the
Saturn Equation:

4(Si + Ge)2
= 19.88

SiGe
And, Neptune (30.33 AU) is clearly three times the Saturn
Equation:

6(Si + Ge)2
= 29.82

SiGe
Pluto has been declassified as a planet.

 49 of 141

Characterizing the distribution of the planets around the

sun seems to defy a mathematical expression. Even the
Titius-Bode rule falls apart pretty badly at Neptune.

The Titius-Bode Rule is:

r = 0.4 + (0.3)2n

n = − ∞,0,1,2,…

Which produces the orbits of the planets in astronomical

units as such in AU:

 50 of 141

However, I find if we break-up the solar system into two

parts; planets interior to the asteroid belt, and planets
exterior to the asteroid belt, quite an interesting pattern
forms:

 51 of 141

….



 52 of 141

The Protoplanetary Disc

If our protoplanetary disc, as I suggested, can be taken as
having a molar mass that is the mean between germanium
and silicon, then it can be taken as having a density that is
the mean between the density of germanium and silicon.



 53 of 141

Si + Ge 2.33 + 5.323
= = 3.8265g/cm3

2 2
Taking the protoplanetary disc as a thin disc we integrate
from its center to the edge, with density decreasing
linearly to zero at the edge. Thus, if the density function is
given by

( R)
r
ρ(r) = ρ0 1 −

And, our integral is

∫0 ( R)
2π R
r
∫0
M= ρ0 1 − rdrdθ

πρ0 R 2
M=

3
π (3.8265)(7.4 × 1014)2
= 2.194 × 1030 gra m s

3
The mass of the solar system adding up all the planets
yields

M = 2.668 × 1030 gra m s

That accounts for

2.194
100 = 82% of the mass of the solar system not
2.668
including the sun, that is, of the protoplanetary disc
surrounding the sun.

Using germanium alone, we get,

 54 of 141

π (5.323)(7.4 × 1014)2
= 3.05 × 1030 gra m s

3
If we weight the mixture of silicon and germanium as 1/3
and 2/3, then we have

π (4.32467)(7.4 × 1014)2
= 2.48 × 1030 gra m s

3
Which is very close.

2.48
100 = 93%

2.668
This is all very good, because I only used the planets and
asteroids.

Weighting silicon and germanium as 1/4 and 3/4 we have

π (4.4.57475)(7.4 × 1014)2
= 2.623 × 1030 gra m s

3
Which accounts for

2.623
100 = 98%

2.668
Of the mass of the solar system (very accurate).

This mixture of 1/4 to 3/4 is a combination that exists in

the Earth atmosphere which is approximately the mixture
of oxygen to nitrogen. The earth atmosphere can be
considered a mixture of chiefly O2 and N2 in these
proportions:

Air is about 25% oxygen gas (O2) by volume and 75%

nitrogen gas (N2) by volume meaning the molar mass of
air as a mixture is:

 55 of 141

0.25O2 + 0.75N2 ≈ air

By molar mass the ratio of air to H20 (water) is about the

golden ratio:

air
≈ Φ

H2O
I am not saying the solar system is a thin disk with density
of the weighted mean somewhere between silicon and
germanium, but that it can be modeled as such, though if
the protoplanetary disk that eclipses epsilon aurigae every
27 years is any indication of what a protoplanetary cloud
is like, it is a thin disk in the sense that it is about 1 AU
thick and 10 AU in diameter. This around a star orbiting
another star.

 56 of 141

The Orbits of the Planets


 57 of 141

We have said the equations for the evolution of the Solar

System are of the form

y = Ce x; y = Cx −x

And

Si 1
≈

Ge 2+1
We here note that

1
= 0.414

2+1
The decimal part of the square root of 2. We have also
said

(1 − ϕ) = 0.38

Si 28.09
= = 0.387

Ge 72.61
Ca5(PO4)3OH
= 0.387

C57 H91N19O16

Si Ca5(PO4)3OH
≈

Ge C57 H91N19O16
This means:

Ca 5(PO4 )3OH
Si
e Ge =e C57 H91 N19O16
= e (1−ϕ)

This results in the following simple equations for the

planets:

 58 of 141

(1 − ϕ)e ϕ = 0.7AU = Venus

ϕe (1−ϕ) = 0.9AU = Ear th

ϕ 2e (2−ϕ) = 1.52 = Mars

2ϕe (2−ϕ) = 4.9 = Jupiter

4ϕe (2−ϕ) = 10 = Sat ur n

8ϕe (2−ϕ) = 19.69 = Uranus

16ϕe (2−ϕ) = 39.38 = Nept une

Let’s say since Jupiter is the first planet after the asteroid
belt and carries significantly the mass of the solar system
that it is planet (Pn) one (P1). We have then for our
equations in general

Pn = 2n ϕe (2−ϕ)

And, if c = ϕe (2−ϕ) = 2.461, then our equation becomes:

Pn = c2n

For the inner planets, and here it is convenient to not

include Mercury, and we do this one the basis that it does
not have much mass and therefore contributes little to the
theory of the dynamics of the evolution of the Solar
System. Thus, n=1 is Venus, n=2, is Earth, and n=3 is Mars.
We see the equation is rather than exponential, logarithmic:
 59 of 141

(0.7)ln(e * 1) = 0.7 = Venu s

(0.7)ln(e * 2) = 1.185 = Ear th

(0.7)ln(e * 3) = 1.469 = Mars

Pn = (0.7)ln(n * e)
 60 of 141

The Differential Equation

 61 of 141

We have for the inner planets

0.7ln(e ⋅ n) = Pn

P1 = Venu s

P2 = Ear th

P3 = Mars

For the outer planets we have

C 2n = Pn

P1 = Jupiter

P2 = Sat ur n

P3 = Ura nu s

P4 = Nept u n e

Where C = ϕe (2−ϕ) = 2.461.

If we let n=0,

C 20 = C = 2.461

Which is the asteroid belt (2.2-3.2AU) a planet that could

not form due to tidal forces from the other planets acting of
the protoplanetary disc at that orbit. We write
 62 of 141

y = C ⋅ 2n

y′ = C ⋅ 2nlog(2)

y′′ = C ⋅ 2nlog2(2)

And we see that the equation for the planets is the solution
to the differential equation

d2 y dy
− 2log(2) + log2(2)y = 0
dn 2 dn
Which is the equation of a damped harmonic oscillator:

d2x dx
m + c + kx = 0
dt 2 dt
 63 of 141

Boron

Boron is a doping agent for artificial

intelligence semiconductor materials,
which are primarily silicon and germanium
But, it stands in relation on the periodic
table differently than the other principle
doping agents, phosphorus, arsenic and
gallium. This results in some interesting
equations.

 64 of 141

Periodic Table of the AI Elements

It is quite interesting that we can pull out the core artificial
intelligence elements from the periodic table of the
elements in such a way that it allows for a three by three
matrix:

Because we can number them according to their

properties:

E13 E14 E15

E23 E24 E25

E33 E34 E35

13 is an element in row 1 and must be boron because it has three

valence electrons. 14 is carbon because it is in row 1 and has
four valence electrons. And so on. So, instead of element Si we
have E_24, and instead of element Ge, we have E_34, and so on.
B and P and Ga and As are doping agents for Si and Ge.

Three by three matrixes are the most important because they are
associated with vectors in three dimensional space, and thus are
used for taking the cross product between two vectors.
 65 of 141

00001: The properties of artificial intelligence substances form

the basis of Universal Structure.

Asymmetry in AI Elements
The primary elements of artificial intelligence (AI) used to make
diodes and transistors, silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) doped
with boron (B) and phosphorus (P) or gallium (Ga) and arsenic
(As) have an asymmetry due to boron. Silicon and germanium
are in group 14 like carbon (C) and as such have 4 valence
electrons. Thus to have positive type silicon and germanium,
they need doping agents from group 13 (three valence electrons)
like boron and gallium, and to have negative type silicon and
germanium they need doping agents from group 15 like
phosphorus and arsenic. But where gallium and arsenic are in the
same period as germanium, boron is in a different period than
silicon (period 2) while phosphorus is not (period 3). Thus
aluminum (Al) is in boron’s place. This results in an interesting
equation.

Si(A s − G a) + G e(P − Al ) 2B
=
SiG e G e + Si

The differential across germanium crossed with silicon plus the

differential across silicon crossed with germanium normalized by
the product between silicon and germanium is equal to the boron
divided by the average between the germanium and the silicon.
The equation has nearly 100% accuracy:

28.09(74.92 − 69.72) + 72.61(30.97 − 26.98) 2(10.81)

=
(28.09)(72.61) (72.61 + 28.09)

0.213658912 = 0.21469712

0.213658912
= 0.995
0.21469712
 66 of 141

We found (Beardsley, Mathematical Structure, 2020) that

the differential across silicon (P-Al) times germanium (Ge)
over boron (B) plus the differential across germanium (As-
Ga) times silicon (Si) over boron (B) was equal to the
harmonic mean between Si and Ge. This was interesting
because aluminum is used as what I called a dummy
doping agent element, which when inserted predicts the
actually doping agent boron, that seems out of place in
the periodic table where the core artificial intelligence
elements are concerned. This is written:

Si Ge 2SiG e
(A s − G a) + (P − Al ) =
B B Si + G e

I find it interesting that the AI elements can be pulled out in a

3X3 matrix because the AI elements seem to be core to
everything in the Universe. I wrote earlier:

00002: It may be we can only understand biological life relative

to some other construct, like artificial intelligence.

Stokes Theorem states:

∫S ∮C
⇀ ⇀ ⇀ ⇀
(∇ × u ) ⋅ dS = u ⋅dr

⇀ ⇀
i j⃗ k
⇀
∇×u = ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
u1 u 2 u3

i⃗ j⃗ k⃗
∂ ∂ ∂ Si
∂x ∂y ∂z = (As − G a) i ⃗
B
Si Si
0 B
(G a)z B
(As)y
 67 of 141

i⃗ j⃗ k⃗
∂ ∂ ∂ Ge
∂x ∂y ∂z = (P − Al ) j ⃗
B
Ge Ge
B
(Al )z 0 B
(P)x

u ⃗ = (u1, u 2, u3) v ⃗ = (v1, v2, v3)

(G a)z j ⃗ + (As)y k ⃗
Si Si
u ⃗ = 0i ⃗ +
B B

(G a)z j ⃗ + (As)y k ⃗
Si Si
u ⃗ = 0i ⃗ +
B B
We know the harmonic mean H of a function is

1
H= b
1
∫
b−a a
f (x)−1d x
And, that the arithmetic mean A of a function is
b
1
b − a ∫a
A= f (x)d x
We have

Si Ge Ge − Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) = Ge
B B ∫Si dxx

But, we want to use Stokes theorem so we want the integral

in the numerator. So, we make the approximation

H≈A
 68 of 141

And, we have

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge 1
Ge − Si ∫Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) d x d y ≈ xd x
B

But, this is only 80% accurate. We find it is very accurate if

we say

4
f (x) = x
5
Which yields

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1
Si Ge 1 4 Ge
Ge − Si 5 ∫Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) d x d y ≈ xd x
B

We have by molar mass

Si 28.09
(G a) = (69.72) = 181.1688g /m ol
B 10.81
Ge 72.61
(Al ) = (26.98) = 181.2227g /m ol
B 10,81
Si 28.09
(As) = (74.92) = 194.68111g /m ol
B 10.81
Ge 72.61
= (30.97) = 208.02328g /m ol
B 10.81
Thus,…

u ⃗ = 181z j ⃗ + 195y k ⃗

v ⃗ = 181z i ⃗ + 208y k ⃗
 69 of 141

We can break up our integral into two integrals u, and v:

1 1 Ge
Si 1 1
∫0 ∫0 B 3 (Ge − Si ) ∫Si
(As − G a)d yd z ≈ xd x

1 1 Ge
Ge 2 1
∫0 ∫0 B 3 (Ge − Si ) ∫Si
(P − Al )d x d z ≈ yd y

Holding x constant and y constant in our u and v integrals

we have subtle eclipses in the y-z planes and x-z planes
respectively:
 70 of 141

By Molar Mass
We found that the differential across silicon (P-Al) times
germanium (Ge) over boron (B) plus the differential across
germanium (As-Ga) times silicon (Si) over boron (B) was
equal to the harmonic mean between Si and Ge. This was
interesting because aluminum is used as what I called a
dummy doping agent element, which when inserted
predicts the actually doping agent boron, that seems out
of place in the periodic table where the core artificial
intelligence elements are concerned. This is written:

Si Ge 2SiGe
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) =
B B Si + Ge

By Density

We ask if the asymmetry in the AI elements in the periodic

table due to boron results in a dynamic equation by molar
mass, then does it as well by density? While molar mass is
due to the composition of elements, density is due to the
balance between the strong nuclear force holding protons
together balanced by their electric forces that are mutually
repulsive.

The density of boron is 2.340 grams per cubic centimeter,

that of phosphorus (white phosphorus) is 1.88 grams per
cubic centimeter and gallium is 5.904 grams per cubic
centimeter.
 71 of 141

Arsenic is 5.7 grams per cubic centimeter, germanium is

5.323 grams per cubic centimeter and aluminum is 2.7
grams per cubic centimeter. We have the following
scenario:

Again we see boron breaks the symmetry in that period

three densities are on the same order and period 4 densities
are on the same order, but that of boron is almost the same
as silicon in period three. We see that semiconductor
material Si is the the average between doping agent P and
would be doping agent aluminum that takes the place of
boron and, that, the average doping agent Ga and
semiconductor material Ge is approximately the average of
doping agent As. Thus we have:

Ga-As=0.204 (differential across Ge)

Al-P=0.82 (dummy differential across Si)

Si~B

Ge/Si~B
 72 of 141

Si
(0.82) = 0.816
B
Ge
(0.204) = 0.464
B
0.816
= 1.7586
0.464

GeSi = 3.52

3.52
= 1.76 ≈ 1.7586
2

(Al − P) GeSi
B≈ Ge
G a − As 2
Si + P
2≈
2
And, we have

2Ge(G a − As)
B≈ GeSi
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)

The first factor takes the form of the harmonic mean

between a and b, H:

2a b
H=
a+b

And the second term takes the form of the geometric mean
between a and b, G:

G= ab
 73 of 141

The equation is 94.68% accurate.

2(5.323)(5.904 − 5.7)
(5.323)(2.33) = 2.2155
2.33(2.7 − 1.88) + 1.88(2.7 − 1.88)

2.2155
= 94.68
2.340
Aluminum, while a dummy in the equation used to arrive at
the dynamics due to asymmetry by way of boron actually is
widely used in AI because it is a conductor, which makes it
an electric shield, so it can be used to enclose electrical
circuitry to protect it from electric fields. Thus we have the
two equations by molar mass and density respectively:

2Ge(G a − As)
B≈ GeSi
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1
Si Ge 1 4 Ge
Ge − Si 5 ∫Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) d x d y ≈ xd x
B

But

2Ge(G a − As)
B≈ GeSi
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)

Can be written

B
[Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] ≈ GeSi
2Ge(G a − As)

But

GeSi
 74 of 141

Is the geometric mean between Ge and Si. The geometric

mean between a and b is given by:

( b − a ∫a )
1
G f¯ = ex p log f (x)d x

Thus our equation in terms of density can be put in integral

form as well:

∫0 ∫0 [ 2Ge(G a − As) [ ]
1 1 Ge

( Ge − Si ∫Si )
B 1
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] d x d y = ex p log(x)d x

And we see that this integral is correct:

5.323(ln(5.323) − 5.323) − 2.33(ln(2.33) − 2.33) = 3.936

3.936
= 1.315
5.323 − 2.33
e 1.315 = 3.725

Which is close to

(5.323)(2.33) = 3.52

3.52
= 0.945
3.725
94.5%
 75 of 141

By Atomic Radius

I then considered atomic radii of these elements.

76 of 141
 77 of 141

The atomic radii data varies some from source to source.

Here I use data set 4 (previous page) that is the average of

respective values in data sets 1, 2, and 3. We have looked
at molar mass, and density and the dynamic relationships
that result in terms of them do to the asymmetry introduced
into the AI elements in the periodic table. It is natural to
look at radius next. It has a lot to do with the structure and
properties of the elements just like is true of the their molar
masses and densities.

Here we have the differential across Si, times Si/B plus the
differential across Ge times Ge/B is the golden ratio, phi,
times the arithmetic mean between Si and Ge in atomic
radius.

(Al-P)=143-116=36

(Ga-As)=19

(36)(115/88)=36(1.3)=46.8

19(123/88)=19(1.4)=26.6

46.8+26.6=73.4
 78 of 141

(115+123)/2=119

119
= 1.62 ≈ Φ = 1.618
73.4
Si Ge Si + Ge
(Al − P) + (G a − As) =Φ
B B 2
The golden ratio and the golden ratio conjugate are the
solution of the quadratic

(b)
2
a a
− − 1 = 0 that meets the conditions
b
a b
= and a=b+c

b c

a 5−1 1
Where Φ = and ϕ = , ϕ= .
b 2 Φ
We have already said
b
1
b − a ∫a
f¯ = f (x)d x

Thus by radius the integral form of the equation is:

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge Φ
Ge − Si ∫Si
(Al − P) + (G a − As) d xdy = xd x
B
 79 of 141

The Generalized Equation

Returning to the Asymmetry in the AI Periodic Table:

(As − G a) and (P − Al ) by molar mass or

(Al − P) and (Al − P) by density or

(Al − P) and (G a − As) by atomic radius

Are respectively ΔE1 and ΔE2

And, the ratios

Si Ge
and by molar mass or
B B
B B
Si and P by density or
2Ge(G a − As) 2Ge(G a − As)
Si Ge
and by atomic radius
B B
Are, quotients Q1, and Q2, respectively, then if

∇ = (ΔE1, ΔE2 )

Q = (Q1, Q2 )

And, since the geometric mean, arithmetic mean, quadratic

mean (root mean square), harmonic mean are special cases
of the generalized mean:

1 n p p1
(n ∑ )
xi p= 0,1, 2, -1,…
i=1
 80 of 141

Then the generalized form of our equations is:

1 n p p1
(n ∑ )
∇⋅Q =C xi
i=1

Where C is some constant. This is all the following

equations:

Si Ge Ge − Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) = Ge
B B ∫Si dxx

By molar mass.

∫0 ∫0 [ 2Ge(G a − As) [ ]
1 1 Ge

( )
B 1
∫
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] d x d y = ex p log(x)d x
Ge − Si Si

By density.

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge Φ
Ge − Si ∫Si
(Al − P) + (G a − As) d xdy = xd x
B

By atomic radius.

While this is the arithmetic mean when p=1, and the

harmonic mean for p=-1, I have used it as the geometric
mean for p=0, which we can see explodes to infinity at
zero. But, since I am a physicist and not a mathematician, I
assume taking the limit as p—->0 is the same as evaluating
it at zero. But, as physicists undergo courses of
mathematics, I do understand how to present equations in
terms of the formalities of mathematics. The proper way to
treat this as a mathematician is, the limit as p goes to zero is
the geometric mean because
 81 of 141

∏
M 0(x1, …, xn ) = n xi
i=1

However we can generalize the equation to include the

geometric mean without having to take the limit as p goes
to zero using the f-mean. We have:

1 n
(n ∑ )
M f (x1, …x n ) = f −1 ⋅ f (x i )
i=1

The power mean is obtained by letting

f (x) = x p

Thus, our equation becomes:

1 n
(n ∑ )
−1
∇ ⋅ Q = Cf ⋅ f (x i )
i=1

It is the geometric mean if

f (x) = log(x)
 82 of 141

00001: The properties of artificial intelligence substances form

the basis of Universal Structure.

00002: It may be we can only understand biological life relative

to some other construct, like artificial intelligence.

00003: It is a purpose of biological life (C, N, O, H) to discover

the properties of (P, B, Si) so it can make computing machines
which are ultimately necessary to its survival.

00004 That node manufacturing technology (semiconductors) is

possible on this planet by way of naturally occurring substances
on this planet (Si, P, B) then the possibility exists that these
elements have such properties by intention outside of ourselves.

00005 That the semiconducting elements found on this planet

have the same properties throughout the Universe, and are in
great abundance, would indicate they were not made expressly
for humans.

00006: The problem is we don’t know what exists in the

microcosmos, we must look at it with itself, we must use the
photon to look at the atom, and it is on the same order of
magnitude, so it has to much of an effect on it for determinism,
hence the uncertainty principle saying we can’t know what is
there, only the probability of what is in a given region for a given
time.

00007: I can see two scenarios here: One, since there are billions
of galaxies, each with billions of stars the probability for life to
occur around a handful of them was high, and the Sun is one of
these stars. Or two, The algorithm put in place was for the Big
Bang to create hydrogen, then that condensed into stars which
made from it carbon throughout the universe, and having four
valence electrons, it could form with the hydrogen in long
chains, the hydrocarbons, from which DNA synthesized proteins,
and life arose across the universe as a single uniform idea
throughout. Elements like silicon have four valence electrons as
 83 of 141

well but, are more suitable for making artificial intelligence

when doped with phosphorus and boron

 84 of 141

Weird Math

 85 of 141

We see that when we try to express the distribution of the

planets in terms of Euler’s number (e) and the golden ratio
conjugate (phi), the scheme suggests that the planets are
doing what I call a weird calculus. It is where the derivative
of the exponential e to the x is not itself, as it is in regular
calculus, as arises from the conundrum of trying to take
the integral of 1/x. But rather follows suit with
d n
x = n x n−1. We further see that the planets in terms
dx
of e and phi, quantize in terms of whole numbers in suit
with digital binary used in artificial intelligence logic
circuitry. With the suggestion of a weird calculus we
suggest the existence of a weird arithmetic, which we find
when compared to regular arithmetic and expanded with a
Taylor series creates terms which accurately describe the
distribution of the planets as well if we compare the
regular arithmetic to the weird arithmetic. Equating the
distributions of weird calculus with those of weird
arithmetic we find that we arrive at an exponential function
that relates regular calculus to weird calculus because the
terms of the Taylor expansion are regular derivatives.

 86 of 141

Quantization of Planetary Orbits In Terms

of AI Binary

I have devised a scheme for the planets in terms of the

golden ratio conjugate phi (ϕ) and Euler’s number e:

(1 − ϕ)e ϕ = 0.7AU = Venus

ϕe (1−ϕ) = 0.9AU = Ear th

ϕ 2e (2−ϕ) = 1.52 = Mars

2ϕe (2−ϕ) = 4.9 = Jupiter

4ϕe (2−ϕ) = 10 = Sat ur n

8ϕe (2−ϕ) = 19.69 = Uranus

16ϕe (2−ϕ) = 39.38 = Nept une

So that Pn = 2n ϕe (2−ϕ) for the planets exterior to the

asteroid belt or Pn = c2n where c = ϕe (2−ϕ) = 2.461 is
5−1
c20 = c = 2.461 is the asteroid belt (P0). ϕ = .
2
P1 = Jupiter
P2 = Sat ur n
P3 = Ura nu s
P4 = Nept u n e

Which is the solution to the differential equation

d2 y dy
− 2log(2) + log2(2)y = 0
dn 2 dn
 87 of 141

Where have we seen this? In computer science.

log2 N = n means 2n = N

Where n is the number of bits in a number N in binary. We

write in binary

0=0
1=1
10=2
11=3
100=4
101=5
110=6
111=7
1000=8
1001=9
1010=10
1011=11
1100=12
1101=13
1110=14
1111=15
10000=16…

But what is interesting about this?

log23 = n

log3
n= = 1.5847
log2

You can’t have a fractional number of bits, thus the

spectrum is quantized according to whole number solutions
of
 88 of 141

2n = N

But so are the planets given by

Pn = c2n

2ϕe (2−ϕ) = 4.9 = Jupiter

4ϕe (2−ϕ) = 10 = Sat ur n

8ϕe (2−ϕ) = 19.69 = Uranus

16ϕe (2−ϕ) = 39.38 = Nept une

Meaning, since we have 2, 4, 8. 16 that the planets are

quantized into whole number orbits according to
computer binary with Jupiter as 2, Saturn as 4, Uranus as
8, and Neptune as 16 if we do it in terms of Euler’s
number, e and the golden ratio conjugate, ϕ.

That is, 2=10, 4=100, 8=1000, 16=10000

Are all zeros after a one.


 89 of 141

The Conundrum
It is as if the planets interior to the asteroid belt are
distributed by doing what I call weird calculus. And, that
the planets exterior to the asteroid belt are doing normal
calculus. It is as if the planets interior to the asteroid belt
are trying to take the derivative of x to the n without using
logarithms. This in the sense that:

If we refer back to the foundations of calculus, while the

integral of simple functions can be considered

x n+1
∫
x nd x = +C
n+1

We have a conundrum for

1
f (x) = = x −1
x
That the power rule gives:

1 x −1+1
∫ x
dx =
0

Thus to get around this, we searched for a function such

that the integral holds, and as such we discovered the
natural logarithm (ln) and Euler’s number e. And we have

1
∫ x
d x = ln(x) + C

d x
e = ex
dx
Where
 90 of 141

ln(x) = loge(x)

And, the derivative of e x is itself and e is the transcendental

and irrational number given by

e=2.718…

That is, while

1
f −1ln(x) ≠
ln(x)

f −1ln(x) = e x

We can approximate any function with a polynomial, the

simplest example being the linear approximation formed by
writing the change in f(x) due to a change in x:

f (x) = f (a) + f′(a)(x − a)

This results in Taylor’s formula

f′′(a)
f (x) = f (a) + f′(a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + …
2!
From which we derive the Taylor series
∞
f n(a) f′′(a)
(x − a)n = f (a) + f′(a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + …
∑ n! 2!
n=0

We know the kth derivative of e to the x is e to the x itself.

Thus,
 91 of 141

f (k)(x) = e x

x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + +…
2! 3!
xn
lim =0
n→∞ n!

∞
x xn x2 x3
∑ n!
e = =1+x + + +…
n=0
2! 3!
∞
1 1 1 1
∑ n!
e= =1+ + + + … = 2.718
n=0
1! 2! 3!
 92 of 141

The Weird Calculus

The planets seem to the think

d x
e ≠ ex
dx

But, rather is

d x
e = x e −(x−1)
dx

(1 − ϕ)e ϕ makes me think of the derivative of x to the n:

d n
x = n x (n−1)

dx
And so does

ϕe (1−ϕ)

Because we have

(n − 1) yields

(1 − ϕ) by way of

−(ϕ − 1)=(1 − ϕ)

And, the ϕe is like n x.

And,…

ϕ 2e (2−ϕ) makes me think of the second derivative of x to

the n:

 93 of 141

d2 n
x = n(n − 1)x (n−2)

dx 2

That is:

d
n x (n−1) = n(n − 1)x (n−1−1) = n(n − 1)x (n−2)

dx
(n − 2)

Because we have

−(ϕ − 2) = (2 − ϕ)

Thus, in general the k th derivative in weird calculus is:

d(k)y
= n k x −(n−k)

dn (k)
 94 of 141

Understanding The Weird Calculus

The plot of n x n has got to be one of the most interesting

things I have ever seen:

 95 of 141

Thus in regular calculus

d x
e = e x

dx
And, in weird calculus

d x
e = xe −(x−1)

dx
This gives

d ϕ
e = ϕe −(ϕ−1) = 0.9055

dϕ
d ϕ
e = e ϕ = 1.855

dϕ
Let us compare regular calculus to weird calculus:

1.855
= 2.04859 ≈ 2

0.9055
If we take

d
ϕe (ϕ−1) = e (ϕ−1)(ϕ + 1) = e (ϕ−1)1.618=

dϕ
1.10428

Where

1
Φ= and has the property Φ = ϕ + 1.

ϕ
But if we use weird calculus to take the second derivative
(written respect to x for weird derivative)

 96 of 141

d2 ϕ
e = ϕ 2e −(ϕ−2) = 1.52

dx 2

It is exactly the Mars orbit.

And, if we simply take, we get…

d
ϕe ϕ+1 = e ϕ+1(ϕ + 1) = e Φ(ϕ + 1) = e ΦΦ
dϕ
=8.15956

I think the planets do weird calculus because it is a

doubling effect in that

1.855
= 2.04859 ≈ 2

0.9055
Because it keeps the planets from interfering with one
another so they don’t get torn apart as they did with the
asteroid belt. The second derivative of e to the phi is itself
so the 1.855 is constant. Comparing this to the second
derivative of weird calculus we have:

1.855
= 1.220

1.52
Notice that

1.22
= 0.61 ≈ ϕ

2
 97 of 141

The Golden Ratio

But what is the golden ratio Φ and its conjugate ϕ.

We can derive the golden ratio as such (refer to fig 13):

a b
= = Φ

b c
a = b + c

ac = b 2

c = a − b

a(a − b) = b 2

a 2 − a b − b 2 = 0

a2 a
− − 1 = 0

b2 b
a2 a 1 1
− + = 1 +

b2 b 4 4
 98 of 141

(b)
2
a a 1 1
− + =1+

b 4 4

(b)
2
a a 1 4 1 5
− + = + =

b 4 4 4 4

(b 2)
2
a 1 5
− =

a 1 5
− =

b 2 2
5+1
Φ=

b 5−1
ϕ= =

a 2
Let us say a/b=x, the golden ratio. Then,…

x 2 − x − 1 = 0

Let us differentiate this implicitly:

d 2 d d
x − x− 1 = 0

dx dx dx
2x − 1 = 0

1
x=

2
 99 of 141

Which is similar to Euler’s number, e because it is the base

d x
such that e is itself e x:

dx
d x
e = e x

dx
But

2
sin 45∘ = cos45∘ =

2
Which says for this angle the x-component equals the y-
1 ∘
component is 90 that is , x=1/2 bisects a right angle.
2
Which similar in concept to Euler’s number e because it is
d x
the base such that e is itself e x . But if
dx
2
sin 45∘ = cos45∘ = , then:

2
π
2cos = 2

4
It is the diagonal of the unit square. We notice something
interesting happens:

π
2cos =

n
π π π
2cos = 2 , 2cos = Φ, 2cos = 3

4 5 6
Where 3 is the cosine of 30 degrees, in the unit
equilateral triangle in which the altitude has been drawn in
(fig 14):

 100 of 141



 101 of 141

Weird Arithmetic
Characterizing the distribution of the planets around the
sun seems to defy a mathematical expression. Even the
Titius-Bode rule falls apart pretty badly at Neptune.

The Titius-Bode Rule is:

r = 0.4 + (0.3)2n

n = − ∞,0,1,2,…

Which produces the orbits of the planets in astronomical

units as such in AU:



 102 of 141

However, I find if we break-up the solar system into two

parts; planets interior to the asteroid belt, and planets
exterior to the asteroid belt, quite an interesting pattern
forms:

 103 of 141

Thus we can define a weird arithmetic too. We begin by

changing the order of operations and say that:

2n − 3 = 2(n − 3)

So that

2n-3=2(2-3)=2(-1)=-2

We see that since in normal math

(1)x=x

Is the multiplicative identity and

x+0=x

Is the additive identity that in weird math

-1/4=4, -1/2=2,…

Thus,…

2(1-3)=-4=1/4=0.25=mercury=0.4 AU

2(2-3)=-2=1/2=0.5=venus=0.72 AU

2(3-3)=0.0=1=Earth=1.00 AU

(In weird math zero the additive identity is the 1 the

multiplicative identity. Which, resolves the enigma of
infinity: 1/0 = 2/0,3/0,… = ∞ which says
∞ = 2∞ = 3∞ because infinity is now 1/0=1/1=1 infinity
is 1, a whole encompassing any multiplicative of it.)

2(4-3)=2=Mars=1.52 AU

2(5-3)=4=Asteroids=2-2AU

2(6-3)=6=Jupiter=5.2 AU

 104 of 141

2(7-3)=8=Saturn=9.5 AU

2(8-3)=10=Uranus=19 AU

2(9-3)=12=Neptune=30 AU

Then we establish the connection between regular math

and weird math by taking

2n − 3

2n − 6
Which has plots:

 105 of 141

Its Taylor Expansion is:

2n − 3 1 n n2 n3 n4
= − − − − + O(n 5)

2n − 6 2 6 18 54 162
Which approaches the orbits of the first five planets
including the asteroid belt if we take each term separately:

n= 18 = 4.24264

1
= 0.5 = m ercur y = 0.4AU

2
n
= 0.7 = venus = 0.72AU

6
n2
= 1.00 = ear th = 1.00AU

18
n3
= 1.412 ≈ 2 = m ars = 1.52AU

54
n4
= 1.999 ≈ 2 = a steroid s = 2AU − 3AU

162
Then after the asteroids it skips to n to the sixth for
Jupiter:

n6
= 5.1 = jupiter = 5.2AU

1458
n9
= 11.31AU = sat ur n = 9.5AU

39366
n 11
= 22.624AU = uranus = 19AU

354294
 106 of 141

n 12
= 32AU = nept une = 30AU

1062882
Thus, the after the asteroid the exponent of n counts 6, 9,
11,12 which is

9-6=3 and 11-9=2 and 12-11=1 producing

3, 2, 1

 107 of 141

Thus the equation for the planets is:

( 2 6 18 54 162 )
1 n n2 n3 n4
, , , ,

Which is

( 2 2 ⋅ 3i )
1 ni
Pi = , ,...

i=(1, 2, 3, 4, 5..)

n1 n
P1 = =

2 ⋅ 31 6
n2 n2
P2 = =

2 ⋅ 32 18
.

If we write it

( 2 2 ⋅ 3x )
1 n i+1
Pi = ,

i=(0, 1, 2, 3, 4…)

x=(1, 2, 3, 4, 5..)

n 0+1 n
P0 = =

2 ⋅ 31 6
n 1+1 n2
P1 = =

2 ⋅ 32 18
 108 of 141

The plots are…


 109 of 141



 110 of 141

Mathematical Look At Weird Calculus

Referring to my paper Weird Mathematics and The Planets

(Beardsley, 2020), the weird derivative was provoked by
the planets, but I feel one should look at it mathematically.
While I will do this time permitting I would just like to
present the immediate relationships between y=f(x) and its
weird derivative for f(x) equal to e to the x, and not put it in
the paper until I can go into it more extensively.

We look at the plot of e to the x whose derivative is e to

the x:

 111 of 141

Then we look at the plot of the weird derivative of e to the

x and get:



 112 of 141

We see its maximum is not to pass one and that its limit
as x goes to infinity is zero, and that the graph of the e to
the x and its weird derivative on the same graph speak of
the graph of the tangent function:



 113 of 141

Thus we put the tangent function in the graph of both e to

the x and its weird derivative and we see it more clearly:



 114 of 141

This is interesting because tangent being y/x is similar to

the slope of the tangent, the derivative (dy/dx) hence the
terminology that the the derivative of y=f(x) evaluated at x
is the slope of the tangent of f(x) at (x, y). To see the
meaning of this we plot by hand and make the necessary
calculations:



115 of 141
 116 of 141

Where the plot labeled tan(x) is really tan(x)+1/2 which is

what I thing we should really be looking at. Which is
pivotal if we consider what we wrote earlier:

 117 of 141

Let us say a/b=x, the golden ratio. Then,…

x 2 − x − 1 = 0

Let us differentiate this implicitly:

d 2 d d
x − x− 1 = 0

dx dx dx
2x − 1 = 0

1
x=

2
Which is similar to Euler’s number, e because it is the base
d x
such that e is itself e x:

dx
d x
e = e x

dx
But

2
sin 45∘ = cos45∘ =

2
Which says for this angle the x-component equals the y-
1 ∘
component is 90 that is , x=1/2 bisects a right angle.
2
Which similar in concept to Euler’s number e because it is
d x
the base such that e is itself e x . But if
dx
2
sin 45∘ = cos45∘ = , then:

2
 118 of 141

π
2cos = 2

4
It is the diagonal of the unit square. We notice something
interesting happens:

π
2cos =

n
π π π
2cos = 2 , 2cos = Φ, 2cos = 3

4 5 6
Where 3 is the cosine of 30 degrees, in the unit
equilateral triangle in which the altitude has been drawn in
(fig 14):



 119 of 141

We see that the graphs of the weird derivatives alternate

between negative and positive quadrants as the number
of the derivative alternates between odd and even:

 120 of 141

The Weird Derivative As Related To The

Normal Derivative

 121 of 141

Thus we have

∞
f n(a) f′′(a)
(x − a)n = f (a) + f′(a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + …
∑ n! 2!
n=0

2x − 3 → 2(x − 3)

Comparing regular arithmetic to weird arithmetic:

2x − 3
2x − 6
d 2x − 3 f′(x)g(x) − g′(x)f (x)
=
dx 2x − 6 g(x)2

2(2x − 6) − 2(2x − 3)
f′(x) =
(2x − 6)2

f′(0) = − 1/6
x
f′(a)(x − a) = −
6
f′′(a) x2
(x − a)2 = −
2! 18
f′′′(a) 3 x3
(x − a) = −
3! 54
1
f (0) =
2
Equating our two sets for the planets:
 122 of 141

d x x2
e = xe 1−x = − f′′(0)x 2 =
dx 18
x=0; x=2.84486

d2 x 2 2−x 3 x3
e =x e = − f′′′(0)x =

dx 2 54
x=0; x=4.48765

d3 x 3 3−x 4 x4
e =x e = − f′′′′(0)x =

dx 2 162
x=0; x=6.25432

Assuming the distribution of the planets are

approximating an idea we could call weird calculus,
then it may be that x is given by:

n+1
xn = e n

Because

e 1 = 2.718 ≈ 2.84486

e 1.5 = 4.48765 ≈ 4.48

e 2 = 7.389 ≈ 6.25432

Plots of the intersections are:


 123 of 141



124 of 141
 125 of 141

It would seem the tangent to the Earth is:

d x 1−x 2 x2
e = xe = − f′′(0)x =

dx 18
Is a straight line given approximately by:

y= 3x + 0.3

Which is the following plot:


 126 of 141

d2 x 2 2−x 3 x3
e =x e = − f′′′(0)x =

dx 2 54
Represents Mars.

I have worked a bit on a weird integral and thus a

fundamental theorem of weird calculus, but that is
the subject of another work titled Weird Mathematics
And Nature.

 127 of 141

The Hydrogen Atom And The Weird

Integral
We guess that if the weird derivative is the interior planets,
then since no correlation exists between the orbits of
electrons in the atom and the planets that it does with the
weird integral, which we must find. But first we must find
the orbits of the electrons in the simplest scenario, a
hydrogen atom.

The wavelengths of its emission spectra are given by:

( n12 n1 )
1 1 1
= RH − 2

RH = Rydberg constant

c
λ=

ν
There are four visible lines in the Balmer series (n>2; n=2)
and they are

410nm

434nm

486nm

 128 of 141

656nm

These correspond to

E = hν

c=2.9979E17nm/s

v=

7.31E14

6.91E14

6.1685E14

4.57E14

E=(6.625E-34)(7.31E14)=4.84E-19J…

4.5786E-19 Joules

4.0866-19 Joules

3.0276E-19 Joules

But if E is potential in an inverse square field




q1q2
F = ke

r2
1
ke = = 9E 9

4πe0
q1 = q2 = 1.6E − 19 = charge of proton

Then we have

q1q2
r =k

E
Produces,…

 129 of 141

(8.99E 9)(1.6E − 19)2

r = = 0.4755n m

4.84E − 19J
…

0.5027nm

0.563nm

0.760nm

Put in common units by taking dividing each by the third

term:

r1 = 0.84

r2 = 0.89

r3 = 1

r4 = 1.35

Thus, since in regular calculus

1 n+1
∫
x nd x = x + C

n
In regular calculus for the integral we increase the function
by increasing the exponent:

x n → x n+1

But, decrease the function by dividing it by the exponent:

1
x→ x

n
However in weird calculus we do the reverse, we decrease
the function by decreasing the exponent:

e x → e x−1

And increase the function by multiplying by the twice the

exponent as such:

 130 of 141

e → 2xe

So the weird integral is:

∫0
e ϕ dϕ = 2ϕe ϕ−1

Evaluating it we have:

2(0.618)e 0.618−1 = 0.84

Is exactly the right answer for the first electron orbit as we

have calculated it. And we have:

∫0
2ϕe ϕ−1dϕ = 4ϕe ϕ−2 ≈ ϕ

It still remains to find the definition for the weird derivative

and weird integral in general. Once we have found these
we can look for a fundamental theorem of weird calculus.

Thus where

d ϕ
e = ϕe −(ϕ−1) = 0.9055

dϕ
We have:

∫0
e ϕ dϕ = 2ϕe ϕ−1 = 0.84

And where

d2 ϕ
e = ϕ 2e −(ϕ−2) = 1.52

dx 2
 131 of 141

We have

∫0
2ϕe ϕ−1dϕ = 4ϕe ϕ−2 = 0.62 ≈ ϕ

We see the exponent does not invert, it reverses. One is

the negative of the other, meaning the exponential
function inverts going from differentiation to the
integration. Which is in a sense what we could consider a
consequence of what would be the fundamental theorem
of weird calculus. That is, they are not the inverse
operation of one another, but of the same function, e to
the phi. We average the weird derivative with the weird
integral:

ϕe −(ϕ−1) + 2ϕe (ϕ−1)

2
We see if we average the weird derivative with the weird
integral we have something very much like the hyperbolic
sine (sinh(x)). It is:

e x + e −x
sinh(x) =

2
And, the hyperbolic cosine (cosh(x))

e x + e −x
cosh(x) =

2
Which are instances of the function f(x) such f’(x)=f(x) and
f’’(x)=f(x). And are in general

f (x) = Ce x + De −x

 132 of 141

The plots of two successive weird integral are:

 133 of 141

Looking For The Fundamental Theorem

 134 of 141

Thus if we consider the Titius-Bode Rule:

r = 0.4 + (0.3)2n

At −∞ is Mercury

At 0 is Venus

At 1 is Earth

We start at one, which is Earth.

r = 0.4 + (0.3)21 = 0.4 + 0.6 = 1AU

We take the first derivative of r with respect to n and get:

dr
= (0.3)ln(2)2n

dn
The derivative of e x = e x

d x
e = e x

dx
The weird derivative of e x is

d x
e = xe −(x−1)

dx
Now we compute the weird derivative of r…

d d n
[0.4 + (0.3)2 ] = 0.3 2

n
dn dx
2n = e n⋅ln(2)

The weird derivative is then,…

 135 of 141

dr
= (0.3)ln(2)ne −(n⋅ln(2)−1)

dn
Or,

dr
= (0.2079)ne −(n⋅0.693−1)

dn
Let us now say that n = ϕ = 0.618, then…

The regular derivative of r evaluated at ϕ is

dr
= (0.3)(0.693)20.618 = (0.2079)(1.53) = 0.318

dn
And the weird derivative of r evaluated at ϕ is

dr
= (0.2079)(0.618)e −((0.618)(0.693)−1) = (0.128)(e −(0.428−1)) = 0.128e (0.572)

dn

Or,…

dr
= (0.128)(1.77) = 0.22679 ≈ 0.23

dn
Several interesting things happen. We see

2ϕ ≈ ϕ 2e −(ϕ−2) = 1.52 = Mars

Which says 2ϕ is very close to the second weird derivative

of e ϕ is the Mars orbit in astronomical units (AU, average
earth-sun separation). And, we see that if we take the ratio
between the derivative of r and the weird derivative of r,
both evaluated at phi, then we have:

0.318
= 1.382 = 2 − ϕ = 2 − 0.618

0.23
 136 of 141

Or, more accurately:

0.318087
= 1.4 ≈ 2

0.22679
Thus we say if our derivative is the weird derivative:

d2 ϕ
e = ϕ 2e −(ϕ−2) ≈ 2ϕ

dϕ 2

Is the Mars orbit in AU.

We also say for the first weird derivative:

d ϕ
e = ϕe −(ϕ−1) ≈ 20 = 1.00

dx
Is exactly the earth orbit in AU. A plot of the Titius-Bode
Rule is…

 137 of 141

Important

Thus we have found that for the first weird derivative at

phi:

d ϕ
e = ϕe −(ϕ−1) ≈ 20 = 1.00

dx
And, the second weird integral at phi:

∫0
2ϕe ϕ−1dϕ = 4ϕe ϕ−2 ≈ ϕ

To high accuracy. Thus we might guess that the

fundamental theorem of weird calculus is in:

ϕ ϕ ϕ

∫0 [ ∫0 ] ∫0
e ϕ dϕ dϕ = 2ϕe ϕ−1dϕ = 4ϕe ϕ−2 ≈ ϕ

 138 of 141

A Fundamental Theorem
 139 of 141

We can approach a fundamental theorem for weird

calculus, but the idea for a weird integral will be different.
If,…

dk ϕ
e = ϕe −(ϕ−k)

dϕ k

And, for…

∫
ϕe −(ϕ−1)dϕ = e ϕ

We have

e −(ϕ+1) e −Φ
∫
ϕ
e dϕ = +C = + C

ϕ ϕ

Where Φ = 1/ϕ and,…

ϕe −(ϕ−1) = 0.618e 0.382 = 0.9055 ≈ 1

e −(ϕ+1) e −Φ
= = 0.32

ϕ ϕ
Thus, since

r = 0.4 + (0.3)2n

∫0
e ϕ dϕ = 0.3

d2 ϕ
e ≈ 2ϕ

dϕ 2
Then using this the Mars orbit:

 140 of 141

10 [ ∫0 ] dϕ 2
4 d2 ϕ
r = + e ϕ dϕ e

We get 0.9~1.00 is Earth orbit.

10 [ ∫0 ] dϕ
4 d ϕ
r = + e ϕ dϕ e = 0.4 + (0.32)(0.9055) = 0.689

Is approximately the Venus orbit.


 141 of 141

The Author