IEC TS 61936-2

®
Edition 1.0 2015-03

TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION

colour
inside

Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c. and 1,5 kV d.c. –

Part 2: d.c.
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IEC TS 61936-2:2015-03(en)
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 IEC TS 61936-2
®
Edition 1.0 2015-03

TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION

colour
inside

Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c. and 1,5 kV d.c. –

Part 2: d.c.

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
Provided by : www.spic.ir

ICS 29.020; 29.080.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-2304-8

Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.

® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission

 –2– IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

CONTENTS

FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 5
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 8
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 9
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................... 9
3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................... 10
4 Fundamental requirements ............................................................................................ 12
4.1 General ................................................................................................................. 12
4.1.1 General requirements .................................................................................... 12
4.1.2 Agreements between supplier (manufacturer) and user ................................. 12
4.2 Electrical requirements ......................................................................................... 12
4.2.1 Methods of d.c. neutral point earthing ............................................................ 12
4.2.2 Voltage classification ..................................................................................... 13
4.2.3 Current in normal operation ........................................................................... 13
4.2.4 Short-circuit current ....................................................................................... 13
4.2.5 Rated frequency ............................................................................................ 13
4.2.6 Corona .......................................................................................................... 13
4.2.7 Electric and magnetic fields ........................................................................... 14
4.2.8 Overvoltages ................................................................................................. 14
4.2.9 Harmonics ..................................................................................................... 14
4.2.10 Galvanic separation between a.c. and d.c. systems ....................................... 14
4.3 Mechanical requirements ...................................................................................... 14
4.4 Climatic and environmental conditions .................................................................. 14
4.4.1 General ......................................................................................................... 14
4.4.2 Normal conditions .......................................................................................... 15
4.4.3 Special conditions ......................................................................................... 15
4.5 Special requirements ............................................................................................ 15
5 Insulation ....................................................................................................................... 15
5.1 General ................................................................................................................. 15
5.2 Selection of insulation level................................................................................... 15
5.2.1 Consideration of methods of neutral earthing ................................................. 15
5.2.2 Consideration of rated withstand voltages ...................................................... 15
5.3 Verification of withstand values ............................................................................. 16
5.4 Minimum clearances of live parts .......................................................................... 16
5.5 Minimum clearances between parts under special conditions ................................ 18
5.6 Tested connection zones ...................................................................................... 18
6 Equipment ..................................................................................................................... 18
6.1 General requirements ........................................................................................... 18
6.2 Specific requirements ........................................................................................... 18
6.2.1 Switching devices .......................................................................................... 18
6.2.2 Reactors ........................................................................................................ 18
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6.2.3 Prefabricated type-tested switchgear ............................................................. 19

6.2.4 Surge arresters .............................................................................................. 19
6.2.5 Capacitors ..................................................................................................... 19
6.2.6 Line traps ...................................................................................................... 19
6.2.7 Insulators ...................................................................................................... 19
6.2.8 Insulated cables ............................................................................................ 19
 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 –3–

6.2.9 Conductors and accessories .......................................................................... 20

6.2.10 Rotating electrical machines .......................................................................... 20
6.2.11 Static converters ............................................................................................ 20
6.2.12 Fuses ............................................................................................................ 20
6.2.13 Electrical and mechanical Interlocking ........................................................... 20
6.2.14 Electronic valve devices ................................................................................ 20
6.2.15 Valve cooling system ..................................................................................... 20
7 Installations ................................................................................................................... 21
7.1 General requirements ........................................................................................... 21
7.1.1 Circuit arrangement ....................................................................................... 21
7.1.2 Documentation .............................................................................................. 21
7.1.3 Transport routes ............................................................................................ 21
7.1.4 Aisles and access areas ................................................................................ 21
7.1.5 Lighting ......................................................................................................... 21
7.1.6 Operational safety ......................................................................................... 21
7.1.7 Labelling ........................................................................................................ 21
7.2 Outdoor installations of open design ..................................................................... 21
7.2.1 Protective barrier clearances ......................................................................... 22
7.2.2 Protective obstacle clearances ...................................................................... 22
7.2.3 Boundary clearances ..................................................................................... 22
7.2.4 Minimum height over access area .................................................................. 22
7.2.5 Clearances to buildings ................................................................................. 23
7.2.6 External fences or walls and access doors .................................................... 25
7.3 Indoor installations of open design ........................................................................ 25
7.4 Installation of prefabricated type-tested switchgear ............................................... 25
7.5 Requirements for buildings ................................................................................... 25
7.5.1 General ......................................................................................................... 25
7.5.2 Structural provisions ...................................................................................... 25
7.5.3 Rooms for switchgear .................................................................................... 26
7.5.4 Maintenance and operating areas .................................................................. 26
7.5.5 Doors ............................................................................................................ 26
7.5.6 Draining of insulating liquids .......................................................................... 26
7.5.7 Air conditioning and ventilation ...................................................................... 26
7.5.8 Buildings which require special consideration ................................................ 27
7.6 High voltage/low voltage prefabricated substations ............................................... 27
7.7 Electrical installations on mast, pole and tower ..................................................... 27
8 Safety measures ............................................................................................................ 27
8.1 General ................................................................................................................. 27
8.2 Protection against direct contact ........................................................................... 27
8.2.1 Measures for protection against direct contact ............................................... 27
8.2.2 Protection requirements ................................................................................. 27
8.3 Means to protect persons in case of indirect contact ............................................. 28
8.4 Means to protect persons working on electrical installations ................................. 28
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8.5 Protection from danger resulting from arc fault ...................................................... 28

8.6 Protection against direct lightning strokes ............................................................. 28
8.7 Protection against fire ........................................................................................... 28
8.8 Protection against leakage of insulating liquid ....................................................... 28
8.9 Identification and marking ..................................................................................... 28
9 Protection, control and auxiliary systems ....................................................................... 28
 –4– IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

10 Earthing systems ........................................................................................................... 29

10.1 General ................................................................................................................. 29
10.2 Fundamental requirements .................................................................................... 29
10.2.1 Safety criteria ................................................................................................ 29
10.2.2 Functional requirements ................................................................................ 30
10.2.3 High and low voltage earthing systems .......................................................... 30
10.3 Design of earthing systems ................................................................................... 30
10.3.1 General ......................................................................................................... 30
10.3.2 Power system faults....................................................................................... 31
10.3.3 Lightning and transients................................................................................. 31
10.4 Construction of earthing systems .......................................................................... 31
10.5 Measurements ...................................................................................................... 31
10.6 Maintainability ....................................................................................................... 31
10.6.1 Inspections .................................................................................................... 31
10.6.2 Measurements ............................................................................................... 32
11 Inspection and testing .................................................................................................... 32
11.1 General ................................................................................................................. 32
11.2 Verification of specified performances ................................................................... 32
11.3 Tests during installation and commissioning ......................................................... 32
11.4 Trial running ......................................................................................................... 32
12 Operation and maintenance manual .............................................................................. 32
Annex A (informative) Values of rated insulation levels and minimum clearances in air
based on nominal voltage of some HVDC projects worldwide ................................................ 33
Annex B (normative) Method of calculating the voltage limit ................................................. 35
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 36

Figure 1 – Approaches with buildings (within closed electrical operating areas) .................... 24
Figure 2 – Touch voltage limit d.c. ........................................................................................ 30
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 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 –5–

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________

POWER INSTALLATIONS EXCEEDING 1 kV a.c. and 1,5 kV d.c. –

Part 2: d.c.

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. In

exceptional circumstances, a technical committee may propose the publication of a technical
specification when

• the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an International Standard,
despite repeated efforts, or
• the subject is still under technical development or where, for any other reason, there is the
future but no immediate possibility of an agreement on an International Standard.

Technical specifications are subject to review within three years of publication to decide
whether they can be transformed into International Standards.
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IEC 61936-2, which is a technical specification, has been prepared by technical committee 99:
System engineering and erection of electrical power installations in systems with nominal
voltages above 1 kV a.c. and 1,5 kV d.c., particularly concerning safety aspects.
 –6– IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

Future standards in this series will carry the new general title as cited above. Titles of existing
standards in this series will be updated at the time of the next edition.

The text of this technical specification is based on the following documents:

Enquiry draft Report on voting

99/130/DTS 99/132/RVC

Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical specification can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.

This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

A list of all parts in the IEC 61936 series, published under the general title Power installations
exceeding 1 kV a.c. and 1,5 kV d.c., can be found on the IEC website.

The following differences exist in the countries indicated below:

7.2.4: For live parts without protective facilities, a minimum height H = N + 2 440 mm shall be maintained.
(Australia)

7.2.6: Guidance reference construction can be found at ENA Doc 015. (Australia)

7.5.4: Space for evacuation shall always be at least 600 mm, even when removable parts or open doors, which are
blocked in the direction of escape, intrude into the escape routes. (Australia)

8.7.1: Fire rating of barriers must be a minimum fire rating of 120 minutes. (Australia)

8.7.2: The dimensions G 1 and G 2 are to be measured from the inside edge wall of any bund wall rather than the
measured point shown in Figure 7a) and 7b) of IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014 from the transformer where the bund
wall is wider than the transformer. (Australia)

8.8: Spill containment should extend by 50% of the height of the transformer. (Australia)

10: For requirements on earthing, refer to AS 2067, Substations and High Voltage Installations. (Australia)

10.2.1: HV earthing systems should be designed according to tolerable voltages based on body impedances not
exceeded by 5 % of the population, as given in Table 10 of IEC TS 60479-1:2005. (United Kingdom)

10.2.1: Permissible touch and step voltages in power installations shall be in accordance with Federal law
concerning electrical installations (High and low voltage) (SR 734.0) and Regulations for electrical power
installations (SR 743.2 StV). (Switzerland)

10.2.1 and Annex B: Earthing requirements are based on probabilistic calculations and so much of the clause is not
appropriate for Australia. (Australia)
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 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 –7–

The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be

• transformed into an International standard,

• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.

IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
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 –8– IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

INTRODUCTION

There are few national laws, standards and internal rules dealing with the matter coming
within the scope of this technical specification, and these practices have been taken as a
basis for this work.

This part of IEC 61936 contains the minimum requirements valid for IEC countries and some
additional information which ensures an acceptable reliability of an installation and its safe
operation.

This part of IEC 61936 is published as a Technical Specification in order to welcome

contribution and involvement from a wider audience. This may provide the basis for a future
international standard.

The publication of this technical specification is believed to be a decisive step towards the
gradual alignment all over the world of the practices concerning the design and erection of
high voltage power installations.

Particular requirements for transmission and distribution installations as well as particular

requirements for power generation and industrial installations are included in this technical
specification.

The relevant laws or regulations of an authority having jurisdiction takes precedence.

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 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 –9–

POWER INSTALLATIONS EXCEEDING 1 kV a.c. and 1,5 kV d.c. –

Part 2: d.c.

1 Scope

This part of IEC 61936 provides, in a convenient form, common rules for the design and the
erection of electrical power installations in systems with nominal voltages above 1,5 kV d.c.,
so as to provide safety and proper functioning for the use intended.

This technical specification does not apply to the design and erection of any of the following:

– overhead and underground lines between separate installations;

– electric railways;
– mining equipment and installations;
– installations on ships and off-shore installations;
– electrostatic equipment (e.g. electrostatic precipitators, spray-painting units);
– test sites;
– medical equipment, e.g. medical X-ray equipment;
– valve hall.

This technical specification does not apply to the design of factory-built, type-tested
switchgear for which separate IEC standards exist.

This technical specification does not apply to the requirements for carrying out live working on
electrical installations.

This technical specification does not apply to the design of factory-built, type-tested thyristor
valves, VSC valves and switchgear for which separate IEC standards exist.

2 Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.

IEC 60060-1, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test requirements

IEC 60071-1, Insulation co-ordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules

IEC 60071-2:1996, Insulation co-ordination – Part 2: Application guide

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IEC 60071-5, Insulation co-ordination – Part 5: Procedures for high voltage direct current
(HVDC) converter stations

IEC 60079-10-1, Explosive atmospheres – Part 10-1: Classification of areas – Explosive gas
atmospheres
 – 10 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

IEC 60079-10-2, Explosive atmospheres − Part 10-2: Classification of areas − Combustible

dust atmospheres

IEC TS 60479-1:2005, Effects of current on human beings and livestock – Part 1: General
aspects

IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)

IEC TR 61000-5-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 5: Installation and mitigation

guidelines – Section 2: Earthing and cabling

IEC 61936-1:2010, Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c. – Part 1: Common rules

IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014

IEC 62271-1:2007, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 1: Common specifications

IEC 62271-1:2007/AMD1:2011

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 61936-1 and the
following apply.

3.1
valve
complete operative controllable or non-controllable valve device assembly, normally
conducting in only one direction (the forward direction), which can function as a converter arm
in a converter bridge

Note 1 to entry: An example of a non-controllable valve device assembly is a semiconductor diode valve. An
example of a controllable valve device assembly is a thyristor valve.

[SOURCE: IEC 60633:1998, 6.3]

3.2
electronic valve device
indivisible electronic device for electronic power conversion or electronic power switching,
comprising a single non-controllable or bistably controlled unidirectionally conducting current
path

Note 1 to entry: Typical electronic valve devices are thyristors, power rectifier diodes, power switching bipolar
and field effect transistors and insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBT).

Note 2 to entry: Two or more electronic valve devices may be integrated on a common semiconductor chip
(examples: a thyristor and a rectifier diode in a reverse conducting thyristor, a power switching field effect
transistor with its inverse diode) or packaged in a common case (semiconductor power module). These
combinations are to be considered as separate electronic valve devices.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-14-02]

3.3
nominal voltage, <of a system>
suitable approximate value of voltage used to designate or identify a system
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[SOURCE: IEC 60050-601:1985, 601-01-21]

 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 11 –

3.4
highest voltage, <of a d.c. system>
U dm
highest mean or average pole d.c. voltage to earth, excluding harmonics and commutation
overshoots, for which the installation is designed in respect of its insulation

3.5
d.c. neutral point
common point of two monopoles forming a bipole converter or the earthed point of a
monopole converter

3.6
d.c. electrode line
electrical connection between a d.c. earth electrode and the d.c. installation

3.7
high voltage
d.c. voltage exceeding 1 500V d.c.

3.8
low voltage
d.c. voltage not exceeding 1 500V d.c.

3.9
converter station
part of a power system which interconnects an a.c. system to a d.c. system or two d.c.
systems with different voltages enabling power transfer from one system to the other and/or
vice versa

3.10
d.c. earth electrode
d.c. ground electrode
array of conductive elements placed in the earth, or the sea, which provides a low resistance
path between a point in the d.c. circuit and the earth and is capable of carrying continuous
current for some extended period

Note 1 to entry: An earth electrode may be located at a point some distance from the HVDC substation.

Note 2 to entry: Where the electrode is placed in the sea it may be termed as sea electrode.

[SOURCE: IEC 60633:1998, 8.14, modified – The indication "d.c." has been added to the term
and a synonym, d.c. ground electrode, has been added.]

3.11
pole
part of an HVDC system consisting of all the equipment in the HVDC substations and
interconnecting transmission lines, if any, which during normal operation, exhibit a common
direct voltage polarity with respect to earth.

[SOURCE: IEC 60633:1998, 8.5]

3.12
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lightning impulse protective level, <of a protective device>

U pl
maximum permissible peak voltage value, on the terminals of a protective device subjected to
lightning impulses under specific conditions

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-604:1987, 604-03-56]

 – 12 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

3.13
switching impulse protective level, <of a protective device>
U ps
maximum permissible peak voltage value, on the terminals of a protective device subjected to
switching impulses under specific conditions

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-604:1987, 604-03-57]

4 Fundamental requirements

4.1 General

4.1.1 General requirements

See 4.1.1 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

4.1.2 Agreements between supplier (manufacturer) and user

See 4.1.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014.

4.2 Electrical requirements

4.2.1 Methods of d.c. neutral point earthing

The method of d.c. neutral point earthing of a system is important with regard to the following:

– selection of insulation level;

– characteristics of overvoltage-limiting devices such as spark gaps or surge arresters;
– selection of protective relays.

The following are examples of d.c. neutral point earthing methods:

– isolated neutral;
– high impedance earthing;
– high resistive earthing;
– solid (low impedance) earthing.

The choice of the type of d.c. neutral point earthing is normally based on the following criteria:

– local regulations (if any);

– continuity of service required for the network;
– limitation of damage to equipment caused by earth faults;
– selective elimination of faulty sections of the network;
– detection of fault location;
– touch and step voltages;
– inductive interference;
– operation and maintenance aspects.
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One galvanically connected d.c. system has only one method of d.c. neutral point earthing.
Different galvanically independent d.c. systems may have different methods of d.c. neutral
point earthing, so the earthing point could be located in one or both converter stations.

The a.c. and d.c. systems may be either galvanically separated or not. The d.c. neutral point
earthing method of an a.c. system not galvanically separated from the d.c. one has an effect
 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 13 –

on the d.c. neutral point earthing and vice versa. Design of equipment and protective system
shall take into account this feature.

If different d.c. neutral point earthing configurations can occur during normal or abnormal
operating conditions, equipment and protective system shall be designed to operate under
these conditions.

4.2.2 Voltage classification

The nominal voltage and the maximum operating voltage of the system shall be agreed
between user and manufacturer.

Based on the maximum operating voltage the highest voltage of a d.c. system (U dm ) shall be
selected.

4.2.3 Current in normal operation

Every part of an installation shall be designed and constructed to withstand currents under
defined operating conditions.

4.2.4 Short-circuit current

Installations shall be designed, constructed and erected to safely withstand the mechanical
and thermal effects resulting from short-circuit currents.

For the purposes of this standard, all applicable types of short-circuits, which may happen,
shall be considered, e.g.:

– pole-to-earth;
– pole-to-pole;
– double pole-to-earth;
– converter arm.

Installations shall be protected with automatic devices or functions to disconnect or switch off
the d.c. system in case of pole-pole or pole-pole-earth short circuit.

In case of pole-earth or metallic return or d.c. electrode line to earth, installations shall be
protected with automatic devices or functions to disconnect or switch off the d.c. system or
with a device to indicate the earth fault condition.

The selection of the device or function is dependent upon the method of d.c. neutral point
earthing.

Selection of magnitude and duration of short circuit current shall be agreed between
manufacturer and user.

Methods for the calculation of the effects of short-circuit current are given, for power cables,
in IEC 60949.

4.2.5 Rated frequency

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The provision of IEC 61936-1:2010, 4.2.5 is not applicable.

4.2.6 Corona

The design of installations shall be such that radio interference due to electromagnetic fields,
e.g. caused by corona effects, will not exceed a specified level.
 – 14 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

When the acceptable value is exceeded, the corona level may be controlled, for example, by
the installation of corona rings or the recessing of fasteners on bus fittings for high-voltage
suspension insulator assemblies, bus support assemblies, bus connections and equipment
terminals.

Maximum permissible levels of radio interference are given by national or local authorities in
some countries.

Guidance on acceptable levels of radio interference voltage for a.c. switchgear and
controlgear can be found in IEC 62271-1 in which the emission tests are recommended from
a.c. voltages of 123 kV and above. In absence of other criteria, it is proposed that emission
tests as per IEC 62271-1:2007, 6.9.1 is performed on equipment subjected to a direct voltage
(to earth) U dm of 123 × √2/√3 = 100 kV or higher. The test voltage shall be corrected to
1,1/√2 × U dm .

NOTE Recommendations for minimizing the radio interference of high-voltage installations are reported in
CISPR 18-1, CISPR 18-2 and CISPR 18-3 [1,2,3] 1.

4.2.7 Electric and magnetic fields

The design of an installation shall be such as to limit the electric and magnetic fields
generated by energized equipment to an acceptable level for exposed people.

National and/or international regulations may specify acceptable levels.

4.2.8 Overvoltages

See 4.2.8 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

4.2.9 Harmonics

See 4.2.9 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

4.2.10 Galvanic separation between a.c. and d.c. systems

The a.c. and d.c. systems may be either galvanically separated or not. Galvanic separation
between a.c. and d.c. systems is generally obtained by means of converter transformers.

NOTE Regardless of galvanic separation between a.c. and d.c. systems there is always a portion of a.c. system
comprised within the converter transformer and the electronic valve devices which is not galvanically insulated
from the d.c. system.

4.3 Mechanical requirements

See 4.3 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014.

4.4 Climatic and environmental conditions

4.4.1 General

Installations, including all devices and auxiliary equipment which form an integral part of them,
shall be designed for operation under the climatic and environmental conditions listed below.
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The presence of condensation, precipitation, particles, dust, corrosive elements and

hazardous atmospheres shall be specified in such a manner that appropriate electrical
equipment can be selected. Zone classification for hazardous areas shall be performed in
accordance with IEC 60079-10-1 and IEC 60079-10-2.

______________
1 Figures in square brackets refer to the bibliography.
 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 15 –

Dust accumulates constantly on insulators and conductive surfaces immersed in a d.c. electric
field. In installations with high levels of d.c. electric fields special care shall be paid either to
creapage lengths or air treatment (indoor installations).

In cases with heavy pollution levels, the indoor air could be treated and overpressurized.

4.4.2 Normal conditions

See 4.4.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

4.4.3 Special conditions

See 4.4.3 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014.

4.5 Special requirements

See 4.5 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

5 Insulation

5.1 General

As conventional (air insulated) d.c. installations are normally not impulse tested, the d.c.
installation requires minimum clearances between live parts and earth and between live parts
of poles in order to avoid flashover below the impulse withstand level selected for the
installation.

Insulation coordination shall be in accordance with IEC 60071-5 and IEC 60071-1 as far as
principal definitions and rules are concerned.

5.2 Selection of insulation level

The insulation level shall be chosen according to the established highest d.c. voltage for
equipment U dm and/or impulse withstand voltage.

5.2.1 Consideration of methods of neutral earthing

The choice should be made primarily to ensure reliability in service, taking into account the
method of d.c. neutral point earthing in the system and the characteristics and the locations of
overvoltage limiting devices to be installed.

In installations in which a high level of safety is required, or in which the configuration of the
system, the adopted method of d.c. neutral point earthing or the protection by surge arresters
make it inappropriate to lower the level of insulation, one of the higher alternative values of
Annex A may be chosen.

In installations in which the configuration of the system, the adopted method of d.c. neutral
point earthing or the protection by surge arresters make it appropriate to lower the level of
insulation, the lower alternative values of Annex A may be sufficient.

5.2.2 Consideration of rated withstand voltages

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In the voltage range I (1,5 kV d.c. < U dm < 500 kV d.c.), the choice is generally based on the
rated lightning impulse withstand voltages given in Annex A; in the voltage range II (U dm >
500 kV d.c.), the choice is generally based on the rated switching impulse withstand voltages
and the rated lightning impulse withstand voltages given in Annex A.
 – 16 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

5.3 Verification of withstand values

5.3.1 If the minimum clearances calculated according to 5.4 are maintained, it is not
necessary to apply dielectric tests.

5.3.2 If the minimum clearances referred to in 5.4 are not maintained, the ability to
withstand the test voltages of the chosen insulation level shall be established by applying the
appropriate dielectric tests in accordance with IEC 60060-1 for the specified withstand voltage
values or by exact calculation of possible overvoltages in the HVDC system and deriving
clearances based on IEC 60071-1 and 60071-2.

5.3.3 If the minimum clearances referenced to in 5.4 are not maintained in parts or areas
of an installation, dielectric tests restricted to these parts or areas will be sufficient.

In accordance with IEC 60071-2:1996, Annex B, minimum clearances may be lower if this has
been proven by tests or by operating experience of lower overvoltages.

5.4 Minimum clearances of live parts

5.4.1 The minimum clearance N shall be chosen as the maximum of the two following
clearances:

– Switching impulse withstand clearance d sw

– Lightning impulse withstand clearance d lw

Switching impulse pole-to-earth withstand clearances in air, in meters, are given by the
following Formula (1), based on negative switching impulse withstand, which results from
Formula G.3 of IEC 60071-2:1996 and applies for altitudes up to 1 000 m above sea level. For
higher altitudes, see 4.4.3.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

 U dm K a [uS ]p,u. 
 
 1080k ⋅ (1− 2s S ) 
− 1 + e 
d sw = K (1)
0,46

The minimum pole-to-pole clearance in meters is given by the following Formula (2), based on
negative switching impulse withstand, which results from Formula G.3 of IEC 60071-2:1996
and applies for altitudes up to 1 000 m above sea level. For higher altitudes, see 4.4.3.2 of
IEC 61936-1:2010.

 2U dm K a [uS ]p,u. 
 
 1080 k ⋅(1− 2s S ) 
− 1 + e 
d sw = K (2)
0,46

Where

U dm is the established highest d.c. voltage for equipment (pole to earth) in kV;

is a factor based on IEC 60071-2;

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Ka is an atmospheric correction factor according to IEC 60071-2, and

[u S ] p.u. is the required per unit switching impulse withstand voltage and σ S is assumed to be
0,06.
 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 17 –

Normally, for d.c. systems with solid earth reference, [u S ] p.u. = 2 p.u. can be conservatively
assumed for switching impulse withstand voltage. In case of protection with surge arresters,
the [u S ] p.u value can be reduced according to the switching impulse protective level U ps of the
surge arresters with a proper safety margin as shown in Formula (3) below:

U ps
[uS ]p,u. = 1,15 (3)
U dm

The lightning impulse withstand (both the pole-to-ground and the pole-to-pole) clearance in
meters can be calculated with the following Formula (4):

UL 1 1
d lw = σ + ⋅ ⋅ (4)
K t 1 − 2σ L 530

Where

UL is the required lightning impulse withstand voltage in kV;

Kt is an atmospheric correction factor according to IEC 60060-1;

s is a safety margin for taking into account dust deposit and humidity that can be
assumed to be 0,015 m and σ L is assumed to be 0,03.

In case of protection with surge arresters, the [u L ] p.u value can be reduced according to the
lightning impulse protective level U pl of the surge arresters with a proper safety margin as
shown in the following Formula (5):

U L = 1,25 ⋅ U pl (5)

The safety margin could be further reduced for special installations with controlled electric
field configuration and atmosphere as in converter valve hall.

In installations in which a high level of safety is required, or in which the configuration of the
system, the adopted method of d.c. neutral point earthing or the protection by surge arresters
make it inappropriate to lower the level of insulation, the safety margin can be increased.

In installations in which the configuration of the system, the adopted method of d.c. neutral
point earthing or the protection by surge arresters make it appropriate to lower the level of
insulation, the safety margin can be decreased.

In voltage range (U dm > 450 kV d.c.), the pole-to-earth clearances in air are determined by the
rated switching impulse withstand voltage (SIWV). They substantially depend on the electrode
configurations. In cases of difficulty in classifying the electrode configuration, it is
recommended to make a choice based on the phase-to-earth clearances of the most
unfavourable configuration such as, for example, the arm of an isolator against the tower
construction (rod-structure).
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 – 18 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

5.4.2 If parts of an installation can be separated from each other by a disconnector, they
shall be tested at the rated impulse withstand voltage for the isolating distance. If between
such parts of an installation the minimum clearances calculated with the formulae of 5.4 are
increased by 25 % or more, it is not necessary to apply dielectric tests.

5.5 Minimum clearances between parts under special conditions

5.5.1 Minimum clearances between parts of an installation, which are assigned to different
insulation levels, shall be at least 125 % of the clearances of the higher insulation level.

5.5.2 If conductors swing under the influence of short-circuit forces, 50 % of the minimum
clearances calculated with the formulae of 5.4 shall be maintained as a minimum.

5.5.3 If conductors swing under the influence of wind, 75 % of the minimum clearances
calculated with the formulae of 5.4 shall be maintained as a minimum.

5.5.4 In case of rupture of one sub-chain in a multiple insulator chain, 75 % of the

minimum clearances calculated with the formulae of 5.4 shall be maintained as a minimum.

5.6 Tested connection zones

Information on mounting and service conditions of type tested equipment supplied by the
manufacturer shall be observed on site.

NOTE In tested connection zones, the minimum clearances according to 5.4 and Annex A need not to be
maintained because the ability to withstand the test voltage is established by a dielectric type test.

6 Equipment

6.1 General requirements

See 6.1 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

6.2 Specific requirements

6.2.1 Switching devices

See 6.2.1 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014.

6.2.2 Reactors

The reactors are classified taking into account the dielectric in contact with the winding and
the type of internal or external cooling medium, as described in Clause 3 of IEC 60076-2:2011.

When designing the reactor installation, the possibility of fire propagation (see 8.7) shall be
considered. Similarly, means shall be implemented to limit, if necessary, the acoustic noise
level (see 4.5.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010).

For reactors installed indoors, suitable ventilation shall be provided (see 7.5.7).

Water (ground water, surface water and waste water) shall not be polluted by reactors
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installations. This shall be achieved by the choice of the design of reactors type and/or site
provisions. For measures, see 8.8.

If it is necessary to take samples (oil sampling) or to read monitoring devices (such as fluid
level, temperature, or pressure), which are important for the operation of the reactor whilst the
reactor is energized, it shall be possible to perform this safely and without damage to the
equipment.
 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 19 –

Air-core reactors shall be installed in such a way that the minimum design magnetic clearance
to other reactors and metallic parts is fulfilled to minimize induced losses.

In general metallic parts should be located where the effect of the magnetic field does not
cause harmful effects.

Air-core reactors shall be installed in such a way that the magnetic field of the short-circuit
current will not be capable of drawing objects into the coil. Adjacent equipment shall be
designed to withstand the resulting electromagnetic forces.

Air core reactors shall be designed to prevent hazardous ferromagnetic objects attraction due
to their magnetic flux density. Rotational forces may be noticeable above 6 mT and cause
difficulty around 60 mT. Translational forces may be noticeable above 10 -4 T 2 /m and equal to
gravity above 10 -3 T 2 /m.

6.2.3 Prefabricated type-tested switchgear

See 6.2.3 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

6.2.4 Surge arresters

See 6.2.5 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

6.2.5 Capacitors

See 6.2.6 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

6.2.6 Line traps

See 6.2.7 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

6.2.7 Insulators

The minimum specific creepage distance of insulators shall comply with the level of pollution
specified by the user.

The requirements of the wet test procedure of IEC 62271-1 shall apply for all external
insulation.

Insulator profiles and/or requirements for performance of outdoor insulators in polluted or

heavy wetting conditions may be specified by the user.

6.2.8 Insulated cables

6.2.8.1 Temperature

See 6.2.9.1 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

6.2.8.2 Stress due to temperature changes

See 6.2.9.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

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6.2.8.3 Flexible reeling and trailing cables

See 6.2.9.3 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

6.2.8.4 Crossings and proximities

See 6.2.9.4 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

 – 20 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

6.2.8.5 Installation of cables

See 6.2.9.5 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014.

6.2.8.6 Bending radius

See 6.2.9.6 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

6.2.8.7 Tensile stress

See 6.2.9.7 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

6.2.9 Conductors and accessories

See 6.2.10 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014.

6.2.10 Rotating electrical machines

See 6.2.11 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014.

6.2.11 Static converters

See 6.2.14 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

6.2.12 Fuses

6.2.12.1 Clearances

See 6.2.15.1 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

6.2.12.2 Fuse replacement

See 6.2.15.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

6.2.13 Electrical and mechanical Interlocking

See 6.2.16 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

6.2.14 Electronic valve devices

In cases where use of parallel electronic valve devices is necessary, consideration shall be
given to potential uneven current distribution in parallel currents.

In case of series connection of electronic valve devices, consideration to uneven voltage

distribution shall be given.

The needed redundancy in valves shall be agreed between supplier (manufacturer) and user.

6.2.15 Valve cooling system

If it is necessary to take samples (water sampling,) or to read monitoring devices (such as

fluid level, temperature, conductivity or pressure), which are important for the operation of the
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valve whilst the converter is energized, it shall be possible to perform this safely and without
damage to the equipment.

When designing the cooling system, the possibility of fire propagation (see 8.7) shall be
considered. Similarly, means shall be implemented to limit, if necessary, the acoustic noise
level (see 4.5.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010).
 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 21 –

For room of cooling equipment installed indoors, suitable ventilation shall be provided (see
7.5.7).

7 Installations

7.1 General requirements

This Clause 7 specifies only general requirements for the installations regarding choice of
circuit arrangement, circuit documentation, transport routes, lighting, operational safety and
labelling.

Distances, clearances and dimensions specified are the minimum values permitted for safe
operation. They are generally based on the minimum values given in the former national
standards of the IEC members. A user may specify higher values if necessary.

For minimum clearances (N) of live parts, refer to 5.4.

National standards and regulations may require the use of higher clearance values.

Where an existing installation is to be extended, the requirements applicable at the time of its
design and erection may be specified as an alternative.

The relevant standards for operation of electrical (power) installations shall additionally be
taken into account. Operating procedures shall be agreed upon between manufacturer and
user (see 7.1.2).

7.1.1 Circuit arrangement

See 7.1.1 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.1.2 Documentation

See 7.1.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.1.3 Transport routes

See 7.1.3 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.1.4 Aisles and access areas

See 7.1.4 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.1.5 Lighting

See 7.1.5 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.1.6 Operational safety

See 7.1.6 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

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7.1.7 Labelling

See 7.1.7 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.2 Outdoor installations of open design

The layout of open type outdoor installations shall take into account the minimum pole-to-pole
and pole-to-earth clearances given in 5.4.
 – 22 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

The design of the installation shall be such as to restrict access to danger zones, taking into
account the need for operational and maintenance access. External fences shall therefore be
provided and, where safety distances cannot be maintained, permanent protective facilities
shall be installed. For electrical installations on mast, pole and tower external fences may not
be required, if the installation is inaccessible from ground level to the general public and meet
the safety distances given in 7.7.

A separation shall be provided between bays or sections by appropriate distances, protective

barriers or protective obstacles.

7.2.1 Protective barrier clearances

Within an installation, the following minimum protective clearances shall be maintained

between live parts and the internal surface of any protective barrier (N is defined in 5.4):

– for solid walls, without openings, with a minimum height of 1 800 mm, the minimum
protective barrier clearance is B 1 = N;
– for equipment, where U dm is greater than 45 kV d.c., a wire mesh, screen or solid wall,
with openings, with a minimum height of 1 800 mm and a degree of protection of IP1XB
(see IEC 60529) shall be used. The minimum protective barrier clearance is B 2 = N +
100 mm;
– for equipment where U dm is up to 45 kV d.c., a wire mesh, screen or solid wall, with
openings, with a minimum height of 1 800 mm and a degree of protection of IP2X (see
IEC 60529), shall be used. The minimum protective barrier clearance is B 3 = N + 80 mm.

For non-rigid protective barriers and wire meshes, the clearance values shall be increased to
take into account any possible displacement of the protective barrier or mesh.

7.2.2 Protective obstacle clearances

Within installations, the following minimum clearance shall be maintained from live parts to
the internal surface of any protective obstacle (see Figure 1 of IEC 61936-
1:2010/AMD1:2014):

– for solid walls or screens less than 1 800 mm high, and for rails, chains or ropes, the
minimum protective obstacle clearance is O 2 = N + 300 mm (minimum 600 mm);
– for chains or ropes, the values shall be increased to take into account the sag.

Where appropriate, protective obstacles shall be fitted at a minimum height of 1 200 mm and
a maximum height of 1 400 mm.

NOTE Rails, chains and ropes are not acceptable in certain countries.

7.2.3 Boundary clearances

The external fence of outdoor installations of open design shall have the following minimum
boundary clearances in accordance with Figure 2 of IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014:

– solid walls (height see 7.2.6) C = N + 1 000 mm;

– wire mesh/screens (height see 7.2.6) E = N + 1 500 mm.

The degree of protection of IP1X (see IEC 60529) shall be used.

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7.2.4 Minimum height over access area

The minimum height of live parts above surfaces or platforms where only pedestrian access is
permitted shall be as follows:
 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 23 –

– for live parts without protective facilities, a minimum height H = N + 2 250 mm (minimum
2 500 mm) shall be maintained (see Figure 3 of IEC 61936-1:2010). The height H refers to
the maximum conductor sag (see Clause 4);
– the lowest part of any insulation, for example the upper edge of metallic insulator bases,
shall be not less than 2 250 mm above accessible surfaces unless other suitable
measures to prevent access are provided.

Where the reduction of safety distances due to the effect of snow on accessible surfaces
needs to be considered, the values given above shall be increased.

7.2.5 Clearances to buildings

Where bare conductors cross buildings which are located within closed electrical operating
areas, the following clearances to the roof shall be maintained at maximum sag (see Figure 1):

– the clearances specified in 7.2.4 for live parts above accessible surfaces, where the roof
is accessible when the conductors are live;
– N + 500 mm where the roof cannot be accessed when the conductors are live;
– O 2 in lateral direction from the end of the roof if the roof is accessible when the conductors
are live.

Where bare conductors approach buildings which are located within closed electrical
operating areas, the following clearances shall be maintained, allowing for the maximum
sag/swing in the case of stranded conductors:

– outer wall with unscreened windows: minimum clearance given by D V ;

– outer wall with screened windows (screened in accordance with 7.2.2): protective barrier
clearances B 2 in accordance with 7.2.2;
– outer wall without windows: N.
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 – 24 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

Dimensions in millimetres
N + 500a

Hb

Dv Dv

N = Minimum Clearance
IEC
a The roof cannot be accessed when the conductors are live D v = N + 1 000 for U n ≤ 110 kV
b The roof can be accessed when the conductors are live D v = N + 2 000 for U n > 110 kV
a) Outer wall with unscreened windows

B2 B2

B2 ≥ N + 1 N = Minimum Clearance
IEC

b) Outer wall with screened windows

N N
c

O2

N = Minimum Clearance
IEC .
c O 2 ≥ N + 300 (600 min.) if the roof is accessible when the conductors are live
c) Outer wall without windows

When work is performed on the roof when the conductors are live, clearances from Figure 3 of
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IEC 61936-1:2010 shall be used.

Figure 1 – Approaches with buildings (within closed electrical operating areas)

 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 25 –

7.2.6 External fences or walls and access doors

See 7.2.6 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014.

7.3 Indoor installations of open design

The layout of open-type indoor installations shall take into account the minimum pole-to-pole
and pole-to-earth clearances specified in 5.4.

The design of the installation shall be such as to prevent access to danger zones taking into
account the need of access for operational and maintenance purposes. Therefore, safety
distances or permanent protective facilities within the installation shall be provided.

For protective barrier clearances, safety distances and minimum height, see 7.2.

For buildings, corridors, escape routes, doors and windows, see 7.5.

For solid walls or screens less than 1 800 mm high, and for rails, chains or ropes, the
protective obstacle clearances are at least

O 1 = N + 200 mm (minimum 500 mm, see Figure 1 of IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014)

For chains or ropes, the values shall be increased taking into account the sag. They shall be
fitted at a minimum height of 1 200 mm to a maximum of 1 400 mm, where appropriate.

7.4 Installation of prefabricated type-tested switchgear

See 7.4 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014.

7.5 Requirements for buildings

7.5.1 General

See 7.5.1 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.5.2 Structural provisions

7.5.2.1 General

See 7.5.2.1 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.5.2.2 Specifications for walls

See 7.5.2.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.5.2.3 Windows
See 7.5.2.3 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.5.2.4 Roofs

The roof of the building shall have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand the environ-
mental conditions. In case of valves intended to be suspended by anchoring to the roof, the
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roof of the valves building shall have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand both the
environmental conditions and the valves weight.

If the ceiling of the switchgear room is also the roof of the building for pressure relief, the
anchoring of the roof to the walls shall be adequate.
 – 26 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

7.5.2.5 Floors

See 7.5.2.5 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.5.3 Rooms for switchgear

See 7.5.3 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.5.4 Maintenance and operating areas

Maintenance and operating areas comprise aisles, access areas, handling passages and
escape routes.

Aisles and access areas shall be adequately dimensioned for carrying out work, operating
switchgear and transporting equipment.

Aisles shall be at least 800 mm wide.

The width of the aisles shall not be reduced even where equipment projects into the aisles, for
example permanently installed operating mechanisms or switchgear trucks in isolated
positions.

Space for evacuation shall always be at least 500 mm, even when removable parts or open
doors, which are blocked in the direction of escape, intrude into the escape routes.

For erection or service access ways behind closed installations (solid walls), a minimum width
of 500 mm is required.

Clear and safe access for personnel shall be provided at all times.

The doors of switchgear cubicles or bays shall close in the direction of escape.

Below ceilings, covers or enclosures, except cable accesses, a minimum height of 2 000 mm
is required.

Exits shall be arranged so that the length of the escape route within the room does not
exceed 40 m for installation of rated voltages U dm greater than 45 kV d.c., and 20 m for
installation of rated voltages up to U dm = 45 kV d.c.. This does not apply to accessible bus
ducts or cable ducts. If the above distances of the escape route cannot be met, an agreement
shall be made with the user.

Permanently installed ladders or similar are permissible as emergency exits in escape routes.

7.5.5 Doors

See 7.5.5 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.5.6 Draining of insulating liquids

See 7.5.6 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

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7.5.7 Air conditioning and ventilation

See 7.5.7 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.5.7.1 Ventilation of battery rooms

See 7.5.7 1 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 27 –

7.5.7.2 Rooms for emergency generating units

See 7.5.7.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.5.8 Buildings which require special consideration

See 7.5.8 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.6 High voltage/low voltage prefabricated substations

See 7.6 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

7.7 Electrical installations on mast, pole and tower

The minimum height H' of live parts above surfaces accessible to the general public shall be

– H' = 4 300 mm for rated voltages U dm up to 45 kV;

– H' = N + 4 500 mm (minimum 6 000 mm) for rated voltages U dm above 45 kV;
where N is the minimum clearance.

Where the reduction of safety distances due to the effect of snow on accessible surfaces
needs to be considered, the values given above shall be increased.

Isolating equipment and fuses shall be arranged so that they can be operated without danger.
Isolating equipment accessible to the general public shall be capable of being locked. The
operating rods shall be compliant with the relevant standard.

Safe pole-to-pole connection and earthing of the overhead line shall be possible.

8 Safety measures

8.1 General

See 8.1 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

8.2 Protection against direct contact

See 8.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

8.2.1 Measures for protection against direct contact

8.2.1.1 Recognized protection measures

See 8.2.1.1 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

8.2.1.2 Design of protective measures

See 8.2.1.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

8.2.2 Protection requirements

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8.2.2.1 Protection outside of closed electrical operating areas

See 8.2.2.1 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

8.2.2.2 Protection inside closed electrical operating areas

See 8.2.2.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

 – 28 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

8.2.2.3 Protection during normal operation

The relevant standards for operation of electrical installations should be taken into account.

Protection measures in an installation shall take into account the need for access for
purposes of operation and control and maintenance, e.g.:

– control of a circuit-breaker or a disconnector;

– changing a fuse or a lamp;
– adjusting a setting value of a device;
– resetting a relay or an indicator;
– earthing for work;
– erection of a temporary insulating shutter;
– reading the temperature or oil level of a reactor.

In installations with U dm ≤ 45 kV d.c., where doors or covers have to be opened in order to

carry out normal operation or maintenance, it may be necessary to provide fixed non-
conductive rails as a warning.

8.3 Means to protect persons in case of indirect contact

See 8.3 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

8.4 Means to protect persons working on electrical installations

See 8.4 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014.

8.5 Protection from danger resulting from arc fault

See 8.5 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014.

8.6 Protection against direct lightning strokes

See 8.6 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

8.7 Protection against fire

See 8.7.of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014 as far as applicable.

8.8 Protection against leakage of insulating liquid

See 8.8 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014 as far as applicable.

8.9 Identification and marking

See 8.9 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

9 Protection, control and auxiliary systems

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See Clause 9 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014 as far as applicable.

 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 29 –

10 Earthing systems

10.1 General

This Clause 10 provides the criteria for design, installation, testing and maintenance of an
earthing system such that it operates under all conditions and ensures the safety of human
life in any place to which persons have legitimate access. It also provides the criteria to
ensure that the integrity of equipment connected and in proximity to the earthing system is
maintained.

D.C. earth electrodes shall be located far enough away from the installation or other
immersed metal structures so that electrolytic corrosion is negligible in comparison with other
causes of corrosion, and to avoid transformer saturation.

NOTE IEC TS 62344 provides general guidelines on the design of earth electrode stations for high-voltage direct
current (HVDC) links.

As the electrolytic corrosion due to the d.c. earth electrode depends on the ampere-hours of
use, the distance of the d.c. earth electrode from the installation could be reduced in case of
temporary use of the electrode.

10.2 Fundamental requirements

10.2.1 Safety criteria

The hazard to human beings is that a current will flow through the region of the heart which is
sufficient to cause ventricular fibrillation. The current limit, for d.c. purposes is derived from
the appropriate curve in IEC TS 60479-1. This body current limit is translated into voltage
limits for comparison with the calculated step and touch voltages taking into account the
following factors:

– proportion of current flowing through the region of the heart;

– body impedance along the current path;
– resistance between the body contact points and e.g. metal structure to hand including
glove, feet to remote ground including shoes or gravel;
– fault duration.

For installation design, the curve shown in Figure 2 is calculated according to the method
defined in Annex B.

NOTE The curve is based on data extracted from IEC TS 60479-1:

– body impedance from Table 10 of IEC TS 60479-1:2005 (not exceeded by 50 % of the population),
– permissible body current corresponding to the c 2 curve in Figure 22 and Table 13 of IEC TS 60479-1:2005
(probability of ventricular fibrillation is less than 5 %),
– heart current factor according to Table 12 of IEC TS 60479-1:2005.

The curve in the following Figure 2, which gives the allowable touch voltage, should be used.
As a general rule, meeting the touch voltage requirements satisfies the step voltage
requirements, because the tolerable step voltage limits are much higher than touch voltage
limits due to the different current path through the body.
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For installations where high-voltage equipment is not located in closed electrical operating
areas, e.g. in an industrial environment, a global earthing system should be used to prevent
touch voltages exceeding the voltage limits given in IEC 60364-4-41 [8].
 – 30 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

Tolerable touch d.c. voltage

V
900

Voltage, 800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
10 100 1 000 10 000
Time, ms
IEC

Figure 2 – Touch voltage limit d.c.

10.2.2 Functional requirements

The earthing system, its components and bonding conductors shall be capable of distributing
and discharging the fault current without exceeding thermal and mechanical design limits
based on back-up protection operating time.

In general, a.c. and d.c. earthing systems shall be interconnected except for the d.c. earth
electrode which will be separated from the a.c. and d.c. earthing systems.

The earthing system shall maintain its integrity for the expected installation lifetime with due
allowance for corrosion and mechanical constraints.

Earthing system performance shall avoid damage to equipment due to excessive potential rise,
potential differences within the earthing system and due to excessive currents flowing in
auxiliary paths not intended for carrying parts of the fault current.

The earthing system, in combination with appropriate measures, shall maintain step, touch
and transferred potentials within the voltage limits based on normal operating time of
protection relays and breakers.

The earthing system performance shall contribute to ensuring electromagnetic compatibility

(EMC) among electrical and electronic apparatus of the high-voltage system in accordance
with IEC TR 61000-5-2.

10.2.3 High and low voltage earthing systems

See 10.2.3 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

10.3 Design of earthing systems

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10.3.1 General

Design of an earthing system can be accomplished as follows:

a) data collection, e.g. earth fault current, fault duration and layout;
b) initial design of the earthing system based on the functional requirements;
c) determine whether it is part of a global earthing system;
 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 31 –

d) if not, determine soil characteristics e.g. specific soil resistivity of layers;

e) determine the current flowing into earth from the earthing system, based on earth fault
current;
f) determine the overall impedance to earth, based on layout, soil characteristics, and
parallel earthing systems;
g) determine earth potential rise;
h) determine tolerable touch voltage;
i) if the earth potential rise is below the permissible touch voltages, the design is completed;
j) if not, determine if touch voltages inside and in the vicinity of the earthing system are
below the tolerable limits;
k) determine if transferred potentials present a hazard outside or inside the electrical power
installation; if yes, proceed with mitigation at exposed location;
l) determine if low-voltage equipment is exposed to excessive stress voltage; if yes, proceed
with mitigation measures which can include separation of HV and LV earthing systems;

Once the above criteria have been met, the design can be refined, if necessary, by repeating
the above steps. Detailed design is necessary to ensure that all exposed conductive parts,
are earthed. Extraneous conductive parts shall be earthed, if appropriate.

A flowchart of this design process is given in Annex D of IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014.

The structural earth electrode shall be bonded and form part of the earthing system. If not
bonded, verification is necessary to ensure that all safety requirements are met.

10.3.2 Power system faults

The objective is to determine the worst case fault scenario for every relevant aspect of the
functional requirements, as these may differ. The following types of fault shall be examined at
each voltage level present in the installation:

a) pole to earth;
b) two poles to earth;
c) metallic return to earth.

Faults within and outside the installation site shall be examined to determine the worst fault
location.

10.3.3 Lightning and transients

See 10.3.3 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

10.4 Construction of earthing systems

See 10.4 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

10.5 Measurements

See 10.5 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

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10.6 Maintainability

10.6.1 Inspections

See 10.6.1 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

 – 32 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

10.6.2 Measurements

See 10.6.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

11 Inspection and testing

11.1 General

See 11.1 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

11.2 Verification of specified performances

See 11.2 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

11.3 Tests during installation and commissioning

See 11.3 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

11.4 Trial running

See 11.4 of IEC 61936-1:2010.

12 Operation and maintenance manual

See Clause 12 of IEC 61936-1:2010 and IEC 61936-1:2010/AMD1:2014.

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 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 33 –

Annex A
(informative)

Values of rated insulation levels and minimum clearances in air based

on nominal voltage of some HVDC projects worldwide
Nominal Highest Rated 15 Rated Rated Minimum pole- Rated Minimum pole-
voltage voltage minutes lightning switching to-earth clearance switching to-pole clearance
for for d.c. with- impulse impulse impulse
installa- installa- stand withstand withstand withstand
tion tion voltage voltage a voltage voltage
U dm 1,2/50 µs Pole-to- Conductor Rod Pole-to-pole Conductor Rod –
peak value earth – – – conductor
structure structure 250/ conductor
250/ 2 500 µs parallel
2 500 µs peak value
peak value

kV kV kV kV kV mm kV mm
350 700 700
80 82.5 115 170 350
450 900 900
450 900 900
100 103 145 250 450
550 1 100 1 100
550 1 100 1 200 1 300
150 154,5 215 650 350 1 300 650 1 300 1 300
750 1 500 1 500 1 500
750 1 500 1 700 1 900
200 206 290 850 450 1 700 850 1 700 1 900
950 1 900 1 900 1 900
850 1 700
250 257,5 360 950 550 1 900 1 050 2 200 2 500
1 050 2 100
950 1 900
270 278 390 1 050 650 2 100 1 125 2 300 2 600
1 175 2 400
950 1 900
300 309 435 1 050 650 2 100 1 275 2 600 3 100
1 175 2 400
1 050 2 100
320 329,5 460 1 175 750 2 400 1 360 2 900 3 400
1 300 2 600
1 175 2 400
350 360,5 505 1 300 750 2 600 1 425 3 100 3 600
1 425 2 900
1 300 2 600
400 412 580 1 425 850 2 900 1 680 3 900 4 600
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1 550 3 100
1 425 2 900
450 463,5 650 1 550 950 3 100 1 850 5 200 6 000
1 675 3 400
 – 34 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

Nominal Highest Rated 15 Rated Rated Minimum pole- Rated Minimum pole-
voltage voltage minutes lightning switching to-earth clearance switching to-pole clearance
for for d.c. with- impulse impulse impulse
installa- installa- stand withstand withstand withstand
tion tion voltage voltage a voltage voltage
U dm 1,2/50 µs Pole-to- Conductor Rod Pole-to-pole Conductor Rod –
peak value earth – – – conductor
structure structure 250/ conductor
250/ 2 500 µs parallel
2 500 µs peak value
peak value

kV kV kV kV kV mm kV mm
1 550 3 100
3 400
500 515 720 1 675 1 050 3 400 2 050 6 200 7 300
3 600 b
1 800 3 600
1 800 3 600
600 618 865 1 950 1 300 3 900 4 800 2 500 9 000 10 100
2 100 4 200

NOTE The introduction of U dm above = 600 kV is under consideration.

a The rated lightning impulse is applicable pole-to-pole and pole-to-earth.
b Minimum clearance required for upper value of rated lightning impulse withstand voltage.
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 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 35 –

Annex B
(normative)

Method of calculating the voltage limit

The following Formula (B.1) shall be used:

1 (B.1)
U T = I B (t f ) × × RT (U T ) × BF
HF
where
UT is the touch voltage;
tf is the fault duration; I B (t f ) is the body current limit. See c 2 in Figure 22 and Table 13
of IEC TS 60479-1:2005 , where probability of ventricular fibrillation is less than 5 %.
I B depends on fault duration.
HF is the heart current factor. See Table 12 of IEC TS 60479-1:2005, i.e. 1,0 for left
hand, both feet; 0,8 for right hand to both feet; 0,4 for hand to hand.
R T (U T ) is the body resistance. See Table 10 and Figure 3 of IEC TS 60479-1:2005. R T is not
exceeded by 50 % of the population. Therefore, the first calculation has to start with
an assumed level.
BF is the body fact. See Figure 3 of IEC TS 60479-1:2005, i.e. 0,75 for hand to both feet,
0,5 for both hands to both feet.
NOTE Different touch voltage conditions, e.g. left hand to feet, hand to hand, lead to different tolerable touch
voltages. Figure 2 of this standard is based on a weighted average taken from four different touch voltage
configurations. Touch voltage left hand to feet (weighted 1,0), touch voltage right hand to feet (weighted 1,0), touch
voltage both hand to feet (weighted 1,0) and touch voltage hand to hand (weighted 0,7).

For specific consideration of additional resistances the formula becomes:

1 (B.2)
U T = I B (t f ) × × ( RT (U T ) × BF + RH + RF )
HF
where
RH is the additional hand resistance;
RF is the additional foot resistance.
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 – 36 – IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015

Bibliography

[1] CISPR 18-1, Radio interference characteristics of overhead power lines and high-
voltage equipment – Part 1: Description of phenomena

[2] CISPR 18-2, Radio interference characteristics of overhead power lines and high-
voltage equipment – Part 2: Methods of measurement and procedure of determining
limits

[3] CISPR 18-3, Radio interference characteristics of overhead power lines and high-
voltage equipment – Part 3: Code of practice for minimizing the generation of radio
noise

[4] IEC 60050 (all parts), International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (available at

<http//www.electropedia.org>)

[5] IEC 60633, Terminology for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission

[6] IEC 60068 (all parts), Environmental testing

[7] IEC 60076-2, Power transformers – Part 2: Temperature rise for liquid-immersed
transformers

[8] IEC 60364-4-41, Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 4-41: Protection for safety –
Protection against electric shock

[9] IEC 60700-1, Thyristor valves for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power
transmission – Part 1: Electrical testing

[10] IEC 60721-2-2, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 2-2: Environmental

conditions appearing in nature – Precipitation and wind

[11] IEC 60721-2-3, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 2-3: Environmental

conditions appearing in nature – Air pressure

[12] IEC 60721-2-4, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 2-4: Environmental

conditions appearing in nature – Solar radiation and temperature

[13] IEC 60721-2-6, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 2-6: Environmental

conditions appearing in nature – Earthquake vibration and shock

[14] IEC 60721-2-7, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 2-7: Environmental

conditions appearing in nature – Fauna and flora

[15] IEC TR 60919 (all parts), Performance of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems
with line-commutated converters

[16] IEC 60949, Calculation of thermally permissible short-circuit currents, taking into
account non-adiabatic heating effects
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[17] IEC TR 62001, High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems – Guidebook to the
specification and design evaluation of A.C. filters

[18] IEC/IEEE 65700-19-03:2014, Bushings for d.c. application

 IEC TS 61936-2:2015 © IEC 2015 – 37 –

[19] IEC TS 62344, Design of earth electrode stations for high-voltage direct current (HVDC)
links – General guidelines

[20] IEC TR 62543, High-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission using voltage
sourced converters (VSC)

[21] IEC TR 62544, High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems – Application of active
filters

[22] ISO 1996-1, Acoustics – Description, measurement and assessment of environmental

noise – Part 1: Basic quantities and assessment-procedures

[23] IEEE 998:1996, Guide for Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations

[24] ANSI/IEEE standard 1030, IEEE guide for specification of high-voltage direct-current
systems. Part I: Steady-state performance

[25] CIGRE Report 23-07:1991, Adaptation of substations to their environment both in

urban and rural areas, including noise problems and oil pollution of subsoil

[26] Factory Mutual Global Standard 3990, 06/1997: Approval standard for Less or
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[27] Official Journal of the European Communities, No. C 62/23 dated 28.2.1994:
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