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Take a Took around. .. [Note how the string is placed Inside quote marks. The quotes canbe single or double quotes. ‘but they must match. Hyou start with single quot, you must end with single quote, and if you start with a double quote, you ‘must end with double quote: © "hello" © "hello! © “hello! © *hetto* Quotes should be stright (not curly quotes: + Oun Oo Stings must always be written conone line © ‘See our upcoming range’ © "See our upcoming range’USING QUOTES INSIDE nn ct2/s/strieg var title: var messages title = "Molly's Special offers*; message = ‘"s ehquntes 38 ver elTitle = docunent getElenentsyld("titie'); elTitle.innerHTM = titles ver elllote = docunent.getElement8yfd (‘note’); elNote, imertTML = messages Pir) t/stringoth-qotes hal Elderflowers/hi>

Second, Booleans are used when your code can take more than (one path. Remember, diferent code may tun indifferent circumstances (as shown in the flowcharts throughout the book). ne aL Ce ae t ‘The path the code takes depends ‘on atest or condition BASIC JAVASCRIPT INSTRUCTIONSSHORTHAND FOR CREATING VARIABLES Davascairn | sear @ var price var quantity = 14; var total = price * quantity; @ var price, quantity, tote price quantity = 145 total = price * quantity; © var price = 5, quantity = 14; var total = price * quantity; ® // Write total into the elenent with id of cost var el = document gett lenent8yld( cost); eltextContent = '§' + total; fs Oe ae CUSTOM SIGNAGE ome o MONTAGUE*HOUSE Programmers sometimes use shorthand to creat variables Hee ae three vatations of how ta declore variables and assign them values: 1. Variables are declared and values assigned inthe same statement 2. Three vaclabes are declared onthe ameting, thn vals assigned to each, 23. Two variables are declored and asigned values onthe same line. Then one is declared and ‘sslgned a value onthe next ine. (The third example shows two numbers, but you can declare variables that hold ferent types of data onthe same line, eg. astringanda number) 4. Hore, avaiable used to hold aeference to an element in the HTML page. This allows you te work directly with the element storedinthat variable. Gee ‘more about this on 190) ‘While the shorthand might save you te bt of typing it can make your code alittle harder to follow. So, when you are starting of, you wil ind teaser tespread your code over afew ‘more ines to make easiero read and understandCHANGING THE VALUE OF A VARIABLE Once you have signed a vale lanl toa variable. youcanthen MLE ry EX change whats stored inthe var instocks ‘viable later inthe same scrip. var shipping; (Once the varible has been instock = true; created, you donot need to use the var keyword to assign ane ast apm a outset spe other processing might go here and as creme, te Srp igh edt ge is Sona bene inStock » false; shipping = trues Forexample the value of shipping variable might start outasbeing false. Then somethingin the code might change the abilty to ship the Item and you coud therefore change the value to true. var elStock * document .getElementayId(stock'); elstock.classlane = instock; var elShip = docunent.getElenent8yid(’shipping')s elShip-classNane = shipping; Inthis code example, the values ro af the twovariabes are bth “wapped trom beng true to false andvie versa rf BLD CU ROL UG, svatabie: © Shipping: @ @ asic avasemor meraucrionsRULES FOR NAMING VARIABLES Here are six rules you must always follow when giving a variable a name: 1 ‘Thename must begin with letter, dollar sign (8),oran underscore (It must not start witha rumber 4 Allvariabes ce case sensitive, 50 score and Score wouldbe Geren variable names, but itis bad practice to createtwo ‘arabes that have the same nameusing diferent cases. 2 The name can contain letters, ‘eumbers, dollar sign (8), or an underscore), Note that you ‘must nat useadash (ora period () na variable name. 5 Use aneme tht describes the Kind of information that the variable stores. For example, ‘irsthiane might be used to store a person's fist name, Jastiane for thei last name, and age for their age. 3 You cannot use keywords or reserved words. Keywords are special words that tll the interpreta todo something. For example, varisa keyword used to declare a variable. Reserved words are ones that may be used ina future version of JavaScript. ONLINE EXTRA ‘View afllist of keywords and reserved words in JavaScrit. 6 Ifyour variable name is made ‘up of more than one word, use2 capital letter forthe fest eter of every word ofterthe first word. For example, Firsthane rather than firstrane (this is efetred toascamelcase) You can also use an underscore between each word (you cannot use a dash)ARRAYS An array is a special type of variable. It doesn't just store one value; it stores a list of values. You should consider using an For example, an array canbe ‘As you willseeon thenext page, array whenever you are working suited to string the individual valuesinan array are separated withalistorasetof values that tems on ashoppnglist because by commas. arerelated to each other ita let of ralated tems. In Chapter 12, you willse that ‘rays re especialy helpful Adutonaly each ie you wtte —_acrays canbe very helpfulwhen ‘when you donot know how ‘anew shoppinglist the number representing complex data, ‘any items alist wll contain cofitems.onit may cite. ‘because, when you create the array, you donot need to specity how many values it wil hold Hf youdon't know how many itemsa ist wll contain, rather than creating enough variables fora long list (when you might only use a small percentage ofthe), using an array is considered a beter solution.CREATING AN ARRAY ‘You create an array and give it ‘name just tke you would any EU sf injaeaytis var colors other vibe ing the vir Colors = ['white', ‘black, ‘custon']s Keyword flamed bythe amet " a the array). var ef = document. get€ enentByid(‘colors")s s eae ‘The values are assigned to the el.textContent = colors[o]; ray inside alr of square brackets and each valves separated by a comma. The ro value inthe array donot need tobe the samedata type, so you Can store astrng. a number and ‘3 Boolean alin the same aay “histechniquefor creating an xrays known as an array teal. tis usually the preferred ‘method for reating an array. Color: white Yow can also write each value on aseparatine colors = ['vhite', ‘ptack’, custom); En //array-constructor COnthe ltt, you can see an var colors = new Array( white’, array created using a diferent "black", ‘technique called an aray “euston’); constructor This uses the new keyword followed by array) var el = docunent. gett TenentByld("colors'); The values are then specified el. innerHIML = colars.iten(0)s Inparentheses (oot square brackets) and each values separated by acomma,Youcan ‘The arayIteal shown in the fist code sample) is preferred over the ‘also use a method called tte) aay constructor when creating arrays tretrieve data om the array. (The index number ofthe items spectied inthe parentheses)VALUES IN ARRAYS Values in an array are accessed as if they are in a numbered list. It is important to know that the numbering of this list starts at zero (not one). NUMBERING ITEMS IN ACCESSING ITEMS IN. NUMBER OF ITEMS IN AN ARRAY AN ARRAY, AN ARRAY Eachiteminan arrays Toretrievethethrditemonthe _Eacharray has a property called automatically given a number list the aray names speciied _Tength, which holds the number called anindex.Thiscanbbe used alongwiththeindexnumberin_of tems inthe arc. toaccess specific items inthe sauore brackets. array. Consider the flowing Below you can see that variable array which holds tee colors: Hee youcan see avaiable called nunColors ie declared. ks called itenThreeis declared. ‘ale is sett be the number of var colorss Its values sett be the tied the items inthe array. colors = [white’, color frm the colors acray. “pack*, ‘The name ofthe array is custon" var itexthr followed bya period symbol or Steathree = colors(2]i ful stop) which then followed Contusingy index values start at bythe length keyword. 0 (not, 50 the folowing table shows items from the aeay and var nuntolorss their corresponding index values: runcolors = colors.tength; Inpex VALUE © ‘white! 1 ‘black* 2 ‘custon’ ‘Throughout the book (especialy in Chapter 12) you meet more features of arrays, which are very flexible and powerul feature of JavaScriptACCESSING & CHANGING VALUES IN AN ARRAY Piavasceirr | ishmdatearray.js Telistlines of code on thet elie fmdatearr 3s create an array containing ist of three colors. The values can be added onthe same ine orn separate ines as shown here) JJ Create the array var colors = [‘white’, "plack'y ‘custom's custom) Having create the aay the thir item onthe ist is changed J Update the third item in the array Smee colors(2] = ‘beige’: Toaccess value from an aray, after the aray name you specify ‘the index number fr that value Inside square brackets. Jf Get the elenent with an id of colors ‘var el = docunent .getElementByld('colors'); ‘J Replace with third item fron the array fel.textContent = colors(2]s eerie ivaiten item an array by selecting it and signing anew valuejust as you would anyother variable (sing the equals sign andthe ew vale for thatitem. Inthe last two statements the ‘newly undated third item inthe aray is added othe page you wanted to write cut allot Color: beige theitemsin an array, you would ‘use loop, which you wll meet ‘onpi70. [BASIC JAVASCRIPT INSTRUCTIONS (73)EXPRESSIONS An expression evaluates into (results in) a single value. Broadly speaking there are two types of expressions. 1 EXPRESSIONS THAT JUST ASSIGN A VALUE TO A VARIABLE Inorde for variable tobe seul needs tobe sivena value As youve seen tisis done using the assignment operator th eal sig var color = 'beige'; The value of color is now befge. ‘When you frst declare a variable using the var beywor itis gvena special value of undefined. This wll change when you assigna value to it Technically undefined sa datatype ikea number, string, Boolean @ taste snvasener nerves 2 EXPRESSIONS THAT USE TWO OR MORE VALUES TO RETURN A SINGLE VALUE You can perform operations on any numberof individual values (so next page to determine a single value. For example: var area = 3 * 2; The valu of reais now 6 Here the expression 3* 2 evaluates into. This ‘example also uses the assignment operator, so the result ofthe expression 3" 2s stored inthe variable called area ‘Another example where an expression uses two ‘values to yield single value would be where two Steins are joined to create a single stigOPERATORS Expressions rely on things called operators; they allow programmers to create a single value from one or more values. Covered in this chapter: ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS, ‘Assign avalueto avaiable ‘The valve of colorisnow beige. ARITHMETIC OPERATORS, Perform basi math area = 3 * 2; ‘The value of area snow 6 STRING OPERATORS Combine we stings "HE + "Molly's, The value of greeting ismow Hi Wolly. Covered in Chapter 4: COMPARISON OPERATORS Compare two voles and rtuen true or false buy = 3 > 5; The value of buys False Gee 150) LOGICAL OPERATORS Combine expressions and return true or false buy = (5 > 3) && (2 < 4); “The value of buy is now true. Gee 156) sastcnvasemr msravcrons (2)ARITHMETIC OPERATORS JavaScript contains the following mathematical operators, which you can use with numbers. ‘You may remember some from math class. ADDITION di ‘Adds one value to another w+s 5 mecean E eneatatelciavoke : DIVISION J passives w/s 2 INCREMENT, + Adds one to the current number n ee eee rae : ORDER OF EXECUTION Several arithmetic operations canbe performed in one expression, butt isimportant tounderstand how the result willbe calculated. Multiplication ‘and division are performed before odin or subtraction, “Thiscan affect the number that you expect tosee. Toilustrate this effect, lok tthe folowing examples. remainder Here the numbers are calculated left right, sothe totals 16: total = 26 44 105 But in the following example the totais 42 (not 60): total = 244 * 10; ‘Thisis because muitiation and division happen before addition and subtraction, east avascmir msraverions ‘Tochange te order in which ‘operation are performed, place ‘the calelation you want done fist inside parentheses. So for the flowing the totals 60: total = (2+ 4) * 1 The parentheses indicate that the 2is added othe 4, and then ‘the resulting figures multiplied by10.USING ARITHMETIC OPERATORS Ex Benet ator jx TH @cample demonstrates how Hefertimetic-opereor-3+ mathematical operators are used var subtotal = (13 + 1) * 5; // Subtotal is 70 withnumbers to calculate the var shipping = 0.5 * (13 +1); // Shipping is 7 combined values of two cost. var total = subtotal + shipping; // Total ts 71 Theis couple of ines create iinieialiamiail two variables: net store the var elSub = document getETesent8yI4( subtotal): subtotal ofthe order the other sites tohold the cost of shipping the order: so the variables are named accordingly: subtotal ‘and shipping. Sub. textContent var elShip = docunent. get] enent8yid( shipping’ elship.textContent = shipping: var elTotal + docunent.getEementByid(*total'); On the thidtine, the totais elTotal textContent calculated by adding together these two values This demonstates how the mathematical operators can use variables that represent numbers. (That's, the numbers ‘donot need to be writen ‘eolctly into the code) The remaining ss tines of code ‘wit the results tothe scree, sasicavasenr nsrmucrons (@)STRING OPERATOR There is just one string operator: the + symbol. It is used to join the strings on either side of it. There are many occasions where For exemple, you might havea first and lst name in two separate youmay need join twoor ‘variables and want to jin them to show afllname. In ths examplo, the ‘merestrings to createasngle variable called fu INane would hald the tring Ivy Stone value Programmers callthe process fjoiningtogether two var firstilane = ‘Ivy " ‘or more stings to create one var LastName = *Stone's now string concatenation var fullNane = firstNane + TastNanes MIXING NUMBERS AND STRINGS TOGETHER When youplace quotes around —fyoutry toad anumeric data you ry to use any the other number itis asting not typetoastring.thenthenumber arithmetic operators ona sting, ‘a numeri datatype), and becomes partofthestiing.eg., then the value that results is you cannot perform alton adding ahouse number toa usualy a value called NaN This ‘operations on stings. strvet name: rmeans"not a number” var cost = 17's var number = 125 var score * "seven var cost2 = *9'; var street = "Ivy Road! var score? = ‘nine’ var total = costl + cost2; var add = munber + street; var total = score * score2s Youwouldendupwitha string Youwouldend upwithastring You would end up withthe value saying "79: saying *12Ivy Road” va sate nvatcpr MermicrONEUSING STRING OPERATORS strig-opertorjs THsesamplevil ply @ EE coe) sfstria-oerator 3s naaed welcome message var greeting = ‘Howdy "; oe var ane = "Molly's enn The first line creates a variable called greeting, which stores the message forthe user, Here var el = docunent getElenentById(*greeting'); the greeting is the word Hon. el.textContent = welcomelessage; var welconeHessage = greeting + nane + ' ‘The second ine creates a ‘arable that stoves the name of the user. The variables called name, ad the userin tis cases Molly. Ps) ep srigapr Elderflowers/hi>

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class="action">Pay Nows/a> @ erste savascnier mstRUcTIONS Basic JavaScript Instructions ~EXAMPLE BASIC JAVASCRIPT INSTRUCTIONS This example combines several techniques that you have seen throughout this chapter. You can se the code fr this example on the next two pages. Single line comments ae used to describe what each section ofthe cade does. ‘Tostart, three variables are created that store informatio thats used ‘nthe weleome message. These variables ar then concatenated (ined together to creat the fullmessagethe user sees The next part ofthe example demonstrates how basic math is performed on numbers to calculate the cost of sign. '© A variable called sign holds the text the sgn will show. 1© A property called Tength is used to determine how many characters, aein the string (you will meet his property on e128). 1 The cos ofthe sign (the subtotal is calculated by multipying the ‘umber of tes by the cost ofeach one. ‘© The grand totais created by adding $7 for shipping Finally, the information is witten into the page by selecting elements and then replacing the content ofthat element (sing technique you ‘meet flyin Chapter), lt selects elements rom the HTML page using ‘the vale oftheir 1d attributes and then updates the text inside those clements ‘Once you have worked your way through his example, you should have good basic understanding of how dat is stored vaables and how to perform basic operations with the data those variables. sasicsavascaprinstmucTionS (fiEXAMPLE BASIC JAVASCRIPT INSTRUCTIONS a2/ecnple. tent i -<1D0CTYPE htmi> Elderflower

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