ISSN: 2688-822X DOI: 10.33552/AAHDS.2020.02.

000530

Archives of
Animal Husbandry & Dairy Science

Research Article Copyright © All rights are reserved by Armia N M Ghaly

Assessment on Livestock Production: Opportunities

and Challenges to Livestock Household in
Welkayt District
Friat Kidanemariam1, Haben Fesseha2*
1
College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, P.O. Box: 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia
2
School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box: 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia

*Corresponding author: Haben Fesseha, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Received Date: March 17, 2020
Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia. Published Date: April 09, 2020

Abstract
Livestock production is contributing a great role in the livelihood of the rural community although is being challenged by various constraints.
A questionnaire based cross sectional study was conducted on 183 individuals (96 farmers, 73 factory workers, 10 peasant association and 4
veterinarians) from November 2014 to April 2015 to assess the existing opportunities and challenges on livestock production in Welkayt district.
Individuals were interviewed to obtain information related to marketing information, animal health service and breed status, feed availability and
management system on livestock production. Accordingly, the presence of Welkayt Sugar Project, availability of productive breeds (Begait), and
proximity to Sudan and Eretria borders for the international market are some of the identified opportunities for livestock development in the
district. However, out of the 96 farmer participants indicated insufficient animal feed in the quantity and quality (45.8%), poor technology supply
(43.8%) and poor veterinary service provision (41.7%) as the major challenges in the district. Similarly, veterinarian expertise respondents replied
as there were insufficient drugs and equipment’s supply in the existing clinic in the district. During the interview all the respondents reflected that
there is declining of grazing pasture from time to time. As a result, the animal owners used animal feeds originated from factories and concerning the
perception of the respondents since they have a lack of knowledge on the health and feed management of animals’ continuous awareness creation
and improvement of the existing breeds using artificial insemination (AI) should put in place.

Keywords: Challenge; Livestock; Opportunity; Production; Welkayt district.

Introduction
This livestock sector has therefore been contributing considerable
Ethiopia’s livestock population is the largest in Africa. Currently,
portion and still promising to rally round the economic
Ethiopian is estimated to have about 56.71 million heads of cattle,
development of the country. Despite high livestock population and
29.33 million heads of Sheep, 29.11 million heads of goats, and 56.87
existing favourable environmental conditions, the current livestock
million poultry [1]. The role played by livestock in the economy of
output of the country is still very low. This is associated with a
Ethiopia, as in many developing countries, is varied but substantial.
number of complex and inter-related factors such as inadequate
Livestock contribute to the production of food (meat, milk, eggs
feed and nutrition, widespread diseases, poor genetic potential,
and blood), industrial raw materials (wool, hair, hides and skins),
market problem, inefficiency of livestock development services
input for crop production (draught power and manure) and export
with respect to credit, extension, marketing, and infrastructure [2,
earnings (live animals, skin and hides). They also generate cash
4-6] and feed shortage in quantity and quality have been a critical
income which can be used to purchase food grain, seeds, fertilizer
problem in Ethiopian livestock production system [7, 8].
and farm implements [2, 3].
Similarly, the above challenges are also expected to exist in
The livestock sector in Ethiopia contributes 16.5% of the
Tigray region and Welkayt District in particular. For instance,
national GDP, and 47.7% of the agricultural GDP, 15% of the
challenges such as lack of animal feed in quantity and quality
country’s export earnings and 30% of agricultural employment [1].

This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License AAHDS.MS.ID.000530. Page 1 of 8
 Archives of Animal Husbandry & Dairy Science Volume 2-Issue 1

(despite existing opportunities like by-products of Welkayt sugar Table 1: Demographic feature of all respondents in Welkayt District.
project), breed improvement problems, marketing problems and
Percentage respondents
lack of market-oriented animal keeping, and management and Parameter Category
(N=96)
health status problems are some of the constraints for livestock Age 20-40 34 (35.4%)
development in the District. There are also opportunities in the 41-60 56(58.3%)
District like economically important breed (Begait), feed availability
>60 6(6.3%)
from the sugar industry process, infrastructure development in the
Sex Male 64(66.7%)
environment and market opportunities to the existing factories and
Female 32(33.3%)
export to Sudan and later Eretria. Thus, this study was conducted
Family size ≤3 14(14.6%)
with the objective of assessing the challenges and opportunities of
04-Jul 63(65.6%)
livestock production in Welkayt District
>7 19(19.8%)
Materials And Methods Education level Illiterate 60(62.5%)
Study Area Elementary 33(34.4%)
High school and above 3(3.1%)
A cross sectional study using questionnaire survey was
conducted from November 2014 to April 2015 in western zone Table 2: Animal types owned by respondent farmers in Welkayt District
(N=96).
particularly in Welkayt. The district is situated at geographical
coordination of 13044’38” North, 37019’28” East. The District is Proportion of
Animals Frequency
bordered by Kafta-Humera and Tahtay Adyabo (North), Tselemti respondents/farmers (%)

and Asgede-Tsimbla (East), Tsegedie and Tselemti (South), Tsegedie Local 65 67.7
Cattle
and Kafta-Humera (West). The district possesses 28 sub-districts Cross 11 11.5
of which 14 are lowlands. The mean annual rainfall of the zone is Goat 71 74
1600 mm and annual temperature ranges from 38º C to 40º C in the Sheep and camel 19 19.8
lowlands and 100 c to 220c in the mid high land and high land of Chicken 76 79.2
the western zone [1]. Donkey 82 85.4

Study Design and Method of data collection Bee 16 16.7

Pre-tested questioner was used to obtain all required Livestock Products and their Economical Benefit
information. Five sub-districts (Tsebri, Kalema, Maygaba, Maychaa As per the reply from farmer respondents, animals in the
and Bet-Mulu) were selected purposively depend on livestock district contributes for various activities among which ploughing,
population of the sub-district and its proximity from the sugar natural fertilizer production and transport service were some
factory. The farmers and sugar project staffs were selected using of them responded by 49%, 37.5% and 34.4% of the interviewee
simple random sampling whereas peasant association officers and respectively. At the same time 53.1%,52.1% and 45.8% of the
veterinarians were included purposively. A total of 183 individuals respondents indicated that the animal was used as means of wealth
(96 farmers, 73 factory workers, 10 sub-districts administration accumulation, for meat production and profit through sailing of
officers and 4 veterinarians) were interviewed during the study in animal respectively [Table 3].
district.
Table 3: Livestock products and their economic benefit.
Data Management and Statistical Analysis
Production Proportion of farmers response (N=96, %)
and use of
Data collected from interviewers were stored on separate Low Moderate High
livestock
Microsoft excel spread sheet and coded properly and analyzed
Ploughing 13(13.5) 36(37.5) 47(49.0)
using STATA version 12. Descriptive statistics was used to illustrate
Milk 39(40.6) 38(39.6) 19(19.8)
the frequency and percentage of the variables.
Meat 26(27.1) 50(52.1) 20(20.8)
Results Egg 39(40.6) 40(41.7) 17(17.7)
Socio-demographic status of respondents Honey 47(49.0) 24(25.0) 25(26.0)
Fertilizer 17(17.7) 43(44.8) 36(37.5)
A total of 183 individuals (96 farmers, 73 factory workers, 10
Profit from sale
peasant association and 4 veterinarians) were interviewed in this 26(27.1) 44(45.8) 26(27.1)
of animal
study out of which 18% were females and 82% were males (Table
For transporting 36(37.5) 27(28.1) 33(34.4)
1). Among the farmer respondents, 65(67.7%) owned local breed
As wealth
cattle, and 11(11.5%) had cross breed cattle. Besides, 71(74.0%), accumulation
26(27.1) 51(53.1) 19(19.8)
82(85.4%) and 19(19.8%) have replied as they owned goats, sheep
Skin and hide 37(38.5) 31(32.3) 28(29.2)
and camels respectively [Table 2].

Citation: Friat K, Haben F. Assessment on Livestock Production: Opportunities and Challenges to Livestock Household in Welkayt Page 2 of 8
District. Arch Animal Husb & Dairy Sci. 2(1): 2020. AAHDS.MS.ID.000530. DOI: 10.33552/AAHDS.2020.02.000530.
 Archives of Animal Husbandry & Dairy Science Volume 2-Issue 1

Possible Opportunities for Livestock Development in the [Table 4].

District
Furthermore, 60.0% of peasant association respondents and
During the interview of factory workers and veterinarians 74.0% of farmers’ participants responded that as there is a gap on
64.4% and 75.0% respectively replied that Welkayt Sugar Industry export marketing while 90% of the peasant association indicated
will be helpful for livestock development through developing green domestic market centers are common in the area for livestock and
animal’s feed using irrigation and utilization of other by-products their products utilization [Table 5].
Table 4: View of respondents on opportunities of the Welkayt Sugar industry for livestock development in the District.

Proportion of respondents (N=183, %)

Opportunities Factory worker Peasant
Farmer (N=96) Veterinarian (N=4)
(N=73) association(N=10)

Green pasture trough Yes 46(47.9) 47(64.4) 3(75.0) 3(30.0)

irrigation No 50(52.1) 26(35.6) 1(25.0) 7(70.0)
Yes 54(56.3) 65(89.0) 4(100.0) 7(70.0)
Molasses
No 42(43.8) 8(11.0) 0(0.0) 3(30.0)
Yes 58(60.4) 59(80.8) 3(75.0) 8(80.0)
Sugar cane residue
No 38(39.6) 14(19.2) 1(25.0) 2(20.0)
Yes 59(61.5) 59(80.8) 3(75.0) 2(20.0)
Grazing pasture
No 37(38.5) 14(19.2) 1(25.0) 8(80.0)
Yes 45(46.9) 45(61.6) 3(75.0) 2(20.0)

Planting for use animal No 51(53.1) 28(38.4) 1(25.0) 8(80.0)

feed Moderate - 18(24.7) - -
High - 34(46.6) - -
Low - 21(28.8) - -
To create local market Moderate - 14(19.2) - -
High - 38(52.1) - -
Low - 25(34.2) - -
To transfer new
technology related to Moderate - 18(24.7) - -
livestock production
High - 30(41.1) - -
Table 5: Other possible opportunities on livestock development in the District.

Proportion of respondents (N=183, %)

Opportunities Factory worker Peasant
Farmer (N=96) Veterinarian (N=4)
(N=73) association(N=10)
Yes 70(72.9) - - 10(100.0)
Animals’ source
No 26(27.1) - - 0(0.0)

Breeds of cattle Yes 100(100.0) - - 100(100.0)

(Begait) No 0(0.0) - - 0(0.0)

Within the Yes - - - 9(90.0)

Sugar cane residue
districts No - - - 1(10.0)

Out of the Yes 25(26.0) - - 4(40.0)

Grazing pasture
districts No 71(74.0) - - 6(60.0)

Major Challenges in Livestock Production in Welkayt 75.0% of veterinary expertise respondents as great challenge in
District Welkayt District. Moreover, 75% of veterinarians and 42.5% of
factory workers responded that there is insufficient improved
According to the 45.8% of farmers’ respondent and 42.5% of
breed. At the same time, 44.8% of farmers and 75% veterinarians
factory workers response, low supply and quality of animals feed
indicated that lack of veterinary expertise is one of the bottlenecks.
is one of the recorded limiting factors for livestock development
The major problems in Welkayt district are shortage of feed and
in the area. Lack of new technology supply has also indicated by
lack of professional person [Table 6].

Citation: Friat K, Haben F. Assessment on Livestock Production: Opportunities and Challenges to Livestock Household in Welkayt Page 3 of 8
District. Arch Animal Husb & Dairy Sci. 2(1): 2020. AAHDS.MS.ID.000530. DOI: 10.33552/AAHDS.2020.02.000530.
 Archives of Animal Husbandry & Dairy Science Volume 2-Issue 1

Table 6: Challenges of livestock development in Welkayt District from respondent perspective.

Proportion of respondent N (%)

List of problems Level
Farmer Veterinarian Factory workers
Low 19(19.8) 2(50.0) 15(20.5)
Low supply and quality of animal feed Moderate 33(34.4) 2(50.0) 27(37.0)
High 44(45.8) 0(0.0) 31(42.8)
Low 31(32.3) 0(0.0) 23(31.5)
Lack of improved breed Moderate 54(56.3) 1(25.0) 19(26.0)
High 11(11.5) 3(75.0) 31(42.5)
Low 28(29.2) 1(25.0) 29(39.7)
Lack of supply of technology related to livestock
Moderate 26(27.1) 0(0.0) 6(8.2)
production
High 42(43.8) 3(75.0) 38(52.1)
Low 22(22.9) 0(0.0) 28(38.4)
Lack of professional person Moderate 31(32.3) 1(25.0) 35(47.9)
High 43(44.8) 3(75.0) 10(13.7)
Low 17(17.7) 0(0.0) 28(38.4)
Lack of veterinary service Moderate 39(40.6) 4(100.0) 29(39.7)
High 40(41.7) 0(0.0) 16(21.9)

The animal health sector of the district has so many challenges responded there is insufficient supply of drugs while 65.6% and
according to the responses of respondents where capacity lack of 50% farmers and veterinarians respectively responded that there
enough expertise distance of the clinic from their residence and are sufficient vaccines available in the districts. with regarded to
poor public awareness were some of them as explained by 42.0%, the attention of the Veterinary Service in the district, 51.1 % of the
36.5%, 29.2% and 33.3% of the respondents respectively (Table interviewed farmers responded that veterinary service has got low
7). All veterinarian and 39.9% (n= 38/96) farmer participants attention compared with other sectors [Table 8].
Table 7: Farmers perspective on veterinary clinics coverage and its challenges.

Relating of animals’ health Proportion of respondent (N=96, %)

Yes 96(100.0)
Availability of veterinary clinic
No -
<30 minutes 54(56.3)
Distance to veterinary clinic 31-60 minutes 27(28.1)
>60 minutes 15(15.6)
Yes 55(57.3)
Client`s satisfaction
No 41(42.7)
Lack of high-quality level professional 35(36.5)
It is very far the clinic 28(29.2)
Clinic challenges in veterinary clinic
Time wastage 17(17.7)
Poor veterinary service 16(16.7)
Yes 15(15.6)
Training related animal health management No 32(33.3)
Sometimes 49(51.0)
In day 11(11.5)
In two days 12(12.5)
report for any animal disease In week 31(32.3)
In any time 22(22.9)
No reporting 20(20.8)
To try traditional medicine 17(17.7)
Carelessness 35(36.5)
Reasons for delayed reporting Having no money 9(9.4)
No change 19(19.8)
Treating by ourselves using drugs 16(16.7%)

Citation: Friat K, Haben F. Assessment on Livestock Production: Opportunities and Challenges to Livestock Household in Welkayt Page 4 of 8
District. Arch Animal Husb & Dairy Sci. 2(1): 2020. AAHDS.MS.ID.000530. DOI: 10.33552/AAHDS.2020.02.000530.
 Archives of Animal Husbandry & Dairy Science Volume 2-Issue 1

Yes 45(46.9%)
Vaccine of animals No 11(11.5%)
Sometimes 40(41.7%)
Table 8: Farmers and veterinarians’ perspective on animal health Supply coverage and its challenges.

Proportion of respondents N (%)

Veterinary service
Farmer Veterinarian
Yes 58(60.4%) 0(0.0)
supply of sufficient drug
No 38(39.6%) 4(100.0)
Cheap 18(18.8%) 0
price of drug Fair 41(42.7%) 4(100.0)
Expensive 37(38.5%) 0(0.0)
Yes 63(65.6%) 2(50.0)
supply of sufficient vaccine
No 33(34.4%) 2(50.0)
Cheap 27(28.1%) 0
price of vaccine Fair 52(54.2%) 2(50.0)
Expensive 17(17.7%) 2(50.0)

Supply of sufficient veterinary Yes 50(52.1%) 0(0.0)

equipment No 46(47.9%) 4(100.0)
Low 49(51.1%) 0(0.0)
District`s attention as compared to
Moderate 34(35.4%) 2(50.0)
other sector`s
High 13(13.5%) 2(50.0)

Among research participants 40.6% farmers and 50% peasant supported by 50% of the veterinary expertise participated in the
association replied that occurrence of diseases in the District interview [Table 9].
is becoming increasing time to time although the idea was not
Table 9: Animal Health Status within last two years.

Proportion of the respondents (N=110)

Category Peasant
Farmers (N=96) Veterinarians (N=4)
association(N=10)
Increase 39(40.6%) 5(50.0%) 2(50.0)

Disease status compared Decrease 27(28.1%) 0(0.0%) 0(0.0)

from last year No change 19(19.8%) 4(40.0%) 2(50.0)
I do not know 11(11.5) 1(10.0%) 0(0.0)
Increase 42(43.8%) 5(50.0%) 4(100.0)

Animal mortality as Decrease 37(38.5%) 1(10.0%) 0(0.0)

compared from last year No change 13(13.5%) 2(20.0%) 0(0.0)
I do not know 4(4.2%) 2(20.0%) 0(0.0)
Table 10: Livestock production from respondent perspective.

Percentage of respondents(N=110)
Parameters
Farmer (N=96) Peasant association(N=10) Veterinarian (N=4)
Totally There is no supply 28(29.2%) - 0(0.0)

Suggestion about Supply of There is but insufficient 16(16.7%) - 0(0.0)

chicken No health service 52(54.1) - 2(50.0)
No awareness - - 2(50.0)
No supply bee 7(7.3%) - 0(0.0)
No supply equipment 16(16.7%) - 0(0.0)

Challenges of bee Disease of bee 5(5.2%) - 0(0.0)

production Lack of professional 43(44.8%) - 0(0.0)
No enough place 25(26.0%) - 2(50.0)
Lack of awareness - - 2(50.0)

Citation: Friat K, Haben F. Assessment on Livestock Production: Opportunities and Challenges to Livestock Household in Welkayt Page 5 of 8
District. Arch Animal Husb & Dairy Sci. 2(1): 2020. AAHDS.MS.ID.000530. DOI: 10.33552/AAHDS.2020.02.000530.
 Archives of Animal Husbandry & Dairy Science Volume 2-Issue 1

Type of insemination AI - - 0(0.0)

Natural - - 4(100.0)
Lack of professional - - 2(50.0)
Reasons not use artificial
Lack of supply service of AI - - -
insemination
No awareness - - 2(50.0)
Fattening - 6(60.0%) -
Dairy - 0(0.0%) -
Types of farming
Poultry - 4(40.0%) -
Bee - 0(0.0%) -
Yes - 4(40.0%) -
Training related animal feed
No - 6(60.0%) -

As indicated in [Table 10], reported challenges were lack of fattening is commonly practiced production type in the District.
health service (54.1% farmer respondents; 50% veterinarian Extensive farming system (43.8%) has indicated by farmer
respondents) for poultry, insufficient professionals (44.4% respondents as commonly practiced in the District even if 70.8%
farmer respondents) and insufficient acquisition of lands of them knew intensive farming system as necessary [Table 11].
(50% veterinarian participants) for bee development, and lack Among research participants 80.0% Welkayt Sugar Project staffs
of awareness (50% veterinarian respondents) for all animal and 60.0% peasant association indicated that local market for
production types. Besides, 60% farmer interviewees indicated as livestock and their product is becoming increasing.

Table 11: Description of respondents on farming system and its status.

Proportion of respondents (N=173, %)

Characteristics
Farmer (N=96) Factory worker(N=73) Veterinarian (N=4)
Intensive 20(20.8) - -
Semi-intensive 34(35.4) - -
Type of animal production
Extensive 42(43.8) - -

Awareness about intensive Yes 50(52.1) -

farm No 46(47.9) - -

Intensive farming is Yes 68(70.8) 73(100.0) 4(100.0)

necessary No 28(29.2) 0(0.0) 0(0.0)
Increase 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0)
The condition of grazing
Decrease 96(100.0) 73(100.0) 4(100.0)
pasture
No change 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0)
Use for irrigation 22(22.9) - -
Urbanization 12(12.5) - -
Reason to decrease grazing
Soil erosion 7(7.3) - -
pasture
expansion of crop cultivation 48(50.0) - -
All 7(7.3) - -

Sufficient crop residue used Yes 96(100.0) - -

for animal feed No 0(0.0) - -

Discussion The result obtained from the present study (40.6%) with
respect to milk production was higher than in Fogera Wereda,
In the current study, Welkayt Sugar Industry has indicated
Amhara regional state, which was ranged from 1.3% to 18%
as opportunity for livestock development in the district through
reported by [9]. This variation could be due to study methodology
various means among which creation of local market for live
difference, lack of market access, and breed difference in the area.
animals and their products, technology transfer, developing green
In the current finding it is indicated that majority of respondent
animal’s feed using irrigation, utilization of industry byproducts
farmers were used their animals for ploughing, natural fertilization,
(including molasses and leave of sugar cane) and leftover for
wealth determinant, meat and profit of selling animals as explained
animal feed are most indicated ones. Furthermore, Proximity of
by 49%, 37.5%, 53.1%, 52.1% and 45.8% respectively which might
the district to Sudan and Eretria and presence of the Begait breeds
be due to lack of awareness.
were other additional opportunities for livestock development in
the study area.

Citation: Friat K, Haben F. Assessment on Livestock Production: Opportunities and Challenges to Livestock Household in Welkayt Page 6 of 8
District. Arch Animal Husb & Dairy Sci. 2(1): 2020. AAHDS.MS.ID.000530. DOI: 10.33552/AAHDS.2020.02.000530.
 Archives of Animal Husbandry & Dairy Science Volume 2-Issue 1

The major constraint of livestock production of this study was Conclusion and Recommendations
low in quantity and quality of animal feed, lack of animal health and
The study showed that majority of the gaps for livestock
transfer new technology related to livestock production. This result
development in Welkayt District were shortage of feed in quantity
is related with the study of in Dani Districts, Oromia regional state
and quality, lack of improved breed, lack of supply of technology,
[10] and Fogera Wereda Amhara region of Ethiopia [9].
decreasing of the traditional grazing lands and poor health services
Moreover the finding of the present study indicated that there is coverage. At the same time there were also lack of awareness on
shortage of grazing land in Welkayt district due to expansion of crop modern animal production, poor quality of animal products, low
cultivation and urbanization, and to a lesser extent through land animal products, market linkage and infrastructure supported with
degradation .The present finding is in agreement with [11] which illegal market both for local and export were also other constraints
indicated that grazing land has declined markedly particularly in for the sector development in the area. However, opening of the
the highlands, for the same reason. Majority of the respondents Welkayt Sugar industry for animal feed options and local market
were not using intensive farming system which could be due to creation, proximity of the District to borders for international
environment effects and lack of feed source for their animals. market, and new knowledge and technology transfer were recorded
opportunities in the District for modern livestock development.
The farmers didn’t use the irrigated pasture areas. But this result
In conclusion, Intensive public education and extension activities
opposed to who reported by [12] in highland area of Ethiopia. This
should be done on the District in particular and the Zone in general
variation could be due to use for human food sources and there is
to efficient utilization of existing opportunities. Besides, Attention
also scarcity of land in that area. But such limitation does exist in the
should be given on improvement of animal husbandry management,
areas majority of the respondent agreed that molasses and leave of
market linkage, breed improvement/selection, introduction of new
sugarcane could be animals feed. Consider to the marketing access
technology, introduction of intensive farming system, and feed
60.0% of peasant association respondents and 74.0% of farmers’
option invention/modification. Accordingly, further studies are
participants responded that there is gap on export marketing while
also our recommendation on detail dynamics of the livestock sector
90% of the peasant association indicated domestic market centers
development in the area in parallel with strategies and directions of
are common in the area for livestock and their products. This gap
the government in the area.
might be due to low quality of livestock product and presence of
illegal marketing of livestock. According to the present finding the Acknowledgements
prevalence of diseases in chicken was reported as 54.1% which
No acknowledgements.
is higher compared with that of the report of [13] who reported
prevalence of 48.6%. Conflicts of Interest
With regard to the type of service used for animal reproduction No conflicts of interest.
all the respondents of the veterinarians indicated that natural
mating was used by the community which is in agreement with the
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District. Arch Animal Husb & Dairy Sci. 2(1): 2020. AAHDS.MS.ID.000530. DOI: 10.33552/AAHDS.2020.02.000530.
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Citation: Friat K, Haben F. Assessment on Livestock Production: Opportunities and Challenges to Livestock Household in Welkayt Page 8 of 8
District. Arch Animal Husb & Dairy Sci. 2(1): 2020. AAHDS.MS.ID.000530. DOI: 10.33552/AAHDS.2020.02.000530.