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3.) Magnetic+circuit

The document discusses magnetic circuits and concepts related to electromagnetic fields such as magnetic flux, flux density, magnetic field intensity, permeability, reluctance, and magnetomotive force. It provides analogies between electric circuits and magnetic circuits. It also discusses effects of air gaps on magnetic circuits and magnetization curves. Examples are included to demonstrate calculations of various parameters for given magnetic circuits.

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kujong agacer
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115 views40 pages

3.) Magnetic+circuit

The document discusses magnetic circuits and concepts related to electromagnetic fields such as magnetic flux, flux density, magnetic field intensity, permeability, reluctance, and magnetomotive force. It provides analogies between electric circuits and magnetic circuits. It also discusses effects of air gaps on magnetic circuits and magnetization curves. Examples are included to demonstrate calculations of various parameters for given magnetic circuits.

Uploaded by

kujong agacer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

1
Pretest
1. Find magneto motive force (mmf) F in a coil, if the
number of turns is 100, and I=2 A.

1.1. Find the reluctance if the flux


produced is 100mWb.

1.2.Find the permeability if l=50cm and A=0.5


m2

1.3.Find the flux density B

1.4.Find the magnetic force H


2. Given : i=1 A, N=100, lc=40 cm, A= 100 cm2
µr=5000
Calculate : F, H, B, Φ and R
Magnetic circuit conversion
Magnetomotive Force: 1 ampere turn = 1.256637062
gilbert
Magnetic Field Intensity: 1 ampere/meter = 0.0125663706
oersted
Magnetic Flux: 1 weber = 100000000 Maxwell
Flux density: 1 tesla = 10000 gauss
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

It is the path which is


followed by magnetic flux.

It is basically ferromagnetic
with coil wound around them
5
Why MAGNETIC CIRCUIT?
It is an important
component
in the design of
electrical machines.
Examples of
Magnetic Circuits

7
Simple magnetic circuit
Magnetic circuit with air gap
Simple machine
The object of today lecture
It is required to understand the
concepts of magnetic circuits
By making Analogy between
Electric circuit and magnetic circuit

11
Analogy between Electric circuit and magnetic circuit
Definitions Related to Electromagnetic Field

Φ(Unit is Weber (Wb)) = Magnetic Flux


is the number of flux lines
crossing a surface area.
B (Unit is Tesla (T)) = Magnetic Flux Density
Is the number of flux lines
per unit area = Φ/A
H (Unit is Amp/m) = Magnetic Field Intensity =
B
µ 13
Permeability
It is the degree of magnetization of a material to
allow magnetic flux to pass through it.
It is analogous to conductivity in an electrical circuit
µ
relative permeability. µr =
µ0
µ permeability of a material
µo = Permeability of air = 4π*10-7 H/m

For ferromagnetic materials

For non-ferromagnetic materials


Magnetic Fields
Permeability
Permeability (µ) is a measure of the ease with which 
magnetic flux lines can be established in the material.
Magnetic Fields
Permeability
Permeability of free space µ0 (vacuum) is
Wb
µ 0 = 4π ×10−7

A⋅M
Materials that have permeability slightly less 
than that of free space are said to be
diamagnetic and those with permeability
slightly greater than that of free space are said
to be paramagnetic.
Magnetic Fields
Permeability
Magnetic materials, such as iron, nickel, steel 
and alloys of these materials, have permeability
hundreds and even thousands of times that of
free space and are referred to as ferromagnetic.
The ratio of the permeability of a material to 
that of free space is called relative permeability.

µ
µr =
µ0
Magnetic Reluctance
•It is the property of a material which
opposes the creation of magnetic flux in it
• It is analogous to
•resistance in an electrical circuit
•The reluctance of a material is given by
Magneto Motive Force (mmf)F
It is the external force required to set
up the magnetic flux lines within the
magnetic material.
The magneto motive force F is equal
to the product of the number of turns
around the core and the current
through the turns of wire.
Magnetic Field Intensity (H)
It is The magnetomotive force per unit length

magnetic field intensity (H) produce a


magnetic flux density B (Tesla).
a magnetic flux density is given by:
Magnetization Curves

21
Magnetic Circuit Calculations
•In magnetic circuit calculations, it is
required to determine the excitation
mmf to establish a desired flux or flux
density at a given point
Magnetic Circuit Calculations
The magnetic circuit for the toroidal coil can
be analyzed to obtain an expression for flux.

Magnetomotive force F is

Where the reluctance is

and the magnetic flux is


Magnetic Circuit Calculations
obtain an expression for flux for the shown magnetic circuit
Effect of air gap on a magnetic circuit
obtain an expression for flux for the shown magnetic circuit
Summary of Effect of air gap on
a magnetic circuit
•Increase the reluctance.
•Greater values of ampere-turn
are required to obtain the same
value of B for circuit without air gap
•linearize magnetic circuits
•i.e. no saturation

26
Effect of air gap on Magnetization Curves
Air gap is practically an unavoidable
part of any magnetic circuit
The B-H loop of a magnetic circuit is
affected by the presence of air gap.
so greater values of H are required
to obtain the same value of B
as compared with magnetically
materials.

27
Effects of air gaps on Magnetization Curves

As a result the B-H loop gets slanted,

28
Example 1
Find magneto motive force (mmf) F in a coil, if the number
of turns is 100, and I=2 A.

Find the reluctance if the flux produced


is 100mWb.

Find the permeability if l=50cm and A=0.5 m2

Find the flux density B

Find the magnetic force H


Example 2:
Given : i=1 A, N=100, lc=40 cm, A= 100 cm2 µr=5000

Calculate : F, H, B, Φ and R

F = N .i = 100
F 100
H= = = 250
lc 0.4

ϕ = B. A = 1.57 × 0.01 = 0.0157

lc 0.4
ℜ= = = 6366.385
µA 4π × 10 × 5000 × 0.01
−7
Magnetic Circuits (Example 3)
In the shown Magnetic circuit, relative
permeability of the core material is 6000, its
rectangular cross section is 2 cm by 3 cm. The
coil has 500 turns. Find the current needed to
establish a flux density in the gap of Bgap=0.25 T.
Magnetic Circuits (Solution Example 3)
The current needed to establish a flux
density in the gap of Bgap can be
calculated as follow:

where
Magnetic Circuits (Solution Example 3)

Medium length of the magnetic path in


the core is lcore=4*6-0.5=23.5cm,
and the cross section area is
Acore= 2cm*3cm = 6*10-4 m2
the core permeability is

 Wb 
µcore = µr µ0 = 6000 × 4π × 10 −7 −3
= 7.54 × 10 
 Am 
Continue Solution Example 3

The core reluctance is


lcore 23.5 × 10−2 4 A 
R core = = = 5 .195 × 10 Wb 
µcore Acore 7.54 × 10−3 × 6 × 10−4

the gap area is computed by adding the gap


length to each dimension of cross-section:
Agap = (2cm + 0.5cm ) × (3cm + 0.5cm ) = 8.75 × 104 m 2[ ]
thus the gap reluctance is:
l gap 0.5 × 10−2 6 A 
R gap = = = 4 .547 × 10 Wb 
µ0 Agap 4π × 10−7 × 8.75 × 10−4
Continue Solution Example 3.
Total reluctance is
 A
R = R gap + R core = 4.6 × 10 
6

Wb 
based on the given flux density B in the
gap, the flux is
φ = Bgap Agap = 0.25 × 8.75 × 10−4 = 2.188 × 10−4 [Wb]
thus magneto motive force is
F = φ R = 4.6 × 106 × 2.188 × 10−4 = 1006[A]

thus the coil current must be


= 2.012[A]
F 1006
i= =
N 500
Magnetic Circuits with AC Excitation

•AC Excitation will increase core losses

It is important for the engineer to


understand why the core losses
increase?
Core losses are important in
determining heating, temperature
rise, rating and efficiency.
36
CORE LOSSES (iron losses) are

1-Hysteresis Losses:
hysteresis loss is proportional
to the loop area (shaded).

To
minimize
hysteresis
loss use
materials
with thin
hysteresis
(Silicon steel)
CORE LOSSES (iron losses) are

2-Eddy Current Losses:


Eddy currents are created when a
conductor experiences changes in
the magnetic field.
CORE LOSSES (iron losses) are

These induced currents cause Eddy


Current Losses.
These losses can be reduced by
using thin sheets of laminations of
the magnetic material.
Thus, Iron Losses in Magnetic
Circuit are:
a)Hysteresis losses

b)Eddy Current Losses


The iron loss is the sum of these two losses

40

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