COLEGIO DE DAGUPAN FINAL EXAMINATION

SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES 2nd Semester SY: 2019-2020

MASTER IN EDUCATION
(Professor: DR. MELISA G. DEL PRADO)
Name: Angelica Orbizo

Major in ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

Instructions: Give precise and straightforward answers to what is being asked. Use
standard coupon bond for each of the courses and ensure that you use the suggested
answer sheet format. Answer the courses you enrolled only. Observe proper citations.

MED001 - Educational Statistics

Use the abstract below in Educational Statistics and Research Designs, Methods and
Publication.

The quality of education depends greatly on the competence of teachers. It is

therefore imperative to hone their skills to achieve the DepEd’s vision. In this study,
competencies of beginning teachers in Bautista District, Bautista, Pangasinan during
school year 2016-2017 were determined. There were 64 respondents who answered
the survey questionnaire based on the National Competency-Based Teacher Standards
(NCBTS). Weighted mean and Pearson’s chi-squared test were the statistical tools
used. It was found out that beginning teachers were young, females, married, master’s
degree unit earners, permanent and deployed in the elementary level. The significant
variables were: age and diversity; sex and learning environment; highest educational
attainment, curriculum, personal growth and professional development; length of
experience to learning environment and in planning, assessing, and reporting;
employment status to the learning environment, personal growth and professional
development; and deployment on curriculum. They encountered problems on learners’
behaviors and had difficulties preparing daily lesson logs, insufficient reading materials,
field of specializations, and limited background on enhanced basic education
curriculum. They had also problems on the use of equipment, assessment styles, and
stakeholders support. Generally, the beginning teachers were competent, however,
learning action cells, technical assistance and advanced studies should be employed to
enhance their skills.

1. Using the given abstract, create your own statement of the problems with
appropriate statistical tools.

 Answer:
With the abstract abovementioned, this study aims to determine the level
of competency of beginning teachers. Specifically, this study seeks to
answer the following questions:
1. What is the level of competency of the beginning teachers of Bautista District,
Bautista, Pangasinan during school year 2016-2017 based on the National
 COLEGIO DE DAGUPAN FINAL EXAMINATION
SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES 2nd Semester SY: 2019-2020

Competency-Based Teacher Standards (NCBTS) using the weighted mean

and Pearson’s chi-square?
2. What is the level of proficiency of the beginning teachers in terms of the
components of National Competency-Based Teacher Standards (NCBTS)
such as:
a. age and diversity;
b. sex and learning environment;
c. highest educational attainment;
d. curriculum;
e. personal growth and professional development;
f. length of experience to learning environment in planning, assessing and
reporting;
g. employment status to the learning environment;and;
h. deployment on curriculum
3. What is the level of difficulty of the beginning teachers in terms of:
a. handling learner’s behavior;and;
b. delivering instructional materials

2. Why is ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) important in statistics?

 Answer:
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an analysis tool used in statistics that
splits an observed aggregate variability found inside a data set into two
parts: systematic factors and random factors. The systematic factors have
a statistical influence on the given data set, while the random factors do
not. Analysts use the ANOVA test to determine the influence that
independent variables have on the dependent variable in a regression
study.

The importance and relevance of it as an statistical tool can be seen in

various ways. You might use Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) as a marketer, when
you want to test a particular hypothesis. You would use ANOVA to help you
understand how your different groups respond, with a null hypothesis for the test
that the means of the different groups are equal. If there is a statistically
significant result, then it means that the two populations are unequal (or
different).

The one-way ANOVA can help you know whether or not there are significant
differences between the means of your independent variables (such as the first
example: age, sex, income). When you understand how each independent
variable’s mean is different from the others, you can begin to understand which
of them has a connection to your dependent variable (landing page clicks), and
begin to learn what is driving that behavior.
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SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES 2nd Semester SY: 2019-2020

A researcher might, for example, test students from multiple colleges to

see if students from one of the colleges consistently outperform students
from the other colleges. In a business application, an R&D researcher
might test two different processes of creating a product to see if one
process is better than the other in terms of cost efficiency.

The type of ANOVA test used depends on a number of factors. It is

applied when data needs to be experimental. Analysis of variance is
employed if there is no access to statistical software resulting in computing
ANOVA by hand. It is simple to use and best suited for small samples.
With many experimental designs, the sample sizes have to be the same
for the various factor level combinations.

ANOVA is helpful for testing three or more variables. It is similar to

multiple two-sample t-tests. However, it results in fewer type I errors and is
appropriate for a range of issues. ANOVA groups differences by
comparing the means of each group and includes spreading out the
variance into diverse sources. It is employed with subjects, test groups,
between groups and within groups.

In conclusion, It helps researchers to find out if survey or experiment

results are significant. In other words, they help you to figure out if you need to
reject the null hypothesis or accept the alternate hypothesis. Basically, you're
testing groups to see if there's a difference between them.

References: https://www.qualtrics.com/experience-management/research/anova/
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/anova.asp
 COLEGIO DE DAGUPAN FINAL EXAMINATION
SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES 2nd Semester SY: 2019-2020

Name: Angelica Orbizo

MED002 - Research Designs, Methods and Publication

1. The Covid-19 Pandemic has brought a lot of issues concerning not only the Department
of Education, but the Filipino welfare in general. As a language teacher, write three
problems that you want to research on or find a solution with.

 Answer:
Indeed, the COVID-19 Pandemic has brought a lot of issues concerning not only
the Department of Education but the Filipino welfare in general. As a language
teacher I want to reaearch or find a solution with the following problems:

a. How does oral ommunication towards other people affect the spread of the said virus to
others due to what World Health Organization told that COVID can be transferred
through personal contact?

b. What is the level of perception of the learners on language learning amidst the
pandemic? Is it is still beneficial to engage language learning because of the situation
that we are experiencing or not?

c. How does distance learning would be effective to the learners’ way of learning lessons?
Would it be a help to them or a problem?

2. Why is research important in education? What change can this bring to every Filipino
learner?

 Answer:

“Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has
thought.” – Albert Szent-Gyorgyi

In any stage of life and in any learning journey, research is always applied. What
would the modern world look like without the bedrock of research? First and foremost –
without research, there’s no way you’d possibly be reading this right now, as the
Internet was pioneered and developed (via a whole heap of exhaustive research…) 

Finding reasons why research is important seems like a no-brainer, but many
people avoid getting involved in research. The lazy (if not mentally-drained) student is
probably thinking - "Oh, no. Not again," while a disinterested academic could just be
doing it for to secure job tenure and/or a promotion. Yet, for those who like to learn,
whether they are members of a learning institution or not, doing research is not just an
imperative, but a need.
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What reasons may drive one to appreciate research and to engage in it?

1. A Tool for Building Knowledge and for Facilitating Learning

Research is required not just for students and academics, but for all professionals and
nonprofessionals alike. It is also important for budding and veteran writers, both offline and
online.
For nonprofessionals who value learning, doing research equips them with knowledge
about the world and skills to survive and improve their lives. Among professionals and scribes,
on the other hand, finding an interesting topic to discuss and/or to write about should go beyond
personal experience. Determining either what the general public may want to know or what
researchers want others to realize or to think about can serve as a reason to do research. Thus,
research is an essential component in generating knowledge and vice-versa.
"Knowledge" basically pertains to facts based on objective insights and/or study
findings processed by the human brain. It can be acquired through various ways, such as
reading books and online articles, listening to experts, watching documentaries or investigative
shows, conducting scientific experiments, and interacting with other people, among others.
These facts can be checked to ensure truthfulness and accuracy.
2. Means to Understand Various Issues and Increase Public Awareness
Television shows and movies ooze with research - both on the part of the writer(s) and
the actors. Though there are hosts who rely on their researchers, there are also those who exert
effort to do their own research. This step helps them:

 get information that hired researchers missed,

 build a good rapport with the interviewee, and
 conduct a good interview in the process
For example, the television program KAPUSO MO, JESSICA SOJO, the staff there are
doing a lot of researches to come up with a beautiful output. They go to one place to
another just to make sure that the things that they will feature have substances and have a
lot of information into it in which viewers would really learn from it. The process of getting
information is not that easy but they are determined in doing so. Part of doing research is
having a passion that drives you to achieve a certain goal. Aside from this, a lot of
documentaries as well such as I-witness and Reporter’s Notebook are just some of the
best platforms where researches are very relevant.
3. An Aid to Business Success
Research benefits business. In today’s world, a lot of means can be considered as a
medium in enhancing one’s business. As the world changes, the business world has to cope
with these changes by using technology. For example, the different brands of smartphones,
those inventors have to undergo or have to conduct research on how to beutify a certain feature
of it in order to convince buyers to avail it.
4. A Way to Prove Lies and to Support Truths
Ever experienced feeling that your mate is having an affair behind your back? Some
people would overlook that and say that it's better not to know; others though would take
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SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES 2nd Semester SY: 2019-2020

discreet action, hiring detectives to do the work. What does research have to do with that
situation? A lot.
Doing research to reveal lies or truths involving personal affairs contributes in either
making a relationship work or in breaking away from a dysfunctional one. For the monogamous
lot, doing research to disprove or prove infidelity is not simply a trust issue, but a right to find out
the truth - unless one's intimate partner has already admitted being polyamorous even before
the relationship started. When a person dislikes answering relationship-related questions,
including her or his whereabouts, it is better to see that as a red flag and take baby steps to
save yourself from what could become a more serious emotional mess later.
5. Means to Find, Gauge, and Seize Opportunities
Research helps people nurture their potential and achieve goals through various
opportunities. These can be in the form of securing employment, scholarships, training grants,
project funding, business collaboration, and budget traveling, among others.
For those looking for a job or for greener pastures, research is necessary. Through this
process, not only will the unemployed increase their chances of finding potential employers
either through job posting sites or employment agencies, but it can inform them if work
opportunities are legitimate. Without research, the gullible, yet hopeful jobseeker or migrant
worker may fall prey to unscrupulous headhunters who might be involved in illegal recruitment
and/or human trafficking.
6. A Seed to Love Reading, Writing, Analyzing, and Sharing Valuable Information
Research entails both reading and writing. These two literacy functions help enable
computation and comprehension. Without these skills, it is less likely for anyone to appreciate
and get involved in research. Reading opens the mind to a vast horizon of knowledge, while
writing helps a reader use her/his own perspective and transform this into a more concrete idea
that s/he understands.Valuing these basic skills would be our greatest key to be successful in
dealing with research.
Indeed, research and doing research encourage people to explore possibilities, to
understand existing issues, and to disclose truths and fabricated ones. Without research,
technological advancement and other developments could have remained a fantasy. Reading,
writing, observing, analyzing, and social interaction facilitate an inquisitive mind's quest for
knowledge, learning, and wisdom. Research serves as a bridge to achieve that goal. As for the
Filipino learners, as early as now, it is our duty as teachers to open their minds and hearts in
valuing research. Letting them understand the usefulness of it would be a great realization to
them to even more likely to do researches.
References: https://owlcation.com/academia/Why-Research-is-Important-Within-and-Beyond- the-
Academe;https://www.studyinternational.com/news/how-does-research-impact-your-everyday-life/
 COLEGIO DE DAGUPAN FINAL EXAMINATION
SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES 2nd Semester SY: 2019-2020

MED003 – Linguistics

1. Ralph Waldo Emerson said that “Every word was once a poem.” Write a poem or
a rich prose on how Covid-19 Pandemic has changed the everyday language of
the Filipino people around the globe.
 Answer:

Language is always changing. We've seen that language changes across

space and across social group. Language also varies across time.

The times we live in are starting to seem disturbingly biblical. Worldwide,

there have been fires raging across continents, unbearable heatwaves,
and unseasonably warm winters. There’s been major social upheaval, too, from
strikes, protests, and elections. And now, the world suddenly finds itself in the
midst of a possible pandemic that dare not speak its name.

In a very short span of time, cases of a new coronavirus originating in

Wuhan, a city in the Chinese province of Hubei, have spread exponentially
around the globe. The virus has caused sickness and death in such
unmanageably large numbers that public health systems in some countries,
lacking resources, have been strained to the breaking point. In the early
confusion and growing public panic, as researchers raced to investigate the
makeup of this strange new virus, amid infection and fatality rates much higher
than the seasonal flu, there was scarcely time to worry about the seemingly
tangential linguistic implications of when to call a pandemic a pandemic and what
we should consider when naming a new disease.

As the world comes to grips with the “new normal” coronavirus has twisted
on our towns, cities and communities, society faces the challenge of figuring out
how to talk about the impact the virus is having on our everyday lives.

Coronavirus has led to an explosion of new words and phrases, both

in English and in other languages. This new vocabulary helps us make sense of
the changes that have suddenly become part of our everyday lives.

Established terms such as “self-isolating”, “pandemic”, “quarantine”,

“lockdown”, “contact-tracing” and “frontliners” have increased in use, while
coronavirus/COVID-19 neologisms are being coined quicker than ever .
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This new vernacular has many people playing virologist in the group chat,
with talk of contact tracing and antibody tests; planning “socially distant” activities
like Zoom birthday parties and drive-by greetings; and tweeting or doing some
tiktoks about life under “quar,” a pet name for “quarantine” (the term for an
imposed period of isolation after exposure to a contagion that has become a
universal for life at home).

The pandemic has also popularised the usage of phrases,

particularly “flattening the curve”. The use of such terms, according to linguists, is
a successful way of ascribing agency to people which will remind them about
their responsibility in stopping the outbreak. And that holds true. In the past
whenever we hear the term curve we used to associate it with some
mathematical theorem. But now, when we hear the word we are reminded of how
we as a society can stop the outbreak of the coronavirus. Its meaning has
completely changed, like so much else.
Perhaps one of the biggest factors in the spread of coronavirus
terminology is the fact that we’re more digitally connected than ever before – in a
way we weren’t during the SARS outbreak in 2002 or the Swine Flu outbreak in
2009. Instant access social media is now an integral part of our lives – and we
share content with friends and family through a variety of social media outlets.
The scale of our online connections means that there are now far more
opportunities for individuals to coin a new term and share it beyond their
immediate local communities.

In times of significant social or civic change, linguistic creativity not only

reflects the major preoccupations of the time, but also shows how people gather
to talk about new challenges and contexts. As coronavirus rages on,
understanding the language surrounding it will be ever more important.

References: https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-has-led-to-an-explosion-of-new-words-
and-phrases-and-that-helps-us-cope-136909; https://daily.jstor.org/when-language-goes-viral/;
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/05/style/language-slang-coronavirus.html

2. Why do people code switch? What can you contribute linguistically in founding
out for some researchable answers to this linguistic issue?

 Answer:
On an average day, you might get up, go to work or school, come home,
spend time with family and friends, and then go to bed. It sounds pretty
typical, doesn’t it? But you might be code-switching all day without even
realizing it.
What is code-switching in language, and why is it so effective and
important in our day-to-day life?
The definition of code-switching is two-fold. For the first definition, it refers
to the specific linguistic action of alternating or combining two or more
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languages. Unlike loanwords, which become permanent words in a language,

code-switching revolves around interchangeably using words and phrases
from different languages as it suits the situation.
Linguistic code-switching is mostly used within bilingual and multilingual
communities, and there are many reasons to use code-switching, such as the
need to fit in with a group, force of habit, or conveying thoughts and concepts
that might be easier to explain in a specific language.
Of course, speakers can’t just plug in whatever words they choose and
ignore grammatical rules. When code-switching, it might seem casual and
easy to an outside observer. In reality, there are many underlying,
unconscious factors to code-switching so that it is understandable and
natural.
The second definition of code-switching comes from a sociolinguistic
perspective, where the term is much broader. Under this umbrella, code-
switching describes the use of different dialects, accents, language
combinations, and mannerisms within social groups in order to project a
particular identity. Using this term, code-switching is used by everyone as
they change their language style based on who they’re talking to, what they’re
talking about, where they are, and much more.
This code-switching occurs in social groups, primarily based on age,
class, geographic location, upbringing, and ethnicity. All of these
characteristics play crucial roles in how and when people code-switch.
For the most part, we code-switch to identify with a particular social group,
and most of the time, we don’t even realize that we’re doing it. Code-
switching happens subtly.Like for example in this pandemic times,we can see
how code-switching is being used. Using new words to quote COVID-19 and
other terms that was coined from it such social distancing, self-isolation and
the like.
Consider how you speak when around your co-workers. More than likely,
your speech subconsciously becomes measured and professional. In
contrast, when you’re around friends, your speech transitions into a casual
tone as you feel more comfortable in this social setting.
These code-switches become more noticeable based on the social
setting. When visiting your home town, you might put much more emphasis
into the regional dialect as an unconscious way to fit in.
Code-switching is incredibly important in many social groups.It is a
powerful psychological tool as well. When an individual uses a group’s dialect
or accent, they are more receptive to the content. As a result, politicians have
been known to code-switch to a casual tone around certain groups, with
varying degrees of success.
From a linguistic standpoint, code-switching continues to fascinate
researchers, as they try to pinpoint the grammatical structure of
interchangeably using multiple languages in the same sentence.
Sociolinguistically, code-switching is an essential skill to develop in an
ever-evolving multicultural world. Proficiently moving from one social group to
 COLEGIO DE DAGUPAN FINAL EXAMINATION
SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES 2nd Semester SY: 2019-2020

the next and changing aspects of speech allows us to progress in our

professional and personal life while avoiding potentially awkward situations
and finding common ground through language.

Reference: https://www.unitedlanguagegroup.com/blog/how-do-we-code-switch-every-day

MED004 - Grammatical Structure of English

1. Amidst this Covid-19 pandemic the world has been experiencing, how will you be
able to successfully teach the English language to your students?

 Answer:
Amidst this pandemic that we are experiencing, teachers shouldn’t stop in finding
ways to reach out their learners. Learning is a continuous process. So as teachers,
we have to strategize on how we deal with our learners at a distance. Since, we
could no longer conduct face-to-face classes at this moment, the best way for our
learners to study is through homeschooling or the use of digital learning where the
different modes of instruction will be an integration of technology by using different
social media platforms like the use of google classroom, google meet and the like.
In times like these, we do not have any option but to embrace this challenge in
education.It’s about time for us teachers to adapt changes in the way we teach our
learners who are considered as digital natives. The use of digital learning as an
instruction is what we have to administer at this moment. It is one way of getting
connected with the learners.
Digital learning is replacing traditional educational methods more and more each
day. With how rapidly classrooms are changing, it is best to forget methods you may
remember from when you were in school and start thinking about newer teaching
and learning techniques based on digital learning tools and technologies. The
inclusion of digital learning in the classrooms can vary from simply using tablets
instead of paper to using elaborate software programs and equipment as opposed to
the simple pen.
This could entail using sites, services, programs, teaching tools, and
technologies like study aids built for at-home use. Even social networks and
communications platforms can be used to create and manage digital assignments
and agendas. Irrespective of how much technology is integrated into the classroom,
digital learning has come to play a crucial role in education. It empowers students by
getting them to be more interested in learning and expanding their horizons.
As an English language teacher, I use this method in order to teach my learners
the way they could learn best.This would be a helpful tool,though,most of my
students could encounter problems in internet connection, well in our country, it is
no longer a surprise to have slow connection. I send them some online activities
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through the use of FB group. I also posted some powerpoint presentations there. In
case that they won’t be able to view it if they do not have intercnet connection, I
render time to just encode it and post it on the wall of our FB group, in that way
atleast others may cope with the lesson.
Though I made an effort to reach out my learners, there are still some cases in
which only few of them comply due to lack of gadgets to be used or lack of internet
connection. Since I am in a remote area, as a teacher, it would be a bit challenging
and it saddened me because first and foremost I cannot force my students to comply
most probably that I know how hard their situations are. There are even some who
would tell me that instead of using the money to have load for internet connection,
they just tend to buy for their necessities. This is the sad reality in the world of
education. Yes, we could integrate these new platforms of learning but it would be a
complex and a complicated process for both teachers and the learners.
New technologies can either enhance the learning process of an individual or even
present a somewhat bigger challenge to the teachers. In essence, the topic on
technology and education has been a concern for parents, teachers, school officials,
and in some cases, the students. Everyone wants to know if technology is going to
help children learn more by making a difference in the way teaching is currently being
done.
The question in here now is that are we really ready for this new way of teaching
our learners? Are we going to accept the challenge?
References:https://www.123helpme.com/essay/The-Postive-and-Negative-Influences-of-
Technology363102;https://www.educba.com/digitallearning/;http://www.panworldeducation.com/201
7/03/23/benefits-of-digital-learning-over-traditional-education-methods/

2. In conducting grammar tests to your students, how do you ensure that

grammatical skills, mastery and competence are targeted? What type of
grammatical assessments will you conduct in order to measure these?

 Answer:
In communicating through the use of the English language, ideas,
thoughts,concepts, feelings, emotions and a lot more are expressed by means of
words. These words are considered as the smallest elements in a sentence that
have distinctive meanings. Based on their use and function, words are categorized
into several types which we call “parts of speech.” These parts of speech are very
important in teaching and learning grammar.
Grammar is the sound, structure, and meaning system of language. All
languages have grammar, and each language has its own grammar. People who
speak the same language are able to communicate because they intuitively know
the grammar system of that language—that is, the rules of making meaning.
Students who are native speakers of English already know English grammar. They
recognize the sounds of English words, the meanings of those words, and the
different ways of putting words together to make meaningful sentences.
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However, while students may be effective speakers of English, they need

guidance to become effective writers. They need to learn how to transfer their
knowledge of grammatical concepts from oral language to written language.
Effective grammar instruction begins with what students already know about
grammar, and it helps them use this knowledge as they write. By connecting their
knowledge of oral language to written language, teachers can explain abstract
grammatical terminology so that students can write—and read—with greater
competence and confidence.
In addition, there are ways that we, English language teachers, can use in order
for the learners to be grammatically skilled, have mastery and have competence.
According to Varsity Tutors’ Blog, there are seven ways in order to improve and
hone grammatical skills such as the following:
(varsitytutors.com/blog/7+tips+to+improve+your+grammar+skills)
1. Read
 Reading may be the number one way you can improve your grammar skills.
When you read, you reinforce correct grammar in your mind. It can be particularly
helpful to read out loud, as the combination of seeing, saying, and hearing
assists in solidifying what you have learned. In addition to improving your
grammar, reading will help with all aspects of your writing, from sentence fluency
to increased vocabulary.
2. Get a grammar manual
 It is useful to have a thorough reference book nearby that you can consult when
writing. This way, any time a grammatical question arises, you can quickly refer
to the manual to obtain the answer. There are many high quality grammar and
writing guidebooks on the market. Speak to a librarian or writing instructor for
recommendations. 
3. Review the basics
 While classes in English linguistics and writing may not be something you are
interested in, it is vital to spend a bit of time learning or reviewing the basic
principles. Do some research on the basic parts of speech, as well as on the
common grammatical errors people tend to make.
4. Practice
 There are many excellent resources, both online and in print, conducive to
improving your grammar skills. A quick Internet search will reveal a multitude of
websites that offer grammar games and exercises. If you know that grammar is
an area you struggle with, set aside a few minutes each day to complete
grammar exercises. Even the simple act of taking a few English practice tests of
any level can help you improve your grammar skills.
5. Listen to others
 When instructors, writing lab staff, or writing tutors give you feedback, listen to
them! Find out if you have a consistent issue with any topics in particular. For
example, do you frequently receive feedback regarding run-on sentences or have
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issues with subject-verb agreement? If so, make sure that when you proofread
your assignments, you pay special attention to those details. It may even be wise
to create your own personalized checklist of items to be aware of in your writing. 
6. Proofread…out loud
 Sometimes when we re-read pieces we have written, our brain fills in the gaps of
missing information. We do not always catch our own mistakes when we
proofread. Reading what you have written out loud, preferably to someone else,
is an efficient way to evaluate whether or not you have used correct grammar.
You are more likely to notice your errors if you read the content aloud, rather
than in your head to yourself. 
7. Write
 Just as it helps to read a great deal, it will also benefit you to write more. The
more you practice writing with proper grammar, the more naturally it will come to
you. These are greats tips to help you with writing a college essay.

Students of any age can benefit from taking extra strides to enhance their grammar.
By using above methods regularly ,you will greatly improve your grammar skills
before you know it.

To measure the learners’ progress in learning grammar, assessment is a must.

As English language teachers, it’s our responsibility to provide opportunities for
writing and encouragement for students who attempt to write. It is also our duty to
promote students' success in writing. The teacher does this by carefully monitoring
students' writing to assess strengths and weaknesses, teaching specific skills and
strategies in response to student needs, and giving careful feedback that will
reinforce newly learned skills and correct recurring problems.

Students’ writing ability is usually assessed by means of a performance test.

Although portfolio assessment has seen a surge in popularity since the 1990s as an
alternative to impromptu essay exams and Byrnes and her colleagues have
expanded the definition of what writing assessment tasks might look like (Byrnes,
2002; Byrnes, Maxim, & Norris, 2010), a timed essay written in class, where
students are presented with a topic and have a limited time frame to write their texts,
is still the most commonly used assessment tool (Barkaoui, 2010a; Crusan, 2010;
Cumming, 2013; Hamp-Lyons, 2011; He & Shi, 2012; Weigle, 2002). Even writing
assessment portfolios usually include at least one piece of timed writing (Crusan,
2010; White, 1984). The continued use of the essay exam is due at least in part to
two advantages of the timed essay: (a) One knows for certain who the writer is and
that students submit their own writing (Weigle, 2012; White, 1995), and (b) one
obtains more accurate information about students’ language ability (Weigle, 2012).
 COLEGIO DE DAGUPAN FINAL EXAMINATION
SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES 2nd Semester SY: 2019-2020

Student performance on an essay task has to be evaluated by qualified judges or

teachers themselves (Norris, Brown, Hudson, & Yoshioka, 1998), usually through
the use of some kind of rating scale (Crusan, 2010; Hamp-Lyons, 1991; Turner &
Upshur, 2002; Weigle, 2002, 2012). While it may be true that rating scales or rubrics
are not used in all contexts, it is also certain that they should always be used to
ensure good writing assessment. Rating scales appropriate for the assessment task
improve reliability through clear articulation of assessment criteria for the benefit of
both teachers and students (Crusan, 2010; Weigle, 2002, 2012; White, 1984).
Rating scales generally belong to one of two categories: holistic scales, where one
overall score is assigned for a piece of writing, or analytic scales, where subscores
on different criteria make up the overall score. When L1 or L2 writing is rated by
means of a holistic rating scale, grammatical accuracy is often correlated to the
overall performance assessment (Barkaoui, 2010b; Huang & Foote, 2010; Sweedler-
Brown, 1993).
In conclusion, on-going assessment of writing is integral to effective teaching of
writing. A teacher cannot make an appropriate instructional match between a
student's skills and appropriate tasks without assessment. A teacher cannot ensure
a student's success and make necessary adjustments in instruction without
engaging in frequent assessment. Careful, thorough assessment of a student's
writing requires that the teacher have a sound conceptual model of written
expression taking into account process, product, and purpose.

References: https://www.varsitytutors.com/blog/7+tips+to+improve+your+grammar+skills
https://people.uwplatt.edu/~ciesield/graminwriting.htm
https://www.readingrockets.org/article/simple-ways-assess-writing-skills-
students-learning-
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262454856_Teacher_assessment_of
_grammatical_ability_in_second_language_academic_writing_A_case_study