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Beef Cattle Production Systems, Challenges and Opportunities in Ethiopia

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 Review Article JOJ Pub Health
Volume 5 Issue 1 - July 2019
Copyright © All rights are reserved by Tewodros Alemneh
DOI: 10.19080/JOJPH.2019.05.555651

Beef Cattle Production Systems, Challenges and

Opportunities in Ethiopia
Tewodros Alemneh1* and Mebrate Getabalew2
1
Woreta City Office of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia
2
College of Agricultural and Natural Resource Science, Department of Animal Science, Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia
Submission: June 06, 2019; Published: July 17, 2019
*Corresponding author: Tewodros Alemneh, Woreta City Office of Agriculture & Environmental Protection, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Regional
State, Ethiopia

Abstract
This review highlights the production systems, challenges and opportunities of beef cattle in Ethiopia. There are three beef cattle production
systems practiced in Ethiopia. These are traditional, by-product and Hararge region production systems. In all of these three types, the output of
the farmers from beef cattle per head is low. So this system must provide the behavioral and adaptability of the farmers change through teaching
and seeing new technology from the neighbor area and foreign countries. Governmental organizations should doing on challenge constraints
(based on beef cattle production and marketing systems) like feed resource, personal challenge, marketing structure, health care and adequate
housing system for beef cattle.
The main challenges for beef cattle production and marketing are unofficial cross border trade dominated by influential personalities
and illegal exporters. Limited access to production and market related information such as production systems, prices, competitors, consumer
preferences and lack of capital investment in assets, equipment and input that would improve quality are the major challenges faced by marketing.
High demand of animals by the local abattoirs, increasing official exports and increasing domestic meat consumption are the opportunities
that will enhance this production and marketing system. As a result of population growth, urbanization and others, the demand for animal
product have substantially increased in Ethiopia. Therefore, it is very critical to effectively exploit the opportunities in the sector and overcoming
limitations in the meat, milk and live animal marketing is to bring sustainable economic development.
Keywords: Beef Cattle; Challenges; Opportunities; illegal exporters; Marketing System

Introduction
12% of the total and 33% of agricultural gross domestic product
Livestock sector in Ethiopia has been contributing an
(GDP) and provides livelihood for 65% of the population [2].
important role to the economy of the country, and still promising
to rally round the economic development of the country. Like Many Ethiopian people, like other developing countries, do
most of the sub-Saharan countries agricultural system in Ethiopia not consume adequate amount of meat. The few that do, however,
is obviously a traditional way that means livestock production maintain a meat diet of beef, sheep, goat and poultry. In 2001, 51%
system in Ethiopia is mixed production types. Ethiopia has the beef, 19% sheep, 14% goat and 15% poultry were contributed to
leading livestock population in Africa and animal population a meat diet composition. Most Ethiopians do not consume pork,
census with an estimation of 59.5 million cattle, 30.70 million in addition to many types of fishes, due to religious factor [3].
sheep, and 30.20 million goat population and 56.53 million Formally, Ethiopia had been exporting approximately 200,000
Poultry [1]. Beef cattle are those breeds of cattle that have been livestock annually [4]. This is significantly higher than the recent
primarily used to produce meat. Dual purpose breed are breeds annual official exports of cattle (12,934 head), sheep (13,554 head)
selected for both beef and dairy production. The beef industry and goats (1,247 head) between 1998 and 2003 [5]. In Ethiopia,
in Ethiopia has got the chance that there is an example that can recent studies estimated that annual illegal flow of livestock
be used for beef production and there is a large population of through boundaries reaches high. These become an obstacle to
cattle and there are local animals like Hero and Borana breed that understand and analyses the full range of activities required to
have been proved for their best beef performance. The economic bring a product (live animals, meat) to final consumers passing
contribution of the livestock sub sector in Ethiopia is also about through the different phases of production, marketing, processing

JOJ Pub Health 5(1): JOJPH.MS.ID.555651 (2019) 001

 Juniper Online Journal of Public Health

and delivery to the consumers. It creates barriers to identify a The primary purpose is for draft power, milk and manure
market-focused collaboration among different stakeholders who production and is usually only sold when they are too old for
produce and market value- added products [6]. these purposes, or drought or cash shortages force people to
sell. In the lowland, where pastoralists do not use cattle for draft
Our country has been earning foreign currency by exporting
and sometimes fattened on natural pasture in good seasons,
meat and live animals namely cattle, sheep, camels and goats [7].
however much body weight is lost during long distance trekking
Crop and livestock interactions occur directly in mixed farming
to Addis Ababa and the animals may reach market in little better
systems from which the majority of global livestock production
condition than culled highland stock. In average or poor seasons,
is obtained. Recent estimates suggest that 65% of all beef, 69%
lowland cattle are rarely fattened and often have to be sold in
of all mutton and 92% of cows’ milk is produced from mixed
poor condition at low prices. These traditional systems are very
farms. Mid and high lands of Ethiopia are characterized by crop-
inefficient because they do not use the proven opportunity to add
livestock farming systems, they inhabit nearly 90% of the human
weight and condition to cull animals before slaughter [12].
population and 70% of the livestock population of the country
[8]. Livestock have various uses aside from income generation, By-Product-Based Fattening System
including cash storage for those beyond the reach of the banking
Is a type in which agro industrial by-products such as molasses,
system, draught and pack services, milk and meat for household
cereal milling by-product and oilseed meals are the main sources
consumption, and manure for fuel and fertilizer [9].
of feed for fattening. Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) began to help
Having an introduction in this way, the objectives of this peasant farmers in Debre Zeit area to fatten purchased oxen using
review are: molasses and milling by- products. This has produced profitable
results for the individuals involved and the number of animals
a. To assess beef cattle production system in Ethiopia.
fattened has increased every year to about 2,000 per annum. This
b. To List and discuss the challenges and Opportunities of fattening system is not recommended for other parts of Ethiopia,
beef cattle production in Ethiopia. except places where oilseed cake is abundant and cheap [12].

Beef Cattle Production Systems in Ethiopia Hararege Fattening System

Cattle production in Ethiopia is an integral part of the mixed Other type of fattening system is the hararghe fattening
farming, agro-pastoral and pastoral production systems. In both system when the farmers by young oxen from the adjacent law
rural and urban areas, smallholder cattle fattening is emerging as lowlands pastoral areas use them for ploughing purpose for 2-3
an important source of income. In rural area of the country cattle years and then fatten and sell them before they become old and
fattening is based on locally available feed resources. Beef cattle emaciated. The system is largely based on cut and carry feeding
production system in Ethiopia: According to MOA [10]. Cattle of individually tethered animals, sometimes they use grazing.
fattening practices in Ethiopia is categorized in to three major Fattening enterprise in western region of the country typically
fattening systems: those are traditional system, by product-based take in mature feeder animals and being them to market weight
system and Hararghe fattening system. In traditional system, for sale to a slaughter, cattle in these enterprises normally enter
farmers usually sell oxen after the plowing season when they are the fed lot at cell under one year old and are fattened for six
in poor body condition and too old for the draught purposes. By- months [2].
product fattening system is mainly based on agro-industrial by-
Intensive feeding of the available feed supply to young oxen
product such as molasses, cereal milling by-product and oilseed
they are using for draught power could best describe this fattening
meals and others. Intensive feeding of the available feed supply
practice.
to young oxen used for draught power could best describe the
Hararghe fattening practice. The Hararghe fattening system is The feed types used for this purpose are entirely obtained
characterized by the use of the available feed resources to young from crop production especially from maize and sorghum. Pagot
oxen through cut-and-carry feeding system of individual tethered [13] describes that in Ethiopia the farmers fatten young bullocks
animals [10]. at the edge of the fields with lower leaves taken from the stems of
sorghum. Among the most common feed types used for fattening,
Traditional Fattening System thinning, leaf strip and part of maize and sorghum plants are
Traditional Fattening system, oxen are usually sold after the major feeds offered to fattening animal during the main and early
ploughing season while they in poor body conditions. Meat yields dry seasons. During short rainy season, they allow their oxen to
are very low, the beef is of poor quality and returns to farmers graze at the edge of farm plots or roadsides for up to three hours
are after in adequate even to buy a replacement ox cattle in the every morning before sunrise. In the cases where the farmer has
lowlands are rarely fattened and are solid in poor body condition more than one ox, he transfers the second one to his relative or
and at low prices [11]. person in the same village to feed for him after using for traction
[3].

How to cite this article: Tewodros Alemneh, Mebrate Getabalew. Beef Cattle Production Systems, Challenges and Opportunities in Ethiopia. JOJ Pub
002
Health. 2019; 5(1): 555651. DOI: 10.19080/JOJPH.2019.05.555651
 Juniper Online Journal of Public Health

Fattening enterprises in western parts of the country typically of both live animal and processed meat is thus constrained due
take immature animals and bring them to market weight for sale to shortage created by the illicit export. Recent studies estimate
or slaughter. Fattening activity in the Amhara Region, however, annual illegal flow of livestock through boundaries to be as high
differs substantially from the above-mentioned enterprises. as 320,000 cattle [6].
Smallholder farmers commonly fatten mature and therefore
Genetic Resources
much older animals (5 to 7 years old) for short durations (usually
three months). On the other hand, some farmer’s purchase oxen As compared to breeds originated from temperate areas, cattle
specifically to fatten and sell them so as to get higher price per breeds of the tropics generally have a limited genetic potential
weight margins on each fattened animal. In such cases, animals for milk production and remain mediocre producers (500 to
are purchased based on their large skeletal frames and body 1500 kg per lactation) even when the best possible husbandry
conformation. In any case, whether purchased or own animals are conditions are available to them [13]. In a general way, the genetic
used for fattening purposes, they have already reached their full improvement of local breeds for meat production has essentially
skeletal size [12]. been obtained by crossing with beef breeds in temperate region.
However, the tropical African indigenous breeds have special
Challenges of Beef Cattle Production in Ethiopia adaptive traits, like disease resistance, heat tolerance and ability
Challenges of livestock Marketing to utilize poor quality feed [19]. The livestock genetic resources
of Ethiopia have involved largely as a result of natural selection
The major animal sources for the export abattoirs are
influenced by environmental factors. This has made the stock
smallholder farmers in the lowlands part of the country,
better conditioned to withstand feed and water shortages,
the production systems of which have not been properly
diseases challenges and harsh climates. Nevertheless, the capacity
characterized. However, measurable stride towards that end has
for the high level of production has remained low [20]
not been made. Constraints to and sustainability of the meat
export marketing system and potential expansions in relation to Shortage of feed Resources
sustainable resource utilization and degree of competition with
The Availability, quality and quantity of feeds vary among
domestic demand have not been investigated [14]. According to
varies production systems. Cattle largely depend on rangeland
Daniel [14] enhancing the ability of poor smallholder farmers and
grazing or crop residues which have poor nutritive value. Feed
pastoralists to reach markets, and actively engaging them is one of
is not uniformly supplied, and the quality is also poor. Natural
the most pressing development challenges. This, in turn, reduces
pasture, browses and bushes account to the major food sources
incentives to participate in economic transactions and results in
of livestock owned by pastoralists. There is a seasonal fluctuation
subsistence rather than market-oriented production systems.
in the availability and quality of feed has been a common
Sparsely populated rural areas, remoteness from towns and high
phenomenon, inflecting serious changes in livestock production.
transport costs are physical barriers in accessing markets [15].
Dry season feed supply is the paramount problem. The feed
For market development, dynamic relationship between demand
shortages and nutrient deficiencies are more acute in dry seasons
and supply is a prerequisite, but the smallholder farmers and
[17]. In contrast, under normal circumstances, in lowlands, when
pastoral livestock production is not market oriented.
there is sufficient feed for cows, milk tends to be adequate for
Ayele et al. [16] reported that current knowledge on livestock home consumption as well as for market [21].
market structure, performance and price is poor and inadequate
Shortage of water
for designing policies and institutions to overcome perceived
problems in the marketing system of Ethiopia. Knowledge on Since rainfall rather than livestock density determines net
how marketing routes and systems could contribute to the primary production and vegetation cover, its variability is the most
spread of diseases and the implications of these for national and important climatic factors determining the state of the natural
international trade in livestock is also highly inadequate to design resources base. Hence, rainfall variability and the correspondingly
any policy or institutional innovation to improve marketing for productivity of the vegetation determines livestock production
the benefit of the poor. African pastoral systems are currently [22]. Ruminates as any other animal require water to maintain the
characterized by instability, food insecurity, decreasing income, water content of the body, and water availability affects voluntary
increasing poverty, and environmental degradation, loss of key feed intake; less water leads to inadequate intake of dry matter.
grazing lands to cultivation, annexation by government and For animals kept under pastoral production system, the frequency
private interest, drought, inappropriate development policies, of watering is very important. During the dry season, water
and population growth [17] The annual outflow of beef cattle is available only from wells and some lakes and streams [23].
from Ethiopia through illegal market is huge. The immediate This leads to over grazing around watering points. Water intake
destinations of this illicit export are Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan increases as watering frequency is decreased and feed conversion
and Kenya which are further re–exported to the Middle East efficiency becomes lower as watering interval increase [22]. Poor
countries after meeting domestic demands [18]. The legal export quality of water leads to pathogens and helminthes infestation

How to cite this article: Tewodros Alemneh, Mebrate Getabalew. Beef Cattle Production Systems, Challenges and Opportunities in Ethiopia. JOJ Pub
003
Health. 2019; 5(1): 555651. DOI: 10.19080/JOJPH.2019.05.555651
 Juniper Online Journal of Public Health

among the animals there by resulting in disease outbreaks, higher in developing countries. Countries whose population consumes
morbidity and mortality, and lower productivity [24]. the least amount of meat are located in Africa and Asia.Developed
countries consumed a consistent level of 77 kg of meat per capita
Climatic factors
annually, while developing countries struggled to maintain a diet
Tissue and cellular metabolism and the underlying biochemical with only 25 kg of meat per capita annually. Ethiopians remained
reactions that sustain life and productive functions need body slightly below the meat intake of all low-income countries and
temperature to be maintained within very narrow limits. consuming 9 kg per capita annually [3].
Relatively small increases in body temperature, for example, one
degree Celsius or less result in detectable and deleterious effects Conclusion
on metabolism and tissue integrity, in particular, the breakdown Agricultural sectors play an important role in the overall
of body protein and a significant depression in production development of Ethiopia’s economy. In other words, the
[25]. sectors plan has a major role in the national economy, and it is
the source of income, food and employment for the rural and
Opportunities of Beef Cattle Production in Ethiopia
urban populations. Most sub-Saharan African countries heavily
High demand of animals by the local abattoirs dependent on agriculture and Ethiopia as obviously practicing
The export abattoirs are required to ensure a consistent and traditional way of agricultural systems i.e. integral or mixed
continuous supply of meat in order to meet the demand of the production types. Essential management system requires for beef
customers in the importing countries. Thus, there is an urgent cattle production. Feeding, watering, housing, health care and
need for export abattoirs to devise alternative strategies to breeding are not well developed near to owners. The production
ensure adequate market supply of quality live animals to meet of beef cattle will remain low unless supported by intensive
their processing needs in order to improve their efficiency and production system. There is little evidence of strategic production
competitiveness. ACDI/VOCA [26] stated that there were seven of livestock for marketing except some sales targeted to traditional
abattoirs in Ethiopia which processed canned meat products Ethiopian festivals. Sales of live animals are taken as a last resort
mainly for the army, domestic market and some exports. and large ruminants are generally sold when they are old, culled,
or barren. Markets are dispersed with remote markets lacking
Official exports price information. The annual outflow of beef cattle from Ethiopia
According to Belachew and Jemberu [27] there are few legal through illicit (informal) markets is huge, up to 320,000 cattle.
exporters engaged in the export of live animals and meat in the Therefore, there should be formulation of appropriate pricing
country. These exporters secure livestock from pastoral areas and marketing policies. Similarly, adaptation and introduction of
by themselves or through agents for export in live or meat form improved feeds and feeding systems should also be implemented.
(chilled mutton, goat meat and beef). The exports of meat and Building strong market linkage with different market chain sectors
live animals have dramatically increased in 2010-2011 Ethiopian and improving animal feeds by various treatment technologies
fiscal. Ethiopia exported 16,877 tons of meat and 472,041 head of ought to be introduced.
live animals, recording a 69 % increment from last year’s export
revenue. Ethiopian revenue and customs authority reported that Acknowledgement
live animal export in 2010 contributed 70% of the earnings while Authors forward their special thanks to Debre Berhan
30% was obtained from meat export [28]. The same bulletin also University Staffs and the Communities for their logistic and
revealed that chilled sheep and goat carcass accounted for 80%, material supports.
beef 9% and offal 11% of the exported meat. Of the number of
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004
Health. 2019; 5(1): 555651. DOI: 10.19080/JOJPH.2019.05.555651
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How to cite this article: Tewodros Alemneh, Mebrate Getabalew. Beef Cattle Production Systems, Challenges and Opportunities in Ethiopia. JOJ Pub
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Health. 2019; 5(1): 555651. DOI: 10.19080/JOJPH.2019.05.555651

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