Chapter 9

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Chapter 9 Resource Masters
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XXX 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04
 Contents
Vocabulary Builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii-ix Lesson 9-7
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Lesson 9-1 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Lesson 9-8
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Lesson 9-2 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Chapter 9 Assessment
Chapter 9 Test, Form 1A . . . . . . . . . . . . 391-392
Lesson 9-3 Chapter 9 Test, Form 1B . . . . . . . . . . . . 393-394
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Chapter 9 Test, Form 1C . . . . . . . . . . . . 395-396
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Chapter 9 Test, Form 2A . . . . . . . . . . . . 397-398
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Chapter 9 Test, Form 2B . . . . . . . . . . . . 399-400
Chapter 9 Test, Form 2C . . . . . . . . . . . . 401-402
Lesson 9-4 Chapter 9 Extended Response
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Chapter 9 Mid-Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Chapter 9 Quizzes A & B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Chapter 9 Quizzes C & D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Lesson 9-5 Chapter 9 SAT and ACT Practice . . . . . 407-408
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Chapter 9 Cumulative Review . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 Precalculus Semester Test . . . . . . . . . . . 411-415
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
SAT and ACT Practice Answer Sheet,
Lesson 9-6 10 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 SAT and ACT Practice Answer Sheet,
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 20 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A3-A19

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iii Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 A Teacher’s Guide to Using the
Chapter 9 Resource Masters

The Fast File Chapter Resource system allows you to conveniently file the
resources you use most often. The Chapter 9 Resource Masters include the core
materials needed for Chapter 9. These materials include worksheets, extensions,
and assessment options. The answers for these pages appear at the back of this
booklet.

All of the materials found in this booklet are included for viewing and printing in
the Advanced Mathematical Concepts TeacherWorks CD-ROM.

Vocabulary Builder Pages vii-ix include a Practice There is one master for each lesson.
student study tool that presents the key These problems more closely follow the
vocabulary terms from the chapter. Students are structure of the Practice section of the Student
to record definitions and/or examples for each Edition exercises. These exercises are of
term. You may suggest that students highlight or average difficulty.
star the terms with which they are not familiar.
When to Use These provide additional
When to Use Give these pages to students practice options or may be used as homework
before beginning Lesson 9-1. Remind them to for second day teaching of the lesson.
add definitions and examples as they complete
each lesson.

Enrichment There is one master for each

lesson. These activities may extend the concepts
Study Guide There is one Study Guide in the lesson, offer a historical or multicultural
master for each lesson. look at the concepts, or widen students’
perspectives on the mathematics they are
When to Use Use these masters as learning. These are not written exclusively
reteaching activities for students who need for honors students, but are accessible for use
additional reinforcement. These pages can also
with all levels of students.
be used in conjunction with the Student Edition
as an instructional tool for those students who When to Use These may be used as extra
have been absent. credit, short-term projects, or as activities for
days when class periods are shortened.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iv Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Assessment Options Intermediate Assessment
The assessment section of the Chapter 9 • A Mid-Chapter Test provides an option to
Resources Masters offers a wide range of assess the first half of the chapter. It is
assessment tools for intermediate and final composed of free-response questions.
assessment. The following lists describe each • Four free-response quizzes are included to
assessment master and its intended use. offer assessment at appropriate intervals in
the chapter.

Chapter Assessments Continuing Assessment

• The SAT and ACT Practice offers
Chapter Tests
continuing review of concepts in various
• Forms 1A, 1B, and 1C Form 1 tests contain formats, which may appear on standardized
multiple-choice questions. Form 1A is tests that they may encounter. This practice
intended for use with honors-level students, includes multiple-choice, quantitative-
Form 1B is intended for use with average- comparison, and grid-in questions. Bubble-
level students, and Form 1C is intended for in and grid-in answer sections are provided
use with basic-level students. These tests
on the master.
are similar in format to offer comparable
testing situations. • The Cumulative Review provides students
an opportunity to reinforce and retain skills
• Forms 2A, 2B, and 2C Form 2 tests are as they proceed through their study of
composed of free-response questions. Form advanced mathematics. It can also be used
2A is intended for use with honors-level as a test. The master includes free-response
students, Form 2B is intended for use with
questions.
average-level students, and Form 2C is
intended for use with basic-level students.
These tests are similar in format to offer
comparable testing situations. Answers
• Page A1 is an answer sheet for the SAT and
All of the above tests include a challenging ACT Practice questions that appear in the
Bonus question. Student Edition on page 613. Page A2 is an
• The Extended Response Assessment answer sheet for the SAT and ACT Practice
includes performance assessment tasks that master. These improve students’ familiarity
are suitable for all students. A scoring with the answer formats they may
rubric is included for evaluation guidelines. encounter in test taking.
Sample answers are provided for • The answers for the lesson-by-lesson
assessment. masters are provided as reduced pages with
answers appearing in red.
• Full-size answer keys are provided for the
assessment options in this booklet.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill v Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Chapter 9 Leveled Worksheets
Glencoe’s leveled worksheets are helpful for meeting the needs of every
student in a variety of ways. These worksheets, many of which are found
in the FAST FILE Chapter Resource Masters, are shown in the chart
below.
• Study Guide masters provide worked-out examples as well as practice
problems.
• Each chapter’s Vocabulary Builder master provides students the
opportunity to write out key concepts and definitions in their own
words.
• Practice masters provide average-level problems for students who
are moving at a regular pace.
• Enrichment masters offer students the opportunity to extend their
learning.

Five Different Options to Meet the Needs of

Every Student in a Variety of Ways

primarily skills
primarily concepts
primarily applications

BASIC AVERAGE ADVANCED

1 Study Guide

2 Vocabulary Builder

3 Parent and Student Study Guide (online)

4 Practice

5 Enrichment

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill vi Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Vocabulary Builder
This is an alphabetical list of the key vocabulary terms you will learn in Chapter 9.
As you study the chapter, complete each term’s definition or description.
Remember to add the page number where you found the term.

Vocabulary Term Found

on Page Definition/Description/Example
absolute value of a complex
number

amplitude of a complex number

Argand plane

argument of a complex number

cardioid

complex conjugates

complex number

complex plane

escape set

imaginary number

(continued on the next page)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill vii Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Vocabulary Builder (continued)

Vocabulary Term Found

on Page Definition/Description/Example

imaginary part

iteration

Julia set

lemniscate

limaçon

modulus

polar axis

polar coordinates

polar equation

polar form of a complex number

polar graph

(continued on the next page)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill viii Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Vocabulary Builder (continued)

Vocabulary Term Found

on Page Definition/Description/Example
polar plane

pole

prisoner set

pure imaginary number

real part

rectangular form of a complex

number

rose

spiral of Archimedes

trigonometric form of a complex

number

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill ix Advanced Mathematical Concepts

BLANK
 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-1 Study Guide

Polar Coordinates
A polar coordinate system uses distances and angles to record
the position of a point. The location of a point P can be identified by
polar coordinates in the form (r,
), where
r
is the distance from the
pole, or origin, to point P and
is the measure of the angle formed
by the ray from the pole to point P and the polar axis.

Example 1 Graph each point.

a. P
3,


4

Sketch the terminal side of an

angle measuring

4

radians in
standard position.
Since r is positive (r  3), find
the point on the terminal side
of the angle that is 3 units from
the pole. Notice point P is on the
third circle from the pole.

b. Q(
2.5,
120°)
Negative angles are
measured clockwise. Sketch
the terminal side of an angle
of 120° in standard position.
Since r is negative, extend
the terminal side of the angle
in the opposite direction. Find
the point Q that is 2.5 units
from the pole along this
extended ray.

Example 2 Find the distance between P1(3, 70°) and P2(5, 120°).
P1 P2  r12
r
2 
2 
2
r1r2cos(


2 

1)

  32
52
2
(3
)(
5
)
co
s(
1
2
0
°
7
0
°)
 3.84

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 367 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-1 Practice
Polar Coordinates
Graph each point.
1. (2.5, 0
) 2. (3, 135
) 3. (1, 30
)

4. 2,

4

5
5. 1,
4 

2
6. 2, 
3 

Graph each polar equation.

7. r  3 8.
 60
9. r  4

Find the distance between the points with the given polar
coordinates.
10. P1(6, 90
) and P2(2, 130
) 11. P1(4, 85
) and P2(1, 105
)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 368 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-1 Enrichment
Distance on the Earth’s Surface
As you learned in Lesson 9-1, lines of longitude on
Earth’s surface intersect at the North and South Poles.
A line of longitude that passes completely around Earth
is called a great circle. All great circles have the
same circumference, found by calculating the
circumference of a circle with Earth’s radius, 3963.2
miles. (Since Earth is slightly flattened at the poles, it
is not precisely spherical. The difference is so small,
however, that for most purposes it can be ignored.)
1. Find the circumference of a great circle.

On a great circle, position is measured in degrees north or south of

the equator. Pittsburgh’s position of 40° 26’ N means that radii from
Earth’s center to Pittsburgh and to the point of intersection of the
equator and Pittsburgh’s longitude line form an angle of 40° 26’.
(See the figure above.)
2. Find the length of one degree of arc on a longitude line.

3. Charleston, South Carolina (32° 46’ N), and Guayaquil, Ecuador

(2° 9’ S), both lie on Pittsburgh’s longitude line. Find the distance
from Pittsburgh to each of the other cities.

Because circles of latitude are drawn parallel to the

equator, their radii and circumferences grow steadily
shorter as they approach the poles. The length of one
degree of arc on a circle of latitude depends on how far
north or south of the equator the circle is located. The
figure at the right shows a circle of latitude of radius r
located
degrees north of the equator. Because the
radii of the equator and the circle of latitude are
r
parallel, m
NEO 
. Therefore, cos

, which
R
gives r  R cos
, where R represents the radius of
Earth.

4. Find the radius and circumference of a circle of latitude located

70° north of the equator.
5. Find the length of one degree of arc on the circle described in
Exercise 4.
6. Bangor, Maine, and Salem, Oregon, are both located at latitude
44° 50’ N. Their respective longitudes are 68° 46’ and 123° 2’
west of Greenwich. Find the distance from Bangor to Salem.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 369 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-2 Study Guide

Graphs of Polar Equations
A polar graph is the set of all points whose coordinates (r,
)
satisfy a given polar equation. The position and shape of polar
graphs can be altered by multiplying the function by a
number or by adding to the function. You can also alter the
graph by multiplying
by a number or by adding to it.
Example 1 Graph the polar equation r  2 cos 2.
Make a table of values. Graph the ordered pairs
and connect them with a smooth curve.
 2 cos 2 (r, )
0° 2 (2, 0°)
30° 1 (1, 30°)
45° 0 (0, 45°)
60° 1 (1, 60°)
90° 2 (2, 90°)
120° 1 (1, 120°)
135° 0 (0, 135°)
150° 1 (1, 150°)
180° 2 (2, 180°)
210° 1 (1, 210°)
225° 0 (0, 225°)
240° 1 (1, 240°)
270° 2 (2, 270°) This type of curve is called a rose.
300° 1 (1, 300°) Notice that the farthest points are
315° 0 (0, 315°) 2 units from the pole and the rose
330° 1 (1, 330°) has 4 petals.

Example 2 Graph the system of polar equations. Solve the

system using algebra and trigonometry, and
compare the solutions to those on your graph.
r  2  2 cos

r  2  2 cos

To solve the system of equations,
substitute 2  2 cos
for r in the second
equation.
2  2 cos
 2  2 cos

cos
 0



2
3

or


2


Substituting each angle into either of the
original equations gives r  2. The solutions
of the system are therefore 2,

2
3

and 2,

2 

.
Tracing on the curves shows that these solutions
correspond with two of the intersection points on
the graph. The curves also intersect at the pole.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 370 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-2 Practice
Graphs of Polar Equations
Graph each polar equation. Identify the type of curve each
represents.
1. r  1  cos
2. r  3 sin 3
3. r  1  2 cos

4. r  2  2 sin
5. r  0.5
6. r2  16 cos 2

Graph each system of polar equations. Solve the system

using algebra and trigonometry. Assume 0    2
.
7. r  1  2 sin
8. r  1  cos

r  2  sin
r  3 cos

9. Design Mikaela is designing a border for her stationery.

Suppose she uses a rose curve. Determine an equation for
designing a rose that has 8 petals with each petal 4 units long.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 371 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-2 Enrichment
Symmetry in Graphs of Polar Equations
It is sometimes helpful to analyze polar equations for certain
properties that predict symmetry in the graph of the equation. The
following rules guarantee the existence of symmetry in the graph.
However, the graphs of some polar equations exhibit symmetry even
though the rules do not predict it.
1. If replacing
by –
yields the same equation, then the graph of
the equation is symmetric with respect to the line containing the
polar axis (the x-axis in the rectangular coordinate system).
2. If replacing
by  
yields the same equation, then the graph
of the equation is symmetric with respect to the line




2
(the y-axis in the rectangular coordinate system).
3. If replacing r by – r yields the same equation, then the graph
of the equation is symmetric with respect to the pole.

Example Identify the symmetry of and graph r  3  3 sin .

Since sin ( 
)  sin
, by rule 2 the graph is symmetric

with respect to the line


2
. Therefore, it is only necessary
to plot points in the first and fourth quad-
rants.
 3  3 sin  (r, )

–


2
0 0, – 



2

–


3
0.4 0.4, – 



3

–


6
1.5 1.5, – 



6
0 3.0 (3.0, 0)



6
4.5 4.5, 



6




3
5.6 5.6, 



3




2
6.0 6.0, 



2

The points in the second and third quadrants are found by using
symmetry.

Identify the symmetry of and graph each polar equation on polar grid paper.
1. r  2  3 cos
2. r2  4 sin 2

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 372 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-3 Study Guide

Polar and Rectangular Coordinates
Use the conversion formulas in the following examples to
convert coordinates and equations from one coordinate system
to the other.

Example 1 Find the rectangular coordinates of each point.

3

a. P
3,
4 

b. Q(20,
60°)
3
For P3,
3 For Q(20, 60°), r  20 and
4 

, r  3 and


.
4
 60°.
Use the conversion formulas
x  r cos
and y  r sin
. x  r cos
y  r sin

 20cos (60°)  20 sin(60°)
x  r cos
y  r sin
 20(0.5) 

3 3  20
2 
3
 3 cos
4

 3 sin
4

 10

 
  103 
 3
2 
2  3
2 
2
The rectangular coordinates of Q are
3

or 

2 3

2
2
or
2 (10, 103 ), or approximately
(10, 17.32)
The rectangular coordinates
of P are 
,
 , or
2 
3
2 3
2
2
(2.12, 2.12) to the nearest
hundredth.

Example 2 Find the polar coordinates of R(5,
9).

For R(5, 9), x  5 and y  9.
y
r  x
2
y2
 Arctan
x
x0
 
52
(9
)2 
9
 Arctan
5
 1
0
6
 or about 10.30
 1.06
To obtain an angle between 0 and 2 you can add
2 to the
-value. This results in
 5.22.
The polar coordinates of R are approximately
(10.30, 5.22).

Example 3 Write the polar equation r  5 cos  in

rectangular form.
r  5 cos

r2  5r cos
Multiply each side by r.
x2  y2  5x r 2  x 2  y 2 and r cos
 x

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 373 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-3 Practice
Polar and Rectangular Coordinates
Find the rectangular coordinates of each point with the
given polar coordinates.
1. (6, 120
) 2. (4, 45
)

3. 4,

6

4. 0,

3 
13

Find the polar coordinates of each point with the given

rectangular coordinates. Use 0    2
and r  0.
5. (2, 2) 6. (2, 3)

)
7. (3, 3 8. (5, 8)

Write each polar equation in rectangular form.

9. r  4 10. r cos
 5

Write each rectangular equation in polar form.

11. x2  y2  9 12. y  3

13. Surveying A surveyor records the polar coordinates of the location

of a landmark as (40, 62°). What are the rectangular coordinates?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 374 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-3 Enrichment
Polar Roses
The polar equation r  a sin n
graphs as a rose.
When n  1, the rose is a circle — a flower with one leaf.

Sketch the graphs of these roses.

1. r  2 sin 2
2. r  –2 sin 3

3. r  –2 sin 4
4. r  2 sin 5

5. The graph of the equation r  a sin n
is a rose. Use your

results from Exercises 1–4 to complete these conjectures.
a. The distance across a petal is ____?__ units.
b. If n is an odd integer, the number of leaves is ____?__.
c. If n is an even integer, the number of leaves is ____?__.

6. Write r  2 sin 2
in rectangular form.

7. The total area A of the three leaves in the three-leaved rose

1
r  a sin 3
is given by A 
a2. For a four-leaved rose, the
1 4
area is A 
a2.
2

a. Find the area of a four-leaved rose with a  6.

b. Write the equation of a three-leaved rose with area 36.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 375 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-4 Study Guide

Polar Form of a Linear Equation
Example 1 Write the equation x  3y  6 in polar form.
The standard form of the equation is x  3y 
6  0. To find the values of p and , write the
equation in normal form. To convert to normal
form, find the value of A 2
B2.

A
2
B2  1
2
32 or 1
0


Since C is negative, use 1

0
.

The normal form of the equation is

1
0 
1 
1

1
x 
3
y 
6
 0 or

x 
3
0y

3
0  0.

1
0 
1
0 
1
0 10 10 5

Using the normal form x cos   y sin   p  0,

we can see that p 
6
or

3
0
1 . Since cos  and sin 
1
0
 5
are both positive, the normal lies in Quadrant I.
sin

tan  

cos 
tan   3
3

1
 3
10
 
1
0
  1.25 Use the Arctangent function.

Substitute the values for p and  into the polar form.

p  r cos(
 )
3


0
1 r cos(
 1.25) Polar form of x  3y  6
5

Example 2 Write 3  r cos(
30°) in rectangular form.

3  r cos(
 30°)
3  r(cos
cos 30°  sin
sin 30°) Difference identity for cosine


3  r
 cos

1
sin

 , sin 30° 
1

2
3
2  cos 30° 
2
3
2


3
 r cos

1
r sin

3 Distributive property
2 2


3
 x 
1
y
3 r cos
 x, r sin
 y
2 2
x  y
6  3 Multiply each side by 2.
x  y  6
0  3 Subtract 6 from each side.
The rectangular form of 3  rcos(
 30°) is 3
 x  y  6  0.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 376 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-4 Practice
Polar Form of a Linear Equation
Write each equation in polar form. Round  to the nearest
degree.
1. 3x  2y  16 2. 3x  4y  15

3. 3x  4y  12 4. y  2x  1

Write each equation in rectangular form.

5
5. 4  r cos 

6 

6. 2  r cos (
 90
)

7. 1  r cos 


4

8. 3  r cos (
 240
)

Graph each polar equation.

9. 3  r cos (
 60
) 10. 1  r cos 


3

11. Landscaping A landscaper is designing a garden with hedges

through which a straight path will lead from the exterior of the
garden to the interior. If the polar coordinates of the endpoints of
the path are (20, 90
) and (10, 150
), where r is measured in feet,
what is the equation for the path?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 377 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-4 Enrichment
Distance Using Polar Coordinates
Suppose you were given the polar coordinates of two
points P1(r1, 1) and P2(r2, 2) and were asked to find
the distance d between the points. One way would be
to convert to rectangular coordinates (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2), and apply the distance formula
d (x
2
x
1
)
2(y
2
y
1
)2.

A more straightforward method makes use of the Law

of Cosines.

1. In the above figure, the distance d between P1 and P2 is the length

of one side of OP1 P2. Find the lengths of the other two sides.

2. Determine the measure of
P1OP2.

3. Write an expression for d 2 using the Law of Cosines.

4. Write a formula for the distance d between the points

P1 (r1, 1 ) and P2 (r2, 2 ).

5. Find the distance between the points (3, 45°) and (5, 25°). Round
your answer to three decimal places.

6. Find the distance between the points 2,  and 4, . Round



2



8
your answer to three decimal places.

7. The distance from the point (5, 80°) to the point (r, 20°) is 2
1
.
Find r.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 378 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-5 Study Guide

Simplifying Complex Numbers
Add and subtract complex numbers by performing the chosen
operation on both the real and imaginary parts. Find the
product of two or more complex numbers by using the same
procedures used to multiply binomials. To simplify the
quotient of two complex numbers, multiply the numerator and
denominator by the complex conjugate of the denominator.

To find the value of i n, let R be the Powers of i

remainder when n is divided by 4.
if R  0 in  1 i1  i i 2  1
if R  1 in  i i 3  i 2  i  i i 4  (i 2)2  1
if R  2 i n  1 i5  i4  i  i i 6  i 4  i 2  1
if R  3 i n  i i 7  i 4  i 3  i i 8  (i 2)4  1

Example 1 Simplify each power of i.

a. i30 b. i
11
Method 1 Method 2 Method 1 Method 2
30  4  7 R 2 i30  (i4)7  i2 11  4  3 R 1 i11  (i4)3  i1
If R  2, i  1.
n  (1)  i
7 2 If R  1, in  i.  (1)3  i1
i30  1  1 i11  i i
Example 2 Simplify each expression.
a. (3  2i)  (5
3i) b. (8
4i)
(9
7i)
(3  2i)  (5  3i) (8  4i)  (9  7i)
 (3  5)  (2i  3i)  8  4i  9  7i
8i  1  3i
Example 3 Simplify (4
2i)(5
3i).
(4  2i)(5  3i)  5(4  2i)  3i(4  2i) Distributive property
 20  10i  12i  6i2 Distributive property
 20  10i  12i  6(1) i2  1
 14  22i
Example 4 Simplify (4
5i)  (2  i).
4 

(4  5i)  (2  i) 
5i
2i
4 


2 

5i 
i 2 i is the conjugate of 2  i.
2i 2 i
8  10i  4i  5i 2



4  i2
8  14i 


5(1) i2  1
4  (1)
3 


14i
5

35

154
i Write the answer in the form a  bi.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 379 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-5 Practice
Simplifying Complex Numbers
Simplify.
1. i38 2. i17

3. (3  2i)  (4  5i) 4. (6  2i)  (8  3i)

5. (8  i)  (4  i) 6. (1  i)(3  2i)

7. (2  3i)(5  i) 8. (4  5i)(4  5i)

9. (3  4i)2 10. (4  3i)  (1  2i)

11. (2  i)  (2  i) 8 

12.
7i
1  2i

13. Physics A fence post wrapped in two wires has two forces
acting on it. Once force exerts 5.3 newtons due north and
4.1 newtons due east. The second force exerts 6.2 newtons due
north and 2.8 newtons due east. Find the resultant force on the
fence post. Write your answer as a complex number. (Hint: A
vector with a horizontal component of magnitude a and a vertical
component of magnitude b can be represented by the complex
number a  bi.)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 380 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-5 Enrichment
Cycle Quadruples
Four nonnegative integers are arranged in cyclic order
to make a “cyclic quadruple.” In the example, this quadru-
ple is 23, 8, 14, and 32.
The next cyclic quadruple is formed from the absolute
values of the four differences of adjacent integers:
|23 – 8| 15 |8 – 14|  6 |14 – 32|  18 |32 – 23|  9
By continuing in this manner, you will eventually get
four equal integers. In the example, the equal integers
appear in three steps.

Solve each problem.

1. Start with the quadruple 25, 17, 55, 47. In how many
steps do the equal integers appear?
2. Some interesting things happen when one or more of the
original numbers is 0. Draw a diagram showing a
beginning quadruple of three zeros and one nonnegative
integer. Predict how many steps it will take to reach
4 equal integers. Also, predict what that integer will
be. Complete the diagram to check your predictions.

3. Start with four integers, two of them zero. If the zeros are
opposite one another, how many steps does it take for the zeros to
disappear?
4. Start with two equal integers and two zeros. The zeros are next
to one another. How many steps does it take for the zeros to
disappear?
5. Start with two nonequal integers and two zeros. The zeros are
next to one another. How many steps does it take for the zeros to
disappear?
6. Start with three equal integers and one zero. How many steps
does it take for the zero to disappear?
7. Describe the remaining cases with one zero and tell how many
steps it takes for the zero to disappear.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 381 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-6 Study Guide

The Complex Plane and Polar Form of
Complex Numbers
In the complex plane, the real axis is horizontal and the
imaginary axis is vertical. The absolute value of a complex
number is its distance from zero in the complex plane.
The polar form of the complex number a  bi is r(cos

i sin
), which is often abbreviated as r cis
. In polar form,
r represents the absolute value, or modulus, of the complex
number. The angle
is called the amplitude or argument of
the complex number.

Example 1 Graph each number in the complex plane and

find its absolute value.
a. z  4  3i b. z 
2i
2

z
 4 32 z  0  2i
5 2

z
 0 
(2
)2
i 2
(4, 3)
i

O R
O R
(0, –2 )

Example 2 Express the complex number 2  3i in polar form.

First plot the number in the complex plane. i
(2, 3)
Then find the modulus.
r  2
2
32 or 1
3
 O R
Now find the amplitude. Notice that
is in
Quandrant I.

 Arctan
32

 Arctan
ab
if a  0
 0.98
Therefore, 2  3i  1
3
(cos 0.98  i sin 0.98) or
13
 cis 0.98.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 382 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-6 Practice
The Complex Plane and Polar Form of Complex
Numbers
Graph each number in the complex plan and find its absolute value.
1. z  3i 2. z  5  i 3. z  4  4i

Express each complex number in polar form.

4. 3  4i 5. 4  3i

6. 1  i 7. 1  i

Graph each complex number. Then express it in rectangular

form.
3
8. 2cos
3 5 5 4 4
4 
4

 i sin

9. 4cos
6

 i sin

6 

10. 3cos
3

 i sin

3 

11. Vectors The force on an object is represented by the complex

number 8  21i, where the components are measured in pounds.
Find the magnitude and direction of the force.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 383 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-6 Enrichment
A Complex Treasure Hunt
A prospector buried a sack of gold dust. He then wrote instructions
telling where the gold dust could be found:
1. Start at the oak tree. Walk to the mineral spring counting the
number of paces.
2. Turn 90° to the right and walk an equal number of paces. Place a
stake in the ground.
3. Go back to the oak tree. Walk to the red rock counting the
number of paces.
4. Turn 90° to the left and walk an equal number of paces. Place a
stake in the ground.
5. Find the spot halfway between the stakes. There you will find
the gold.
Years later, an expert in complex numbers found the instructions in
a rusty tin can. Some additional instructions told how to get to the
general area where the oak tree, the mineral spring, and the red
rock could be found. The expert hurried to the area and readily
located the spring and the rock. Unfortunately, hundreds of oak
trees had sprung up since the prospector’s day, and it was impossible to
know which one was referred to in the instructions. Nevertheless,
through prudent application of complex numbers, the expert found
the gold. Especially helpful in the quest were the following facts.
• The distance between the graphs of two complex
numbers can be represented by the absolute value of
the difference between the numbers.
• Multiplication by i rotates the graph of a complex
number 90° counterclockwise. Multiplication by –i
rotates it 90° clockwise.
The expert drew a map on the complex plane, letting
S(–1  0i) be the spring and R(1  0i) be the rock. Since the
location of the oak tree was unknown, the expert represented
it by T(a  bi).
1. Find the distance from the oak tree to the spring. Express
the distance as a complex number.

2. Write the complex number whose graph would be a 90°

counterclockwise rotation of your answer to Exercise 1. This is
where the first stake should be placed.
3. Repeat Exercises 1 and 2 for the distance from the tree to the
rock. Where should the second stake be placed?
4. The gold is halfway between the stakes. Find the coordinates of
the location.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 384 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-7 Study Guide

Products and Quotients of Complex Numbers in
Polar Form
Example 1 Find the product 2
cos



 i sin


  4
cos


 i sin


.
2 2 3 3
Then express the product in rectangular form.
Find the modulus and amplitude of the product.
r  r1r2

1 
2
 2(4) 





2 3
8 5

6


5
The product is 8cos
5
6 

 i sin

.
6

Now find the rectangular form of the product.

5 5 3 5 
 , sin

5
8cos
6

 i sin

6 

 8


1
i
2 2
cos
6

 

2
3
6


1

2
 43
  4i

 4i.
The rectangular form of the product is 43

7

Find the quotient 21
cos
7

6 
Example 2
 i sin


6
4

7
cos
4

3 

 i sin

. Then express the quotient in
3
rectangular form.

Find the modulus and amplitude of the quotient.

r
r 
r
1

1 
2
2
7  4



27

1

6



3
3  

6

The quotient is 3cos


6

 i sin

.
6

Now find the rectangular form of the quotient.

3 cos

6

 i sin

  3 

6


2

 2 
3  
1
i cos


6





2
6 2
3, sin


1

3


 
3
i
3
2 2
3

The rectangular form of the quotient is
 
3
i.
3
2 2

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 385 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-7 Practice
Products and Quotients of Complex Numbers
in Polar Form
Find each product or quotient. Express the result in
rectangular form.
1. 3cos


 i sin

  3cos

3 3
5
3
5

 i sin

3 

2. 6cos


 i sin

  2cos

 i sin


2 2 3 3

5
3. 14cos
5
 2cos

 i sin


4 

 i sin

4 2 2

5
4. 3cos
5
 6cos

 i sin


6 

 i sin

6 3 3

5. 2cos


 i sin

  2cos

2 2
4
3
4

i sin

3 

6. 15(cos   i sin )  3cos


2

 i sin


2

7. Electricity Find the current in a circuit with a voltage of

12 volts and an impedance of 2  4 j ohms. Use the formula,
E  I  Z, where E is the voltage measured in volts, I is the
current measured in amperes, and Z is the impedance
measured in ohms.
(Hint: Electrical engineers use j as the imaginary unit, so they
write complex numbers in the form a  b j. Express each number
in polar form, substitute values into the formula, and then
express the current in rectangular form.)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 386 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-7 Enrichment
Complex Conjugates
In Lesson 9-5, you learned that complex numbers in the form
a  bi and a  bi are called conjugates. You can show that two
numbers are conjugates by finding the appropriate values of a and b.

1. Show that the solutions of x 2  2x  3  0 are conjugates.

2. Show that the solutions of Ax 2  Bx  C  0 are conjugates when

B2  4AC  0.

The conjugate of the complex number z is represented by –z.

3. z  a  bi. Use –
z to find the reciprocal of z.

4. z  r (cos
 i sin
). Find –

z . Express your answer in polar form.

Use your answer to Exercise 4 to solve Exercises 5 and 6.

5. Find z  –
z.

6. Find z  –
z. (z 0)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 387 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-8 Practice
Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers
You can use De Moivre's Theorem, [r(cos
 i sin
)]n 
rn(cos n
 i sin n
), to find the powers and roots of complex
numbers in polar form.

Example 1 Find (
1  3

i)3.
First, write 1  3i in polar form. Note that
its graph is in Quadrant II of the complex plane.
r  (
1)
2
(
3)2 


 Arctan

1
 
3

 1

3 or 2  

3
2

  or

3

i is 2cos

The polar form of 1  3 2
3

 i sin

3 
2
.

Now use De Moivre's Theorem to find the third power.

(1  3i)3  2cos
23
 i sin
23
3
 23cos 3
3 
2
 i sin 3

3 
2
De Moivre's Theorem
 8(cos 2  i sin 2)
 8(1  0i) Write the result in
8 rectangular form.
3
Therefore, (1  3
i)  8.

3
Example 2 Find 6
4
i.
3
1

6
4i  (0  64i) 3 a  0, b  64
Polar form: r  0 2
4
62 or 64;
 64cos


3

1

2  i sin 2 





2
since a  0.

1

 64 3 cos
1


  i sin
1


 De Moivre's Theorem
3 2 3 2
 4cos

6

 i sin


6


 4
 
1
i
2 
3
2
 23
  2i
  2i is the principal cube root of 64i.
Therefore, 23

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 388 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-8 Practice
Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers
Find each power. Express the result in rectangular form.
1. (2  23
i)3 2. (1  i)5

3
3. (1  3
i)12 4. 1cos


 i sin


4 4

5. (2  3i)6 6. (1  i)8

Find each principal root. Express the result in the form

a  bi with a and b rounded to the nearest hundredth.
1 1





7. (27i)3 8. (8  8i)3

1
5


9. 2
4
3
i 10. (i) 3

4
2
 3i
8
11. 8
i 12. 2

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 389 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-8 Enrichment
Algebraic Numbers
A complex number is said to be algebraic if it is a zero of a
polynomial with integer coefficients. For example, if p and q
p
are integers with no common factors and q 0, then
q
is a zero
of qx  p. This shows that every rational number is algebraic. Some irra-
tional numbers can be shown to be algebraic.

Example Show that 1  3

 is algebraic.
Let x  1  3 . Then
x  1  3 
(x  1)  (3
2  )2
x  2x 1  3
2

x2  2x  2  0
Thus, 1  3 is a zero of x2  2x  2, so 1  3
 is an
algebraic number.
If a complex number is not algebraic, it is said to be trancendental.
The best-known transcendental numbers are  and e. Proving that
these numbers are not algebraic was a difficult task. It was not
until 1873 that the French mathematician Charles Hermite was
able to show that e is transcendental. It wasn’t until 1882 that
C. L. F. Lindemann of Munich showed that  is also transcendental.

Show that each complex number is algebraic by finding a

polynomial with integer coefficients of which the given
number is a zero.
1. 2 2. i

3
3. 2  i 4. 3

4
5. 4  2
i 6. 3  i

1
5
3
2
 
3
7.  8. 3


© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 390 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Test, Form 1A
Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the
right or each problem.
1. Find the polar coordinates that do not describe 1. ________
the point in the given graph.
A. (4, 120
)
B. (4, 300
)
C. (4, 240
)
D. (4, 60
)

2. Find the equation represented in the 2. ________

given graph.
A.
 
3

B. r 
3

C.
 2
D. r 
2

3
3. Find the distance between the points with polar coordinates 2.5,

6

3. ________
and 1.9, 

.
3
A. 3.14 B. 2.91 C. 3.49 D. 1.65
4. Identify the graph of the polar equation r  4 sin 2
. 4. ________
A. B. C. D.

5. Find the equation whose graph is given. 5. ________

A. r  4 cos 2

B. r  2  2 cos

C. r  4 cos

D. r2  16 cos 2

6. Find the polar coordinates of the point with rectangular 6. ________
coordinates (2, 23  ).

A. 4,
3
 B. 4,
2 5 2
3 

C. 4,
6 

D. 2,
3 

7. Find the rectangular coordinates of the point with polar coordinates 7. ________
4,
54
.
A. (22 , 22) B. (2, 23)
C. (22 , 22) D. (23 , 2)
8. Write the rectangular equation x2  y2  2x  0 in polar form. 8. ________
A. r  2 sin
B. r2  2r sin
 0
C. r  cos 2
D. r  2 cos

2  2r sin
 0 in rectangular form.
9. Write the polar equation r 9. ________
A. x  y  2  0 B. x2  y2  2x  0
2  y2  2y  0 D. x  2y
C. x

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 391 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Test, Form 1A (continued)
10. Identify the graph of the polar equation r  2 csc (
 60
). 10. ________
A. B. C. D.

11. Write 2x  y  5 in polar form. 11. ________

A. 5   r cos (
 27
) B. 5
  r cos (
 27
)
C. 5   r cos (
 27
) D. 5
  r cos (
 27
)
12. Simplify 2(3  i14)  (5  i23). 12. ________
A. 1  3i B. 3  i C. 1  2i D. 1  i
13. Simplify (5  3i) . 2
13. ________
A. 16  30i B. 34  30i C. 16  30i D. 34  30i
14. Simplify
3 
2i . 14. ________
4  5i
A.
42

1

2431
i B.
2421

2431
i C. 
29

293
i D.
42
1

2431
i
15. Express 53   5i in polar form. 15. ________
A. 10cos
6
  i sin
   i sin

6 
11 11
B. 10cos
11

6 6 
11

C. 5cos
  i sin
 5 5
6 
11

6
11
D. 10cos
3

 i sin

3 

3
16. Express 4cos
3
4 

 i sin

in rectangular form. 16. ________
4
A. 2
  2i   22
B. 22 i
  22
C. 22 i D. 22  22i

2

For Exercises 17 and 18, let z1  8(cos
2


 i sin

) and
3 3



z2  0.5
cos
3
 i sin
3
.
17. Write the rectangular form of z1z2. 17. ________
A. 4i B. 4 C. 4  4i D. 4
z
18. Write the rectangular form of
z
1 . 18. ________
2
A. 8  83
i B. 8  83
 i C. 16  163
 i D. 8  83
i

  3i)3 and express the result in rectangular form.

19. Simplify (33 19. ________
A. 216i B. 
1
i C.
1
i D. 216i
216 216
20. Which of the following is not a root of z3  1  3
i to the nearest 20. ________
hundredth?
A. 0.22  1.24i B. 0.97  0.81i
C. 1.02  0.65i D. 1.18  0.43i

Bonus Find (cos
 i sin
)2. Bonus: ________

A. cos 2
 i sin 2
B. cos
 i sin

2 2

C. cos2
 i sin2
D. cos 2
 i sin 2

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 392 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Test, Form 1B
Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of
each problem.
1. Find the polar coordinates that do not 1. ________
describe the point in the given graph.
A. (3, 45°)
B. (3, 135°)
C. (3, 225°)
D. (3, 315°)
2. Find the equation represented in 2. ________
the given graph.
A. r  2
B.
 2
C.
 4
D. r  4
3. Find the distance between the points with polar coordinates 3. ________
(3, 120°) and (0.5, 49°).
A. 2.88 B. 3.19 C. 3.49 D. 1.59
4. Identify the graph of the polar equation r  2  2 sin
. 4. ________
A. B. C. D.

5. Find the equation whose graph is given. 5. ________

A. r  4 sin

B. r  2  2 sin

C. r  4 sin 2

D. r2  16 sin 2

6. Find the polar coordinates of the point with rectangular 6. ________

coordinates (2, 2).
A. 2,

4

B. 2 7
,
4 

C. 22 ,

4

D. 22 7
,
4 

7. Find the rectangular coordinates of the point with polar 7. ________

5
coordinates 2,
6 

.

A. (3
, 1) B. (23
, 2) C. (3
, 1) D. (23
, 2).
8. Write the rectangular equation y  x in polar form. 8. ________
A.
 45° B. r  tan
C. r  cos
D.
 1
9. Write the polar equation r  3 sin
in rectangular form. 9. ________
A. y  3x B. x2  y2  3y  0
2  y2  3x  0
C. x D. x  3y
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 393 Advanced Mathematical Concepts
 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Test, Form 1B (continued)
10. Identify the graph of the polar equation r  2 sec (
 120°). 10. ________
A. B. C. D.

11. Write 3x  2y  13  0 in polar form. 11. ________

A. 1 3
  r cos (
 34°) B. 13
  r cos (
 34°)
C. 1 3
  r cos (
 34°) D. 13
  r cos (
 34°)

12. Simplify (3  i7)  2(i6  5i). 12. ________

A. 5  11i B. 5  9i C. 1  11i D. 5  9i

13. Simplify (5  3i)(2  4i). 13. ________

A. 2  14i B. 22  14i C. 22  14i D. 2  14i

14. Simplify
5 
2i . 14. ________

3  4i
A.
27

5

22

6i
5
B.
2235

2265
i C. 1 
27

6i D.
27

5

22

6i
5

15. Express 22   22 i in polar form. 15. ________

 
A. 4 cos
4
 i sin
4
 3
B. 2 cos
3
4 
3 3
 i sin


4
3
C. 4 cos
3 7 7
4 
4

 i sin

D. 4 cos
4

 i sin

4 

7
16. Express 10cos
7
6 

 i sin

in rectangular form. 16. ________
6
  5i B. 5  53
A. 53 i C. 53
  5i D. 53
  5i

For Exercises 17 and 18, let z1  12
cos

7

6 6 
7


 i sin

and
z2  3
cos
6
 i sin
6
.

17. Write the rectangular form of z1 z2. 17. ________

A. 18  183  i B. 18  183  i C. 18  183
 i D. 18  183
i
z
18. Write the rectangular form of
z
1 . 18. ________
2
A. 4 B. 4i C. 4 D. 4  4i
5
19. Simplify (1  3 i) and express the result in rectangular form. 19. ________
A. 16  163  i B. 163  16i C. 16  163  i D. 16  163 i
3
20. Find 2
7
i. 20. ________
A. 3



3 
32
i B.
3


3
i
3 C. 3



3 
32
i D. 3



3 
32
i
2 2 2 2 2

Bonus Find (cos
 i sin
)2. Bonus: ________

A. cos 2
 i sin 2
B. cos2
 i sin2

C. cos2
 i sin2
D. cos 2
 sin 2

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 394 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Test, Form 1C
Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of
each problem.
1. Find the polar coordinates that do not describe 1. ________
the point in the given graph.
A. (2, 30
)
B. (2, 210
)
C. (2, 30
)
D. (2, 150
)

2. Find the equation represented in the given graph. 2. ________

A.
 3
B. r  3
C.
 2
D. r  2

3. Find the distance between the points with polar 3. ________

coordinates (2, 120
) and (1, 45
).
A. 1.40 B. 2.98 C. 2.46 D. 1.99

4. Identify the graph of the polar equation r  4 sin
. 4. ________

A. B. C. D.

5. Find the equation whose graph is given. 5. ________

A. r  4 cos

B. r  2  2 cos

C. r  2  2 cos

D. r  2  2 sin

6. Find the polar coordinates of the point with rectangular 6. ________

coordinates (3, 1).

A. 2,
3
 B. 2,
 C. 2,
 D. 1,

6 4 6

7. Find the rectangular coordinates of the point with polar 7. ________

coordinates (3, 180
).
A. (3, 0) B. (0, 3) C. (3, 0) D. (0, 3)

8. Write the rectangular equation x  3 in polar form. 8. ________

A. r sin
 3 B. r  3
C.
 3 D. r cos
 3

9. Write the polar equation r  3 in rectangular form. 9. ________

A. x2  9  0 B. x2  y2  9y  0
C. x2  y2  9 D. xy  9

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 395 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Test, Form 1C (continued)
10. Identify the graph of the polar equation r  3 sec (
 90
). 10. ________
A. B. C. D.

11. Write 3x  4y  5  0 in polar form. 11. ________

A. 1  r cos (
 53
) B. 1  r cos (
 53
)
C. 1  r cos (
 53
) D. 1  r cos (
 53
)

12. Simplify 2(3  4i)  (5  i15) 12. ________

A. 10  7i B. 11  9i C. 12  8i D. 11  7i

13. Simplify (3  i)(1  i) 13. ________

A. 2  2i B. 2  2i C. 4  2i D. 4  2i

14. Simplify
2
i. 14. ________

1i
A.
12

23
i B.
12

23
i C.
23

23
i D. 1  2i

15. Express 33   3i in polar form. 15. ________

A. 3cos
6
 i sin


6

B. 6cos

6

 i sin


6
C. 6cos

3

 i sin


3
D. 6cos

6

 i sin


6

16. Express 2cos


3

 i sin

 in rectangular form.
3
16. ________
A. 1  3
i B. 1  3
i C. 1  3
i D. 3
i

For Exercises 17 and 18, let z1  4(cos 135
 i sin 135
) and
z2  2(cos 45
 i sin 45
).
17. Write the rectangular form of z1z2. 17. ________
A. 8i B. 8 C. 8  8i D. 8
z
18. Write the rectangular form of
z
1 . 18. ________
2
A. 2i B. 2 C. 2i D. 2  2i

  i)4 and express the result in rectangular form.

19. Simplify (3 19. ________
A. 8  83i B. 8  83 i C. 16  163  i D. 8  83 i
3
20. Find i. 20. ________


A.
 
1
i
3 

B. 
 
1
i
3 

C.
 
1
i
3 

D.
12

i
3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Bonus If 2  2i  22
(cos 45
 i sin 45
), find 2  2i. Bonus: ________
(cos 45
 i sin 45
)
A. 22 (cos 135
 i sin 135
)
B. 22
(cos 225
 i sin 225
)
C. 22 (cos 315
 i sin 315
)
D. 22

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 396 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Test, Form 2A
1. Write the polar coordinates of the point 1. __________________
in the graph if r  0 and 0

 180
.

2. Graph the polar equation r  3. 2.

3. Find the distance between the points with 3. __________________

3
polar coordinates 1.5,

and 2,

.
4  6

4. Graph the polar equation r  4 sin 3
. 4.

5. Identify the classical curve represented by the equation 5. __________________

r2  16 sin 2
.

6. Find the polar coordinates of the point with rectangular 6. __________________

coordinates (3, 3). Use 0

 2 and r  0.

7. Find the rectangular coordinates of the point with polar 7. __________________

7
coordinates 6,
4 

.

8. Write the rectangular equation x  2y  5  0 in polar form. 8. __________________

Round  to the nearest degree.

9. Write the polar equation r 2 sin 2
 8 in rectangular form. 9. __________________

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 397 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Test, Form 2A (continued)
10. Graph the polar equation 1  r cos (
 15
). 10.

11. Write 3x  y  10 in polar form. 11. __________________

12. Simplify 3(2i  i10)  4(8  i49). 12. __________________

13. Simplify (3  4i)(2  5i). 13. __________________

3 

14. Simplify
4i . 14. __________________
2  5i

i in polar form.
15. Express 2  23 15. __________________

5
16. Express 8cos
5
4 

 i sin

in rectangular form. 16. __________________
4

4

For Exercises 17 and 18, let z1  12
cos
4

3 

 i sin

and
3



z2  2
cos
6
 i sin
6
.
17. Write the rectangular form of z1z2. 17. __________________

z
18. Write the rectangular form of
z
1 . 18. __________________
2

19. Simplify (4  4i)2 and express the result in 19. __________________

rectangular form.

20. Solve the equation z3  2  23

i. 20. __________________

 i  23
Bonus If 3  3 (cos 30
 i sin 30
), find Bonus: __________________
 i.
3  3

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 398 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Test, Form 2B
1. Write the polar coordinates of the point in 1. __________________
the graph if 90° 
 0°.

5
2. Graph the polar equation


. 2.
6

3. Find the distance between the points with polar coordinates 3. __________________
(2.5, 150°) and (1, 70°).

4. Graph the polar equation r  2  2 sin
. 4.

5. Identify the classical curve represented by the equation 5. __________________

r  2  5 sin
.

6. Find the polar coordinates of the point with rectangular 6. __________________

coordinates (1, 3 ). Use 0

 2 and r  0.

7. Find the rectangular coordinates of the point with polar 7. __________________

2
coordinates 2,
3 

.

8. Write the rectangular equation x2  y2  4 in polar form. 8. __________________

9. Write the polar equation r2  8 in rectangular form. 9. __________________

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 399 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Test, Form 2B (continued)

10. Graph the polar equation r  2 csc (
 60°). 10.

11. Write x  2y  5  0 in polar form. 11. __________________

12. Simplify 2(i21  7)  (5  i3). 12. __________________

13. Simplify (3  2i)2. 13. __________________

4 

14. Simplify
2i . 14. __________________
3  5i

15. Express 6  6i in polar form. 15. __________________

16. Express 4cos


6

 i sin

 in rectangular form.
6
16. __________________

5

For Exercises 17 and 18, let z1  8 cos
6
5


 i sin

6 

and

z2  4 cos



 i sin


.
3 3

17. Write the rectangular form of z1z2. 17. __________________

z
18. Write the rectangular form of
z
1 . 18. __________________
2

3
19. Simplify (23  2i) and express the result in 19. __________________
rectangular form.

3
20. Find 
64
i. 20. __________________

Bonus Find cos


 i sin

 . Express the result in
3
4 4
Bonus: __________________
rectangular form.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 400 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Test, Form 2C
1. Write the polar coordinates of the point 1. __________________
in the graph if 0

 180
.

2. Graph the polar equation



3

. 2.

3. Find the distance between the points with polar 3. __________________

coordinates (3.2, 120
) and (2, 45
).

4. Graph the polar equation r  4 cos
. 4.

5. Identify the classical curve represented by the equation 5. __________________

r  4 sin 2
.

6. Find the polar coordinates of the point with rectangular 6. __________________

coordinates (0, 1).

7. Find the rectangular coordinates of the point with 7. __________________

polar coordinates 2,

4

.

8. Write the rectangular equation y  2 in polar form. 8. __________________

9. Write the polar equation r  3 in rectangular form. 9. __________________

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 401 Advanced Mathematical Concepts
 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Test, Form 2C (continued)
10. Graph the polar equation r  2 sec (
 60
). 10.

11. Write x  y  2  0 in polar form. 11. __________________

12. Simplify (3  i17)  (2  3i). 12. __________________

13. Simplify (2  4i)(2  4i). 13. __________________

3
14. Simplify

i. 14. __________________
2i

  2i in polar form.
15. Express 23 15. __________________

3
cos
3
4 
16. Express 62
 i sin

in rectangular form. 16. __________________
4

For Exercises 17 and 18, let z1  12(cos 240
 i sin 240
)

and z2  0.5(cos 30
 i sin 30
).
17. Write the rectangular form of z1z2. 17. __________________

z
18. Write the rectangular form of
z
1 . 18. __________________
2

19. Simplify (2  2i)4 and express the result in rectangular 19. __________________
form.

3
20. Find 8
i. 20. __________________

Bonus Find cos


 i sin

 . Express the result in
2
4 4
Bonus: __________________
rectangular form.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 402 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Open-Ended Assessment
Instructions: Demonstrate your knowledge by giving a clear,
concise solution to each problem. Be sure to include all relevant
drawings and justify your answers. You may show your solution in
more than one way or investigate beyond the requirements of the
problem.
1. a. Write the rectangular coordinates for a point in a plane.

b. Graph the point described in part a.

c. Find the polar coordinates for the point described in part a.

Graph the point in the polar coordinate system.

d. Explain how the two graphs are related.

2. a. Write the polar coordinates for a point in a plane.

b. Graph the point described in part a.

c. Find the rectangular coordinates for the point described in

part a. Graph the point in the rectangular coordinate system.

d. Explain how the two graphs are related.

3. a. Draw the graph of r  cos
.

b. Tell how the graph of r  2 cos
differs from the graph

in part a.

c. What type of classical curve is represented by r  cos 4
?

d. What type of classical curve is represented by r  1  cos
?

e. Write a polar equation for a classical curve. Graph the equation

and name the type of curve.

4. a. Find two complex numbers a and b whose sum is 3  3i.

b. Express the complex numbers a and b in part a in polar form.

Explain each step.

c. Find the product of a and b.

d. Show two ways to find (3  3i)4. Then find (3  3i)4.

1

1

e. Explain how to find (3  3i) 3 . Then find (3  3i) 3 .

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 403 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Mid-Chapter Test (Lessons 9-1 through 9-4)
1. Write the polar coordinates of the point 1. __________________
in the given graph if 0

 180
.

2. Graph the polar equation r  3. 2.

3. Find the distance between the points with 3. __________________

polar coordinates (3, 150
) and (2, 45
).

4. Graph the polar equation r  2  2 cos
. 4.

5. Identify the type of classical curve represented by 5. __________________

the graph of r  3 cos 2
.
6. Find the polar coordinates of the point with rectangular 6. __________________
coordinates (3, 3). Use 0

 2 and r  0.
7. Find the rectangular coordinates of the point 7. __________________
with polar coordinates (4, 150
).
8. Write the rectangular equation x2  y2  5y in polar form. 8. __________________
9. Write the polar equation



in rectangular form.
3
9. __________________
10. Graph the polar equation r  2 sec (
 ) and state the 10. __________________
rectangular form of the linear equation.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 404 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9, Quiz A (Lessons 9-1 and 9-2)
1. Write the polar coordinates of the point at (3, 30
) if 1. __________________
180

 0
.

Graph each polar equation.

5
2.


2.
6

3. r2  16 sin 2
3.

4. Find the distance between the points with polar 4. __________________

coordinates (2, 210
) and (4, 60
).

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

Chapter
Chapter 9, Quiz B (Lessons 9-3 and 9-4)
9
1. Find the polar coordinates of the point with rectangular 1. __________________
coordinates (4, 43 ). Use 0

 2 and r  0.
2. Find the rectangular coordinates of the point with polar 2. __________________
coordinates (6, 315
).
3. Write the rectangular equation x  3y  5  0 in 3. __________________
polar form. Round  to the nearest degree.
4. Write the polar equation r  5 in rectangular form. 4. __________________
5. Graph the polar equation r  3 sec (
 30
). 5.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 405 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9, Quiz C (Lessons 9-5 and 9-6)
Simplify.
1. 2(3  i11)  (4  i) 1. __________________

2. (2  4i)(3  5i) 2. __________________

4 

3.
3i 3. ______________
5  2i

  2i in polar form.
4. Express 23 4. __________________

3
5. Express 8cos
3
4 

 i sin

in rectangular form. 5. __________________
4

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

Chapter
Chapter 9, Quiz D (Lessons 9-7 and 9-8)
9
Find each product, quotient, or power and express the result
in rectangular form. Let z1  4(cos 120
 i sin 120
) and
z2  0.5(cos 30
 i sin 30
).
1. z1z2 1. ___________________________

z
2.
z
1 2. __________________
2

3. z12 3. __________________

Find each power or root. Express the result in rectangular form.

4
4. (2 i)
  2 4. __________________
5
5. 3
2
i 5. __________________

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 406 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 SAT and ACT Practice
After working each problem, record the 5. Given that lines r and s intersect at P,
correct answer on the answer sheet m
1  3x°, and m
3  m
1, find
provided or use your own paper. m
2.
A x°
Multiple Choice B (180  3x)°
C
1. A  is a diameter of the C 6x°
circle at the right. Point B D (180  6x)°
is on the circle such that E 3x°
m
BAC  2x°. Find m
BCA.
A 6x° 6. If


n , then
B 
12
180  2x° I. Angles 3 and 5 are supplementary
II. m
7  m
8
C (2x  90)°
III. m
3  m
7  m
6
D [2(45  x)]°
E It cannot be determined from the A I only
information given. B II only
C III only
2. A chord with a length of 8 is 2 units D I and II only
from the center of a circle. Find the E I, II, and III
diameter.
A 5  7. In the rectangle below, what is the
B 25  area of the shaded region?
C 45  A 10w x x
x x
D 23  B 4x2 w
x x
E 43  C 10w  4x x x
D 10w  x2 10

E 10w  4x2
3. 2 cos

4


A 0 8. On a map, 1 inch represents 2 miles.
B
12
A circle on the map has a
circumference of 5 inches. What
C 1
area does the circular region on the
D 2 
map represent?
E 2
A 10 mi2
B 25 mi2
4. sin


cos

  cos

sin

 
3  6 3 6 C 5 mi2
A 
2
1 D 100 mi2
E 50 mi2
B
12

9.
1

1

C
3
1015 1016
4
D 1 A 
9
B
9

1016 1016
E
5

4 C
110
D 
11

0
E
1

1016

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 407 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 SAT and ACT Practice (continued)


10. Choose the expression that is not 16. In circle O below, find mADC .
equivalent to the other three. A 45°
A 4  25  B 75°
1
B
2
(8  80
) C 155°
D 230°
C 6  8 0
  2  20

E 245°
D 2  (8
  10)
E They are all equivalent. 17–18. Quantitative Comparison
A if the quantity in Column A is
11. In the circle O below, if m
B  20°,

greater
find m ACB .
B if the quantity in Column B is
A 40°
greater
B 140°
C if the two quantities are equal
C 220°
D if the relationship cannot be
D 320°
determined from the information
E None of these
given
12. Given that AB is tangent to circle O Column A Column B
at point A,  is a radius, OA  6,
OA 17.
and OB  8, find AB.
A 7  B 27 
C 47  D 5
E 10
(x  3)( y  3)z
c d
13. If

 60, which of the
3w
variables cannot be 3?
A x B y 18.
C z D w
E None of these

14. A function ƒ is described by

ƒ(x)  3x  6 and a function g is


Length of BC Length of BD
described by g(x)  12  6x. Which of
the following statements is true?
A g( ƒ(x))  ƒ( g(x))
B g( ƒ(x))  2ƒ( g(x)) 19–20. Use the diagram for
C g( ƒ(x))  2ƒ( g(x)) Exercises 19 and 20.
D g( ƒ(x))  ƒ( g(x))  18 In the diagram, m

n.
E None of these

15.  ABC is inscribed in a circle. 19. Grid-In m
2 is 60° less than twice
m
A  40°, and m
C  80°. Which m
3. Find m
1.
is the shortest chord?
A  AB B BC 20. Grid-In m
10  3x  30 and
C C A D AC  BC m
9  x  40. Find m
9.
E It cannot be determined from the
information given.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 408 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
9 Chapter 9 Cumulative Review (Chapters 1-9)
1. Find [ƒ ° g](x) for ƒ(x) 
1
and g(x)  3x  2. 1. __________________
2x

2. Determine whether the graphs of 3x  2y  5  0 and 2. __________________

y 
23
x  4 are parallel, coinciding, perpendicular, or none
of these.

3. Solve the system of equations. 5x  3y  11 3. __________________

x  2y  16

1
4. Find the inverse of 34 
2 , if it exists. 4. __________________

5. Determine whether the function ƒ(x) =
x3
is odd, even, or 5. __________________

neither.

6. Solve the equation 2x2  10x  12  0. 6. __________________

7. List the possible rational roots of 3x3  5x2  6x  2  0. 7. __________________

8. Find the measure of the reference angle for 220°. 8. __________________

9. State the amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical 9. __________________

shift for y  5  3 sin (2
 ).

10. Find the value of Cos1 tan
4 

3
. 10. __________________

1  c

11. Simplify
os
.2
11. __________________
1  sin2

12. Write the ordered pair that represents the vector from 12. __________________
M(7, 4) to N(3, 1).

13. Find the cross product 6, 3, 2

 3, 4, 1
. 13. __________________

14. Find the distance between the points with polar 14. __________________
coordinates (3, 150°) and (4, 70°).

15. Express 2cos


6

+ i sin

 in rectangular form.
6
15. __________________

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 409 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

BLANK
 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

Precalculus Semester Test

Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of
each problem.
1. Which angle is not coterminal with 30°? 1. ________
A. 



6
B. 750 C.
35
6

D. 750

2. Which ordered triple represents

CD for C(5, 0, 1) and D(3, 2, 6)? 2. ________
A. 8, 2, 5
B. 2, 2, 7

C. 2, 2, 7
D. 2, 2, 5


3. Evaluate cos Sin1
2
.
3

 3. ________

3 1 

2
A.
2
B.
2
C. 3
 D.
2

4. Write the polynomial equation of least degree with roots 7i and 7i. 4. ________
A. x 2  49  0 B. x 2  49x  0
C. x 2  7  0 D. x 2  7  0

5. Find the angle to the nearest degree that the normal to the line 5. ________
with equation 3x  y  4  0 makes with the positive x-axis.
A. 18° B. 18° C. 162° D. 108°

6. Find the x-intercepts of the graph of the function 6. ________

ƒ(x)  (x  3)(x2  4x  3).
A. 3, 1 B. 9 C. 3, 1, 3 D. 9, 9

7. Find the discriminant of 4m2  2m  1  0 and describe the nature of 7. ________

the roots of the equation.
A. 12, imaginary B. 12, real
C. 4, imaginary D. 2, real

8. Solve sin
 1 for all values of
. Assume k is any integer. 8. ________

A. 90°  360k° B. 180°  360k° C. 360k° D. 270°  360k°

9. List all possible rational roots of ƒ(x)  2x3  5x2  4x  3. 9. ________

A. 1, 2 B. 1, 3, 
12
, 
23

C. 1, 2, 3, 
23
D. 1, 3

10. Find the rectangular coordinates of the point with polar 10. ________
coordinates 1,

4

.

A. 1,
21
 2

B. 
 2

,


2 2

 2
C.
 2

,


2 2

  3
D. 
 2

,


2 2



© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 411 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

Precalculus Semester Test (continued)

11. A section of highway is 4.2 kilometers long and rises at a uniform 11. ________
grade making a 3.2° angle with the horizontal. What is the change
in elevation of this section of highway to the nearest thousandth?
A. 0.235 km B. 0.013 km C. 4.193 km D. 0.234 km

12. Choose the graph of the point with polar coordinates 3,


.
4   12. ________
A. B. C. D.

13. Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder for 13. ________
(2x3  5x2  3x  4)  (x  2).
A. 6 B. 6 C. 2 D. 0

14. Find the polar coordinates of the point with rectangular 14. ________
coordinates (2, 2).

A. 32 ,
3
B. 22 ,



4 
C. (2, ) D. 2 3
,

2



has magnitude 6 kilometers, w
15. If v
has magnitude 18 kilometers, 15. ________
and both vectors have the same direction, which of the following
is true?
A. v
 3w

B. 3v
w

w
C. v
D. 3v
 18w

16. Find the magnitude of

AB for A(8, 8) and B(7, 3). 16. ________
A. 510
 B. 2 
6 C. 102  D. 1
2
3


17. Change 54° to radian measure in terms of . 17. ________

5 3
A.
4

B.

10

C.

4

D. 4



9

18. Find one positive and one negative angle that are coterminal with an 18. ________
angle measuring

.
6
A.

4
3

, 


2
13 
B.
6
11 

, 


6
7
C.
6
5

, 


6
2
D.
2

, 


3 3

19. Simplify sec
 tan
sin
. 19. ________

A. cos
B. sin
C. sec
D. csc

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 412 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

Precalculus Semester Test (continued)

3 3
20. Express 3cos

 i sin

 in rectangular form.
2 2
20. ________
3
A. 3i B. 3i C.

i
2
D. i

21. If sin
 
12
and
lies in Quadrant III, find cot
. 21. ________
3 3
A. 


3
B.


3
C. 3
 D. 3


22. State the amplitude, period, and phase shift of the function 22. ________
y  2 sin 3x 

3

.

A. 2, 3,



2
B. 3, 3,  2
C. 2,

,


3 9
D. 2,
3
,


2 9

23. Find the value of Cos1 sin


2

. 23. ________
 3
A. 0 B.
2
C.  D.


2

24. Which equation is a trigonometric identity? 24. ________

A. cos 2
 cos2
 sin2
B. cos2
 sin2
 1
C. sin 2
 sin
cos
D. cos (
)  cos


25. If  is a first quadrant angle and cos  
1


0 , find sin 2. 25. ________
10
310

A.


5
B.
35
C. 
45
D. 
34

26. Which expression is equivalent to sin (90° 
)? 26. ________

A. sin
B. tan
C. cos
D. cos

27. Simplify i17. 27. ________

A. i B. i C. 1 D. 1

28. Write the rectangular equation y  1 in polar form. 28. ________

A. r cos
 1 B. r  sin
C. r sin
 1 D. 2r sin
 1

29. Simplify i5  i 3. 29. ________

A. 0 B. 2i C. i D. 2i

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 413 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

Precalculus Semester Test (continued)

30. Find the distance from P(1, 3) to the line with 30. __________________
equation 3x  2y  4.

31. Solve 2 cos x  sec x  1 for 0°

x
180°. 31. __________________

has a magnitude of 20 and a direction of 140°, find the

32. If v 32. __________________
magnitude of its vertical and horizontal components.

33. Solve 5x2  10x  6  3 by using the Quadratic Formula. 33. __________________

34. Describe the transformation that relates the graph of 34. __________________
y  sin  x 

2

to the parent graph y  sin x.

35. Graph y  tan 
2




4

 1. 35.

36. Given a central angle of 56°, find the length of its 36. __________________
intercepted arc in a circle of radius 6 centimeters.
Round your answer to the nearest thousandth.

 5, 1
and w
37. If v
 4, 6
, find v

2w

. 37. __________________

38. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line with 38. __________________
parametric equations x  3t  2 and y  4t  5.

39. Find the distance between the lines with equations 39. __________________
6y  8x  18 and 4x  3y  7.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 414 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

Precalculus Semester Test (continued)

40. Determine the rational zeros of ƒ(x)  2x3  3x2  18x  8. 40. __________________

41. State the amplitude and period for y  4 cos x. 41. __________________

42. Write an equation of a cosine function with amplitude 42. __________________

5 and period 6.

43. If sin  
13
and cos


34
, find cos ( 
) if  is a first 43. __________________
quadrant angle and
is a fourth quadrant angle.

44. Approximate the positive real zeros of the function 44. __________________
ƒ(x)  x3  3x  8 to the nearest tenth.

45. Evaluate 1, 5, 3
 2, 1, 1
. 45. __________________

46. Use the Law of Cosines to solve ABC if a  10, b  40, 46. __________________
and C  120°. Round answers to the nearest tenth.

47. Simplify (3  i)(4  2i). 47. __________________

48. Simplify (1  5i)  (2  3i). 48. __________________

49. Write the rectangular form of the polar equation r  3. 49. __________________

  i in polar form.
50. Express 3 50. __________________

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SAT and ACT Practice Answer Sheet

(10 Questions)

/ /
. . . .
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A1 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

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SAT and ACT Practice Answer Sheet

(20 Questions)

/ /
. . . .
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9

/ /
. . . .
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A2 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________ NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-1 Practice 9-1 Enrichment

Polar Coordinates Distance on the Earth’s Surface
As you learned in Lesson 9-1, lines of longitude on
Graph each point. Earth’s surface intersect at the North and South Poles.
1. (2.5, 0ⴗ) 2. (3, 135ⴗ) 3. (1, 30ⴗ) A line of longitude that passes completely around Earth
is called a great circle. All great circles have the

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
same circumference, found by calculating the
circumference of a circle with Earth’s radius, 3963.2
miles. (Since Earth is slightly flattened at the poles, it
is not precisely spherical. The difference is so small,
however, that for most purposes it can be ignored.)
1. Find the circumference of a great circle.
24,901.5 miles
5␲ 2␲ On a great circle, position is measured in degrees north or south of
␲    
4.
2, 4  5.
1, 4  6.
2, 3  the equator. Pittsburgh’s position of 40° 26’ N means that radii from
Earth’s center to Pittsburgh and to the point of intersection of the
equator and Pittsburgh’s longitude line form an angle of 40° 26’.
(See the figure above.)
2. Find the length of one degree of arc on a longitude line.
69.2 miles
3. Charleston, South Carolina (32° 46’ N), and Guayaquil, Ecuador
Answers

(2° 9’ S), both lie on Pittsburgh’s longitude line. Find the distance

A3
from Pittsburgh to each of the other cities.
530.3 miles; 2945.5 miles
Because circles of latitude are drawn parallel to the
Graph each polar equation.
equator, their radii and circumferences grow steadily
7. r
3 8. ␪
60ⴗ 9. r
4
shorter as they approach the poles. The length of one
degree of arc on a circle of latitude depends on how far
(Lesson 9-1)

north or south of the equator the circle is located. The

figure at the right shows a circle of latitude of radius r
located ␪ degrees north of the equator. Because the
radii of the equator and the circle of latitude are
r
parallel, m⬔NEO
␪. Therefore, cos ␪
 , which
R
gives r
R cos ␪, where R represents the radius of
Earth.
Find the distance between the points with the given polar 4. Find the radius and circumference of a circle of latitude located
coordinates. 70° north of the equator. 1355.5 miles; 8516.8 miles
10. P1(6, 90ⴗ) and P2(2, 130ⴗ) 11. P1(4, 85ⴗ) and P2(1, 105ⴗ) 5. Find the length of one degree of arc on the circle described in
4.65 4.95 Exercise 4. 23.7 miles
6. Bangor, Maine, and Salem, Oregon, are both located at latitude
44° 50’ N. Their respective longitudes are 68° 46’ and 123° 2’
west of Greenwich. Find the distance from Bangor to Salem.
2662.0 miles

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9-2 Practice 9-2 Enrichment

Graphs of Polar Equations Symmetry in Graphs of Polar Equations
It is sometimes helpful to analyze polar equations for certain
Graph each polar equation. Identify the type of curve each properties that predict symmetry in the graph of the equation. The
represents. following rules guarantee the existence of symmetry in the graph.
1. r
1  cos ␪ 2. r
3 sin 3␪ 3. r
1  2 cos ␪ However, the graphs of some polar equations exhibit symmetry even

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
cardioid rose limaçon though the rules do not predict it.
1. If replacing ␪ by –␪ yields the same equation, then the graph of
the equation is symmetric with respect to the line containing the
polar axis (the x-axis in the rectangular coordinate system).
2. If replacing ␪ by ␲  ␪ yields the same equation, then the graph
of the equation is symmetric with respect to the line
␲
␪
 (the y-axis in the rectangular coordinate system).
2
3. If replacing r by – r yields the same equation, then the graph
4. r
2  2 sin ␪ 5. r
0.5␪ 6. r2
16 cos 2␪ of the equation is symmetric with respect to the pole.
cardioid spiral of Archimedes lemniscate
Example Identify the symmetry of and graph r
3  3 sin ␪.
Since sin (␲  ␪ )
sin ␪, by rule 2 the graph is symmetric
␲
with respect to the line ␪

2
. Therefore, it is only necessary
to plot points in the first and fourth quadrants.
Answers

A4
␪ 3  3 sin ␪ (r, ␪)
␲ ␲
– 0 
2 2

0, – 
␲ ␲
– 0.4 
Graph each system of polar equations. Solve the system 3 3

0.4, – 
using algebra and trigonometry. Assume 0 ⱕ ␪ ⬍ 2␲. ␲ ␲
– 1.5 
7. r
1  2 sin ␪ 8. r
1  cos ␪ 6 6

1.5, – 
(Lesson 9-2)

r
2  sin ␪ r
3 cos ␪ 0 3.0 (3.0, 0)

␲ ␲ ␲ ␲ ␲
 4.5 

3, 2
1.5, 3;
1.5, 53 6 6

4.5, 
␲ ␲
 5.6 
3 3

5.6, 
␲ ␲
 6.0 
2 2

6.0, 
The points in the second and third quadrants are found by using
symmetry.
See students’ graphs.
Identify the symmetry of and graph each polar equation on polar grid paper.
1. r
2  3 cos ␪ 2. r2
4 sin 2␪
9. Design Mikaela is designing a border for her stationery. Symmetric with respect to Symmetric with respect to
Suppose she uses a rose curve. Determine an equation for polar axis. the pole.
designing a rose that has 8 petals with each petal 4 units long.
Sample answer: r
4 sin 4␪

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9-3 Practice 9-3 Enrichment

Polar and Rectangular Coordinates Polar Roses
The polar equation r
a sin n␪ graphs as a rose.
Find the rectangular coordinates of each point with the When n
1, the rose is a circle — a flower with one leaf.
given polar coordinates.
1. (6, 120ⴗ) 2. (4, 45ⴗ)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
(3, 33 ) (22, 22 )

␲ Sketch the graphs of these roses.

3.
4, ␲ 13
6
4.
0, 3  1. r
2 sin 2␪ 2. r
–2 sin 3␪
(23, 2) (0, 0)

Find the polar coordinates of each point with the given

rectangular coordinates. Use 0  ␪  2␲ and r  0.
5. (2, 2) 6. (2, 3)

22, ␲4 (3.61, 5.30)
3. r
–2 sin 4␪ 4. r
2 sin 5␪
Answers

A5
7. (3, 3
) 8. (5, 8)
5␲
  (9.43, 4.15)

23,  6

Write each polar equation in rectangular form.

(Lesson 9-3)

9. r
4 10. r cos ␪
5
x2  y2
16 x
5 5. The graph of the equation r
a sin n␪ is a rose. Use your
results from Exercises 1–4 to complete these conjectures.
a. The distance across a petal is ____?__ units. |a |
b. If n is an odd integer, the number of leaves is ____?__.
n
Write each rectangular equation in polar form. c. If n is an even integer, the number of leaves is ____?__.
2n
11. x2  y2
9 12. y
3
2 2 2
r
3 r sin ␪
3 or 6. Write r
2 sin 2 ␪ in rectangular form. (x  y )
16x 2y 2
r
3 csc ␪
7. The total area A of the three leaves in the three-leaved rose
1
r
a sin 3␪ is given by A
 a2␲. For a four-leaved rose, the
1 4
13. Surveying A surveyor records the polar coordinates of the location area is A
 a2␲.
2
of a landmark as (40, 62°). What are the rectangular coordinates?
(18.78, 35.32) a. Find the area of a four-leaved rose with a
6. 18␲
b. Write the equation of a three-leaved rose with area 36␲.
Sample answer: r
12 sin 3␪
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9-4 Practice 9-4 Enrichment

Polar Form of a Linear Equation Distance Using Polar Coordinates
Suppose you were given the polar coordinates of two
Write each equation in polar form. Round ␾ to the nearest points P1(r1, ␣1) and P2(r2, ␣2) and were asked to find
degree. the distance d between the points. One way would be
1. 3x  2y
16 2. 3x  4y
15 to convert to rectangular coordinates (x1, y1) and

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

161
3

r cos (␪  34) 3
r cos (␪  53)
13 (x2, y2), and apply the distance formula
2 2
d
(x
 x
2 (y
1) 2y
1).
3. 3x  4y
12 4. y
2x  1
152
r cos (␪  127) 
 5

r cos (␪  153) A more straightforward method makes use of the Law
5 of Cosines.

1. In the above figure, the distance d between P1 and P2 is the length

Write each equation in rectangular form. of one side of 䉭OP1 P2. Find the lengths of the other two sides.
5␲
5. 4
r cos
␪    6. 2
r cos (␪  90ⴗ)
6  r1 and r2
3
xy8
0 y
2
2. Determine the measure of ⬔P1OP2.
␣1  ␣2

7. 1
r cos
␪  ␲ 8. 3
r cos (␪  240ⴗ)
4
2
 x  2
y2
0 x  3
y6
0 3. Write an expression for d 2 using the Law of Cosines.
Answers

d 2
r12  r22  2r1r2 cos ␣1  ␣2 

A6
4. Write a formula for the distance d between the points
Graph each polar equation. P1 (r1, ␣1 ) and P2 (r2, ␣2 ).
9. 3
r cos (␪  60ⴗ) 
 ␲
3
10. 1
r cos
␪  r12  
d
 r22   os ␣
2r1r2 c 
1  ␣2

5. Find the distance between the points (3, 45°) and (5, 25°). Round
(Lesson 9-4)

your answer to three decimal places.

2.410
␲ ␲
6. Find the distance between the points 2,  

2 8
 and
4, . Round
your answer to three decimal places.
11. Landscaping A landscaper is designing a garden with hedges 3.725
through which a straight path will lead from the exterior of the
garden to the interior. If the polar coordinates of the endpoints of 7. The distance from the point (5, 80°) to the point (r, 20°) is 2
1
.
the path are (20, 90ⴗ) and (10, 150ⴗ), where r is measured in feet, Find r.
what is the equation for the path? 1 or 4
10
r cos (␪  150)

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9-5 Practice 9-5 Enrichment

Simplifying Complex Numbers Cycle Quadruples
Four nonnegative integers are arranged in cyclic order
Simplify. to make a “cyclic quadruple.” In the example, this
17
1. i38 2. i quadruple is 23, 8, 14, and 32.
1 i

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
The next cyclic quadruple is formed from the absolute
values of the four differences of adjacent integers:
|23 – 8|
15 |8 – 14|
6 |14 – 32|
18 |32 – 23|
9
3. (3  2i)  (4  5i) 4. (6  2i)  (8  3i) By continuing in this manner, you will eventually get
7  7i 2i four equal integers. In the example, the equal integers
appear in three steps.

Solve each problem.

5. (8  i)  (4  i) 6. (1  i)(3  2i) 1. Start with the quadruple 25, 17, 55, 47. In how many
4 5i steps do the equal integers appear? 4 steps
2. Some interesting things happen when one or more of the
original numbers is 0. Draw a diagram showing a
beginning quadruple of three zeros and one nonnegative
7. (2  3i)(5  i) 8. (4  5i)(4  5i) integer. Predict how many steps it will take to reach
13  13i 41 4 equal integers. Also, predict what that integer will
Answers

be. Complete the diagram to check your predictions.

A7
3 steps; a
3. Start with four integers, two of them zero. If the zeros are
9. (3  4i)2 10. (4  3i)  (1  2i) opposite one another, how many steps does it take for the zeros to
disappear? 1 step
7  24i 25  151 i
4. Start with two equal integers and two zeros. The zeros are next
to one another. How many steps does it take for the zeros to
(Lesson 9-5)

disappear? 2 steps
11. (2  i)  (2  i) 12. 
8 7i 5. Start with two nonequal integers and two zeros. The zeros are
1  2i
22 next to one another. How many steps does it take for the zeros to
3  4 i   9 i
5 5 5 5 disappear? 4 steps
6. Start with three equal integers and one zero. How many steps
does it take for the zero to disappear? 3 steps
13. Physics A fence post wrapped in two wires has two forces 7. Describe the remaining cases with one zero and tell how many
acting on it. Once force exerts 5.3 newtons due north and steps it takes for the zero to disappear.
4.1 newtons due east. The second force exerts 6.2 newtons due (1) all integers different; 1 step
north and 2.8 newtons due east. Find the resultant force on the (2) opposite nonzero integers equal, but
fence post. Write your answer as a complex number. (Hint: A different from third integer; 1 step
vector with a horizontal component of magnitude a and a vertical
component of magnitude b can be represented by the complex
(3) two adjacent integers equal, but different
number a  bi.) from third integer; 2 steps
(4.1  5.3i)  (2.8  6.2i)
6.9  11.5i N

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 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________ NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-6 Practice 9-6 Enrichment

The Complex Plane and Polar Form of Complex A Complex Treasure Hunt
Numbers A prospector buried a sack of gold dust. He then wrote instructions
telling where the gold dust could be found:
Graph each number in the complex plan and find its absolute value.
1. Start at the oak tree. Walk to the mineral spring counting the
1. z
3i 2. z
5  i 3. z
4  4i

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
number of paces.
z
3 z
2
6
 z
42

2. Turn 90° to the right and walk an equal number of paces. Place a
stake in the ground.
3. Go back to the oak tree. Walk to the red rock counting the
number of paces.
4. Turn 90° to the left and walk an equal number of paces. Place a
stake in the ground.
5. Find the spot halfway between the stakes. There you will find
Express each complex number in polar form. the gold.
4. 3  4i 5. 4  3i Years later, an expert in complex numbers found the instructions in
5(cos 0.93  i sin 0.93) 5(cos 2.5  i sin 2.5) a rusty tin can. Some additional instructions told how to get to the
general area where the oak tree, the mineral spring, and the red
6. 1  i 7. 1  i rock could be found. The expert hurried to the area and readily
2

cos 34␲  i sin 34␲ 2

cos 74␲  i sin 74␲ located the spring and the rock. Unfortunately, hundreds of oak
trees had sprung up since the prospector’s day, and it was impossible
Answers

to know which one was referred to in the instructions. Nevertheless,

A8
Graph each complex number. Then express it in rectangular through prudent application of complex numbers, the expert found
form. the gold. Especially helpful in the quest were the following facts.
3␲ 3␲ 5␲ 5␲ 4␲ 4␲
8. 2
cos 4
  i sin 
4 
9. 4
cos 6
  i sin 
6 
10. 3
cos 3
  i sin 
3  • The distance between the graphs of two complex
33
i numbers can be represented by the absolute value of
2
  2
i 23
  2i 32  2 the difference between the numbers.
• Multiplication by i rotates the graph of a complex
number 90° counterclockwise. Multiplication by –i
(Lesson 9-6)

rotates it 90° clockwise.

The expert drew a map on the complex plane, letting
S(–1  0i) be the spring and R(1  0i) be the rock. Since the
location of the oak tree was unknown, the expert represented
it by T(a  bi).
1. Find the distance from the oak tree to the spring. Express
the distance as a complex number.
11. Vectors The force on an object is represented by the complex (a  1)  bi
number 8  21i, where the components are measured in pounds. 2. Write the complex number whose graph would be a 90°
Find the magnitude and direction of the force. counterclockwise rotation of your answer to Exercise 1. This is
where the first stake should be placed. –b  (a  1)i
22.47 lb; 69.15
3. Repeat Exercises 1 and 2 for the distance from the tree to the
rock. Where should the second stake be placed? b  (a  1)i
4. The gold is halfway between the stakes. Find the coordinates of
the location. (0 + i ), the point on the imaginary
axis 1 unit from the origin
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9-7 Practice 9-7 Enrichment

Products and Quotients of Complex Numbers Complex Conjugates
in Polar Form In Lesson 9-5, you learned that complex numbers in the form
a  bi and a  bi are called conjugates. You can show that two
Find each product or quotient. Express the result in numbers are conjugates by finding the appropriate values of a and b.
rectangular form.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
5␲ 5␲
  i sin  
1. Show that the solutions of x 2  2x  3
0 are conjugates.
3 3 3
1. 3
cos ␲
  i sin ␲  3
cos 
3 
9
The solutions are –1  i2
 and –1  i 2
, so
a
–1 and b
2 .
2. Show that the solutions of Ax 2  Bx  C
0 are conjugates when
2 2 3 3
2. 6
cos ␲
  i sin ␲  2
cos ␲  i sin ␲
B2  4AC  0.
3


3
2
 32 i By the quadratic formula, the solutions are
B B
 
2 4A
C B
 and –  B
 
2 4A
C
,
5␲ 5␲
–  i   i 
  i sin  2A 2A 2A 2A
4 2 2
3. 14
cos  4 
  2
cos ␲  i sin ␲
7
 2
  
7
2i B 
B2 
4
A
2 2 so a
– and b
  C.
2A 2A
5␲ 5␲
  i sin 
6 3 3
4. 3
cos  6 
  6
cos ␲  i sin ␲
Answers

93
  9i The conjugate of the complex number z is represented by z–.

A9
z to find the reciprocal of z.
3. z
a  bi. Use –
4␲ 4␲
 i sin   a  bi
2 2 3
5. 2
cos ␲
  i sin ␲  2
cos 
3   
23
  2i a2  b2

z . Express your answer in polar form.

4. z
r (cos ␪  i sin ␪ ). Find –
(Lesson 9-7)

2 2 r [cos (–␪)  i sin (–␪)]

6. 15(cos ␲  i sin ␲)  3
cos ␲  i sin ␲

5i

7. Electricity Find the current in a circuit with a voltage of Use your answer to Exercise 4 to solve Exercises 5 and 6.
12 volts and an impedance of 2  4 j ohms. Use the formula, z.
5. Find z  –
E
I  Z, where E is the voltage measured in volts, I is the
current measured in amperes, and Z is the impedance r 2
z2
measured in ohms.
(Hint: Electrical engineers use j as the imaginary unit, so they
write complex numbers in the form a  b j. Express each number 6. Find z  –
z. (z  0)
2
in polar form, substitute values into the formula, and then cos 2␪  i sin 2␪
z
express the current in rectangular form.) z 2
1.2  2.4j amps

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 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________ NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

9-8 Practice 9-8 Enrichment

Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers Algebraic Numbers
A complex number is said to be algebraic if it is a zero of a
Find each power. Express the result in rectangular form. polynomial with integer coefficients. For example, if p and q
3 5 p
1. (2  23
i) 2. (1  i) are integers with no common factors and q  0, then q is a zero
64

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4  4i of qx  p. This shows that every rational number is algebraic. Some
irrational numbers can be shown to be algebraic.

Example Show that 1  3

 is algebraic.
3 Let x
1  3 . Then
3. (1  3
i)12 4
4. 1
cos ␲ 4
  i sin ␲
x  1
3 
4096 
 2 
  2
i (x  1)2
(3  )2
2 2 x2  2x 1
3
x2  2x  2
0
Thus, 1  3 is a zero of x2  2x  2, so 1  3
 is an
algebraic number.
5. (2  3i)6 6. (1  i)8 If a complex number is not algebraic, it is said to be trancendental.
2035  828i 16 The best-known transcendental numbers are ␲ and e. Proving that
these numbers are not algebraic was a difficult task. It was not
until 1873 that the French mathematician Charles Hermite was
able to show that e is transcendental. It wasn’t until 1882 that
Answers

C. L. F. Lindemann of Munich showed that ␲ is also transcendental.

A10
Find each principal root. Express the result in the form Show that each complex number is algebraic by finding a
a  bi with a and b rounded to the nearest hundredth. polynomial with integer coefficients of which the given
1 1
  number is a zero.
3 3
7. (27i) 8. (8  8i)
1. 2 2. i
2.60  1.5i 2.17  0.58i
(Lesson 9-8)

x2  2 x2  1

5 1

3. 2  i 4. 3
9. 
2
4
3
i 10. (i) 3
x 2  4x  5 x3  3
2.85  0.93i 0.87  0.5i
4
5. 4  2
i 6. 3  i
x4  16x 3  96x 2  256x  254 x 4  4x 2  16
8 4
11. 
8
i 12. 2
2
3i
3 3
1.27  0.25i 1.22  0.71i 7. 1

5 8. 23


x 6  3x 4  3x 2  6 x 6  4x 3  1

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 389 Advanced Mathematical Concepts © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 390 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Chapter 9 Answer Key
Form 1A Form 1B
Page 391 Page 392 Page 393 Page 394
1. C 10. C 1. B 10. C

2. A 11. B 2. D 11. B

12. B
12. A
13. C
3. A 13. B
3. A 14. D
4. B 14. D
4. A 15. A

15. C

16. D
5. D
5. C 16. D

6. B 17. D
6. D 17. B
18. A
7. A
18. C
7. C
19. B
19. A
8. D
20. C
8. A 20. D
9. C
9. B
Bonus: A
Bonus: D

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A11 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Chapter 9 Answer Key
Form 1C Form 2A
Page 395 Page 396 Page 397 Page 398
1. A 10. A 1. (2, 150) 10.

2. B 11. B

11. 10
r cos (␪  18)

12. D
2. 12. 35  10i
3. D 13. C

13. 26  7i
14. A
4. C 1
4 
23
3. 2.79 14. i
29 29
15. D
15. 4
cos 53␲  i sin53␲

5. C
16. B 4. 16. 42  42 i

5. lemniscate
6. B 17. B
17. 24i
5␲
18. A


,
6. 32 
4
 
7. A 18.33
  3i

19. D 7. (32 )
, 32 19. 1 i
32
8. D
20. C
1.22  1.02i;
1.49  0.54i;
9. C 8. 5

r cos (␪  117) 20. 0.28  1.56i
Bonus: D
23 (cos 330
9. xy
4
Bonus:  i sin 330)
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A12 Advanced Mathematical Concepts
 Chapter 9 Answer Key
Form 2B Form 2C
Page 399 Page 400 Page 401 Page 402
1. (3, 60) 10. 1. (2, 120) 10.

11.5
r cos (␪  63)

2. 12. 9i 11. 2
r cos (␪  45)

13. 5  12i 2. 12. 5  2i

3. 2.53
14. 117  1137 i 13. 20
62 3␲

cos  
4
3␲ 1i
4 
15. i sin   14.
3. 3.31
4.
15. 4
cos ␲6  i sin ␲6
  2i
16. 23

5. limaçon
16. 6  6i
4.

␲
6.
2, 53
17. 163
  16i 17. 6i
5. rose
18. 2i
7.
1, 3
 18. 123
  12i
␲
19. 64i
6.
1, 2
19. 64

8. r
2 7. (2 )
, 2
  2i
20. 23
20. 3
i


Bonus:   
2 i
2 r sin ␪
2 or
9. x2  y2
8 2 2 Bonus: i
8. r
2csc ␪

9. x2  y2
9
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A13 Advanced Mathematical Concepts
 Chapter 9 Answer Key
CHAPTER 9 SCORING RUBRIC
Level Specific Criteria
3 Superior • Shows thorough understanding of the concepts polar
and rectangular coordinates, polar equations, and sum,
product, and powers of complex numbers.
• Uses appropriate strategies to find complex numbers with
known sum.
• Computations are correct.
• Written explanations are exemplary.
• Graphs are accurate and appropriate.
• Goes beyond requirements of some or all problems.
2 Satisfactory, • Shows understanding of the concepts polar and
with Minor rectangular coordinates, polar equations, and sum,
Flaws product, and powers of complex numbers.
• Uses appropriate strategies to find complex numbers with
known sum.
• Computations are mostly correct.
• Written explanations are effective.
• Graphs are mostly accurate and appropriate.
• Satisfies all requirements of problems.
1 Nearly • Shows understanding of most of the concepts polar and
Satisfactory, rectangular coordinates, polar equations, and sum,
with Serious product, and powers of complex numbers.
Flaws • May not use appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are mostly correct.
• Written explanations are satisfactory.
• Diagrams and graphs are mostly accurate and appropriate.
• Satisfies most requirements of problems.
• Written explanations are satisfactory.
• Satisfies most requirements of problems.
0 Unsatisfactory • Shows little or no understanding of the concepts polar
and rectangular coordinates, polar equations, and sum,
product, and powers of complex numbers.
• May not use appropriate strategies to find complex numbers
with known sum.
• Computations are incorrect.
• Written explanations are not satisfactory.
• Diagrams and graphs are not accurate or appropriate.
• Does not satisfy requirements of problems.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A14 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Chapter 9 Answer Key
Open-Ended Assessment
Page 403 3b. The graph of r
2 cos ␪ is a circle of
1–2. Sample answers are given radius 1 centered at (1, 0). Students
can use the graph from part a in their
1a. (2, 2) description in part b.
1b.
3c. The graph is an 8-petal rose.
3d. The graph is a cardioid passing
through (2, 0) and (0, ␲) and
symmetric about ␪
0.
3e. Sample answer: r
2 sin 2␪; rose
1c. r
22 
␪
␲4

4a– 4c. Sample answers are given.

1d. The two graphs locate the same 4a. (1  i)  (2  2i)
3  3i
point in different coordinate
systems. The graphs are related 4b. r
1 2
(1 )2
2, ␪

1
Arctan 1, or 4 ␲
by the relationships x
r cos ␪ and
y
r sin ␪. The polar form of 1  i is
2a.
4,  ␲
6

2  cos
␲4   i sin
␲4 .
2b.
r
2
2 (
2)2
22 , ␪

 2
Arctan 2, or 4.␲

The polar form of 2  2i is

22 cos
␲4   i sin
␲4 .
 cos
␲4   i sin
␲4 
4c. (1  i)(2  2i)
2
2c. x
4 cos
␲  22  cos
␲4   i sin
␲4 
6
 , or 23
y
4 sin
␲ , or 2
4 cos
␲
  i sin
␲
2
6 2

 4i
4d. (3  3i)4
(3  3i)(3  3i)(3  3i)(3  3i)
or 324 4
(3  3i)4
32 
cos
␲4   i sin
␲4 
2d. The two graphs locate the same
324[cos (␲)  i sin (␲)]
point in different coordinate
1

324
systems. The graphs are related by  1
the relationships x
r cos ␪ and 
cos
␲4   i sin
␲4  3
4e. (3  3i) 3
32
y
r sin ␪. 6
␲  i sin ␲

1
8
 cos

12 
12 
3a.
 1.56  0.42i

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A15 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Chapter 9 Answer Key
Mid-Chapter Test Quiz A Quiz C
Page 404 Page 405 Page 406
1. (3, 150) 1. (3, 150) 1. 2  3i

2. 26  2i
2.

3. 14
 23
i
29 29

2.
␲ ␲
4. 4
cos 
11
6 6 
11
 i sin 
3.

3. 3.15 4. 2.48 5. 42

  42
i

4.

Quiz B
Page 405
rose ␲
5. 1.
8, 53
Quiz D
6.
32, 54␲ 2. (32, 32) Page 406
1. 3
i
7. , 2)
(23 
3.  
r cos (␪  72)
10
2 2. 8i
8. r
5 sin ␪ 4. x2  y2
25
9. 3
x  y
0 3. 8  83
i
5.
10. x
2

4. 16

5. 1.90  0.62i

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A16 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Chapter 9 Answer Key
SAT/ACT Practice Cumulative Review

Page 407 Page 408 Page 409

1
1. D 10. E 1. 
3
x

2. perpendicular
2. C 11. C

3. (-2, 7)
3. D 12. B

4. 1
2
10 4 
1
3
4. B 13. A
5. even

5. D 14. D 6. 2, 3

7. 1, 2,  1, 2

3 3
6. E 15. B
8. 40

9. 3; ␲; ␲2; 5
7. E 16. D

10. ␲
8. B 17. B
11. tan2 ␪

9. B 18. D 12. 10, 5

13. 11, 0, 33

19. 80
14. 4.56

20. 45
15. 3
i
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A17 Advanced Mathematical Concepts
 Answer Key
Precalculus
Semester Test
Page 411 Page 412 Page 413
1. D 11. D 20. A

2. B
21. C
12. D

3. B
22. C

4. A

13. B
23. A
5. C

24. A
6. C
14. B

7. A 15. B 25. B

8. D 26. C
16. A

9. B 27. B
17. B

10. C 28. C
18. B

29. A

19. A
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A18 Advanced Mathematical Concepts
 Answer Key

Page 414 Page 415

30.  3
5
1  40. 2, 0.5, 4
13

31. 0°, 120° 41. 4, 2

32. 12.86, 15.32 42. y
5 cos


 ␪
3

33. 5 
 1
0

5 
62 
7
43.  
12
translated ␲ units to the
2
34. right

44. 1.5
35.

45. 8, 7, 9

36. 5.864 cm A
10.9, B
49.1,

46. c
45.8

37. 13, 13 47. 14  2i

38. y
43x  73 48. 1i

49. x2  y2
9
39. 3.2 units

50. 2
cos ␲  i sin ␲

6 6
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A19 Advanced Mathematical Concepts
BLANK