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Introduction To Factors & Multiples: What Is A Factor?

The document defines factors, multiples, prime numbers, and other key concepts related to numbers. It explains that a factor is a number that divides another number completely with no remainder. A prime number has exactly two factors, 1 and itself. A composite number can be made by multiplying other whole numbers. It also discusses finding the highest common factor and least common multiple of numbers using various methods like prime factorization. Properties of even and odd numbers are covered when adding, subtracting and multiplying them. Formulas for HCF, LCM and their relationships are also provided.

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Rahul Banerjee
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2K views6 pages

Introduction To Factors & Multiples: What Is A Factor?

The document defines factors, multiples, prime numbers, and other key concepts related to numbers. It explains that a factor is a number that divides another number completely with no remainder. A prime number has exactly two factors, 1 and itself. A composite number can be made by multiplying other whole numbers. It also discusses finding the highest common factor and least common multiple of numbers using various methods like prime factorization. Properties of even and odd numbers are covered when adding, subtracting and multiplying them. Formulas for HCF, LCM and their relationships are also provided.

Uploaded by

Rahul Banerjee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Factors & Multiples

What is a factor?

When a number is said to be a factor of any other second number, then the first number must divide the
second number completely without leaving any remainder. In simple words, if a number (dividend) is
exactly divisible by any number (divisor), then the divisor is a factor of that dividend. Every number has a
common factor that is one and the number itself.

For example, 4 is a factor of 24 i.e. 4 divides 24 exactly giving 6 as quotient and leaving zero as
remainder. Alternatively, 6 is also a factor of 24 as it gives 4 as quotient on division. Therefore, 24 has 1,
24, 4, 6 as its factors in addition to 2, 3, 8 and 12 and all these numbers divide 24 exactly leaving no
remainder.

If any natural number has only two factors i.e. 1 and the number itself as its factors, such numbers are
called prime numbers. 2 is an example of prime number where it has only two factors 1 and 2.

What is a Prime Number?

A prime number is a positive integer having exactly two factors. If p is a prime, then it’s only factors are
necessarily 1 and p itself. Any number which does not follow this is termed as composite numbers which
means that they can be factored into other whole numbers.

 First Ten Prime Numbers:


The first ten primes are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29.

Note: It should be noted that 1 is a non-prime number.

Why 1 is not a prime number?

Conferring to the definition of the prime number which states that a number should have exactly two
factors for it to be considered as a prime number. But, number 1 has one and only one factor which is 1
itself. Thus, 1 is not considered as a Prime number.

Smallest Prime Number

The smallest prime number as defined by modern mathematicians is 2. To be prime, a number must be
divisible only by 1 and the number itself which is fulfilled by the number 2.

What is composite number?

A whole number that can be made by multiplying other whole numbers. Example: 6 can be made by 2 × 3


so is a composite number. But 7 cannot be made by multiplying other whole numbers (1×7 would work,
but we said to use other whole numbers) so is not a composite number, it is a prime number.

Class IV Math Notes by Rahul Sir’s Classes Page 1


Introduction to Factors & Multiples

Properties of Factors

Property 1 1 is a factor of every number. Example : 34 = 1 x 34


Property 2 Every number is a factor of itself. Example : 18 = 18 x 1
Every factor of a number is an exact divisor of that number.
Property 3
Factors of 6 are 1,2,3,6. Each factors divides 12.
Property 4 Every factor of a number is less than or equal to the number.
Factors of a given number are finite.
Property 5
Example factors of 6 are 1,2,3 and 6 only.

What is a Multiple?

A multiple of a numbers are all those numbers that is divisible by the Number. Multiples can be observed
in a multiplication table. Multiple is the product result of one number multiplied by another number.
Here, 56 is a multiple of 7.

Properties of Multiples 

Every multiple of a number is greater than or equal to that number.


Property 1
Example: Multiple of 5 = 5,10,15,20,…
Property 2 Every number is a multiple of itself.
Property 3 Every number is a multiple of 1.
Property 4 The number of multiples of a given number is infinite.
Every multiple except zero is either equal to or greater than any of its
Property 5
factors.
Property 6 The product of two or more factors is the multiple of each factor.

Even Numbers:

Any integer that can be divided exactly by 2 is an even number. The last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8

Odd Numbers:

Any integer that cannot be divided exactly by 2 is an odd number. The last digit is 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9.


Example: −3, 1, 7 and 35 are all odd numbers. Odd numbers are in between the even numbers.

Properties of Odd/Even Numbers

Class IV Math Notes by Rahul Sir’s Classes Page 2


Introduction to Factors & Multiples

Adding and Subtracting


When we add (or subtract) odd or even numbers the results are always:

Operation Result Example

Even + Even Even 2 + 4 = 6


Even + Odd Odd 6 + 3 = 9
Odd + Even Odd 5 + 12 = 17
Odd + Odd Even 3 + 5 = 8

Multiplying
When we multiply odd or even numbers the results are always:

Operation Result Example

Even × Even Even 4 × 8 = 32


Even × Odd Even 4 × 7 = 28
Odd × Even Even 5 × 8 = 40
Odd × Odd Odd 5 × 7 = 35

What is a Common Factor?


A common Factor of two or more numbers is a number that divides each of them exactly. E.g. 3 is a
common factor of 9, 15, 21, 36.

What is Highest Common Factor (HCF)? 


HCF of two or more numbers is the greatest factor which divides each of them exactly. E.g. 12 is the HCF
of 24 and 36.

Note: Greatest Common Measure is the another name for Highest Common Factor (HCF).
Methods of Finding HCF
 Prime Factorization method: 
First of all the numbers are broken into prime factors and then all the common factors of all the
numbers are multiplied to get the HCF.

Class IV Math Notes by Rahul Sir’s Classes Page 3


Introduction to Factors & Multiples

For example find the HCF of 42, 70 and 126.

Ans

          
 Division Method: 
The greater is divided by the smaller number, then the divisor is divided by the remainder,
then the remainder is divided by the next remainder and the process continues until no
remainder is left. The last divisor is the required HCF.
 In case of Calculation of HCF of more than two numbers, first of all HCF of any two
numbers is calculated and then we find the HCF of this HCF and the third number and so on.
The last HCF will be the required HCF.
For Example find the HCF of 42, 70 and 84.

                   
14 is the HCF of 42 and 70
Now,

                   
The required HCF=14
What is Common Multiple?
 A common multiple of two or more numbers is a number which is exactly divisible by each of them.

e.g.= 12 is a common multiple of 2, 3, 4 and 6.

What is Least Common Multiple (LCM)?


The LCM of two or more given numbers is the least number which is exactly divisible by each of them.

Class IV Math Notes by Rahul Sir’s Classes Page 4


Introduction to Factors & Multiples

e.g. 12 is a common multiple of 3 and 4.

          24 is a common multiple of 3 and 4

          36 is a common multiple of 3 and 4.

Hence 12 is the least common multiple (LCM) of 3 and 4.

Calculation of LCM
 Prime Factorization Method :

In this method, the given numbers are resolved into their prime factors and then the product of the highest
power of all the factors that occur in the given numbers are found. This product is the LCM.

For example find the LCM of 8, 12 and 15.

Ans:

          
 Division by Prime Factor Method:

Numbers are written down in a line and are separated by commas. Then they are divided by any prime
numbers which will exactly divide at least two of them. Set down the quotients and the undivided
numbers in a line below the first. Repeat the process until we get a line of numbers which are prime to
each other. The product of all the divisors and the numbers in the least line is the required LCM.

For example find the LCM of 8, 12 and 15.

HCF and LCM Formulas


Property 1: The product of LCM and HCF of any two given natural numbers is equivalent to the product
of the given numbers.

Class IV Math Notes by Rahul Sir’s Classes Page 5


Introduction to Factors & Multiples

LCM × HCF = Product of the Numbers


Suppose A and B are two numbers, then.
LCM (A & B) × HCF (A & B) = A × B
Property 2: HCF of co-prime numbers is 1. Therefore LCM of given co-prime numbers is equal to the
product of the numbers.
LCM of Co-prime Numbers = Product Of The Numbers
Property 3: H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Fractions
LCM of fractions = LCM of numerators / HCF of denominators
HCF of fractions = HCF of numerators / LCM of denominators

WORKSHEET FOR PRACTICE

Class IV Math Notes by Rahul Sir’s Classes Page 6

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