OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED

To verify th e di stance formu la by Cardboard, chart paper, graph paper,

graphical melhod. glue, pen/pencil and ru ler.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

I. Pa tea chart paper on a cardboard o f a convenient size.

2. Paste the graph paper on the chart paper.
3. Draw the axes X' OX and Y'OY on the graph paper l ee Fig. I J.
4. Take two points A(a, b) and B(c, d) on the graph paper and join them to get a
line segment AB [ ee Fig. 2].

y
6

x
-4 -3 -2 -1 2 3 4 5 7
-1

2
Y'

Fig. l
 Fig. 2
-.iSTRATION

lculate the distance AB using distance fonnula.

:asure the distance between the two po ints A and B using a ruler.
e distance calculated by distance formula and distance measured I

er are the same .

.VATION

ordinates of the point A are _ _ _ _ _ __

ordinates of the point B are _ _ _ _ _ __
aance AB, using distance formula is _ _ _ _ __
tual distance AB measured by ruler is _ _ _ _ __
e distance calculated in (2) and actual distance measured in (3) are

:ATION

;tance formula i used in proving a number of results in geometry

 -
- To Prepare a
Clinometer to Measure
the Height of an Object
OBJECTIVE

To prepare a clinometer and use it to measure the

height of an object (say a lamp post)

Materials Required

1. A thick chart paper

2. A soft-drink straw
3. A flexible string
4. A small weight (a metal washer)
5. A geometry box
Theory
Consider an object (e.g., a lamp post) at a distance
d from you . Let your height be h1 and the height of
the lamp post be h2. Let 8 be the angle of elevation
of the top of the lamp post with respect to your
eye. If h = h2 - h1 then from Figure 42.1 we have h
tan 8 =h/d, i.e., h =d tan 0.

Fig. 42.1

height of the lamp post = h2 = h + h1 = h1 + d tan 8.

•
- I I I t - I I I I -· - I - I I - • -· O • - •- J - - -1 I - - I I -· - , - t - ,- -• O - -· •

Step 5: Measure the distanced of the object (lamp

post) from the clinometer.
Step 6: Look through the straw and keep on tilting
it till you are ab le to see the top of the lamp post.
Step 7: Hold the c linometer in this position and
record the angle of elevation of the top of the lamp
post.
Step 8: Record your height also.

Observations and Calculations

Distance of the object from you = d.
Angle of elevation of the top of the lamp post w ith
respect to your eye = 8.
Your height = h1.
Therefore, height of the lamp post h2 =h 1+d tan 8.
 . .
.______..__CJt IVI

OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED

To obtain fonnula for area of a circle Thread of different c olour ,
ex pe1ime ntally. c issor , cardboard, thick heet of
paper, adhesive, ruler.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

I . Draw a circ le of radiu ay r unit on a thick heet of paper, cut it out and
pa te it on the cardboard.
2. Cut the coloured thread of different sizes in pair .
3. Fill up the circ le by pasting one et of coloured threads of different sizes in
concentric pattern so that there is no gap left in between the threads as
shown in Fig. 1.
4. Arrange the other set of coloured thread tarting from mallest to the largest
in the pattern hown in Fig. 2. Last thread will be of sa me colour and ame
length a that of the outermo t thread of the circle as shown in Fig. 2.

,.
Fig. 1
DEMONSTRATION

I. Number and size of threads pasted on the circle and number and size of
thread pasted in the form of triangle are the same.
2 . Therefore, area covered by threads on the circle and area of triangular shaped
figure formed by threads is the same.

I
3. Area of triangle = Ba ex Height
2
4. Base of triangle is equal to the circumference of the circle (27tr) and height
of the triangle is equal to radius of circle, i.e., r.

I 2
5. Area of the circle= Area of triangle =-X27trXr = 7tr
2

OBSERVATION

On actual measurement:
I . Base of the triang le = ------- units.
2. Height of triangle = ------- units (i.e., radius of the circle).

I
3. Area of triangle= 2 (Base x Height) sq. units.

4 . Area of circle = Area of triangle = -------------------.

APPLICATION

This result can be used in findin g areas of ..--~~~~~~--~

s Non:
flower beds of circular and semi-circular Thinner the thread more is the
shapes and also for making circular designs and accuracy. Fig. 2 is not drawn to
scale.
in estimating the number of ci rcul ar tiles
required to cover a floor.
- The Lengths of the
Tangents Drawn from
an External Point to a
Circle
OBJECTIVE

To verify that the lengths of the tangents drawn

from an external point to a circ le are equa l

Materials Required

1. A sheet of transparent paper

2. A geometry box

Theory
The theorem can be proved as fol lows.
Let two tangents AP and AO be drawn from a
point A (external point) to a circle with its centre at
0 and having a radius r.
Join OP, 00 and OA.
In AOPA and OQA, we have

1. OP=OO (each is equal tor)

2. OA =OA (common)
3. LOPA =LOQA (each is equal to 90° since AP
and AO are tangents).

:. !10PA is cong ruent to t:,.OOA (by RHS-criterion).

Hence, AP= AO, i.e., the two tangents are equal.
~....._,..P

Fig. 30.1
Procedure
Step 1: Mark a point 0 on the sheet of transparent
paper. With 0 as the centre, draw a circle of any
radius.
Step 2: Mark a point A outside the circle.
Step 3: Fold the paper along the line that passes
through the point A and just touches the circle.
Make a crease and unfold the paper. Mark the
point P where the line of fold touches the circle.
Join AP. Then, AP is one of the tangents to the
circle from the point A.
Step 4: Fold the paper along the line that passes
through the point A and just touches the circle at a
point other than P. Make a crease and unfold the
paper. Mark the point Q where the line of fold
touches the circle. Join AQ . Then, AQ is another
tangent to the circle through the point A.
Step 5: Join OP, OQ and OA, as shown in Figure
30.2.
Step 6: Fold the paper along the line OA.
Observations
We observe that when the paper is folded along
the line OA, the point P falls exactly on the point Q.
Therefore, AP =AO.

Result
It is verified that the lengths of the tangents drawn
from an external point to a circ le are equal.
- Volume of a Right-
Circular Cone Formula
OBJECTIVE

To demonstrate a method to derive a formula for

finding the volume of a right-circular cone.

Materials Required

1. A hollow right-circular cone of known height

and base radius
2. A hollow cylinder with open top having the
same height and base radius as those of the
cone
3. A few packs of table salt
Procedure
Step 1: Take a hollow right-circular cone of a
known height hand base radius r. Also, take a
hollow right-circular cylinder of the same height h
and base radius r such that it is open at the top
and closed at the bottom.

Fig. 40.t(a) Fig. 40.l(b)

Step 2: Fill the cone with salt up to the brim, as

shown in Figure 40.2.

Salt

Fig. 40.2
Pour the entire quantity of salt from the cylinder.
Fill the cone again with salt. Pour this salt again
into the cylinder. Once again fill the cone with salt
and then pour the salt into the cylinder (see Figure
40.3).

Levej 3

Level 1

Fig. 40.3 Fig. 40.4

Observations and Calculations
We observe that the volume of a cylinder is three
times the volume of a cone of the same height h
and the same base radius r. Since the volume of a
cylinder with height h and base radius r is given by
nr2 h, therefore the volume of a cone with height h
and base radius r will be 1/3 nr2 h.

Result
The volume of a right-circular cone of the height h
and base radius r is given by 1/3 nr2 h.